Organizzazione internazionale per la standardizzazione

Constitutio

ThepredecessoroftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationistheInternationalFederationofNationalStandardizationAssociationsandtheUnitedNationsStandardsCoordinationCommittee.InOctober1946,representativesof25nationalstandardizationorganizationsheldameetinginLondonanddecidedtoestablishanewinternationalstandardizationorganizationnamedISO.TheconferencedraftedISO'sfirstcharterandrulesofprocedure,andapprovedthedraftcharter.OnFebruary23,1947,theInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationwasformallyestablished.

PurposeandMission

ThepurposeandpurposeoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationare:"Promotethedevelopmentofstandardizationworkallovertheworld,soastofacilitateinternationalmaterialexchangesandservices,andexpandknowledge,Science,technology,andeconomiccooperation."Itsmainactivitiesaretoformulateinternationalstandards,coordinateworldwidestandardizationwork,organizemembersandtechnicalcommitteestoexchangeinformation,andcooperatewithotherinternationalorganizationstojointlystudyrelatedstandardizationissues.

Meaning

TheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationisaninternationalnon-governmentalorganizationinthefieldofstandardization.Somepeoplewillnoticethat"ISO"isnotthesameastheabbreviationoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization.Whynot"IOS"?Infact,"ISO"isnotanacronymforitsfullname,butaword.ItcomesfromtheGreekisos,whichmeans"equal".Todaythereareaseriesofwordsthatuseitasaprefix,suchas"Isometric"(meaning"equalsize")"isonomy"(meaning"legalequality").From"equal"to"standard",theconnotativeconnectionmakes"ISO"thenameoftheorganization.

ISO'smembersarecomposedofnationalstandardizationbodiesfrommorethan100countriesintheworld.ThenationalorganizationrepresentingChinatoparticipateinISOistheChinaNationalStandardizationManagementCommittee.ISOhasclosetieswiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC),andChina'snationalorganizationparticipatingintheIECisalsotheChinaNationalStandardizationManagementCommittee.ISOandIECasawholeareresponsibleforthetaskofformulatinggloballyagreedinternationalstandards.BothISOandIECarenon-governmentalorganizations.Thestandardstheyformulateareessentiallyvoluntary,whichmeansthatthesestandardsmustbeexcellentstandards.Willbringbenefitstoindustryandserviceindustries,sotheyconsciouslyusethesestandards.ISOandIECarenotUnitedNationsagencies,buttheymaintaintechnicalliaisonwithmanyspecializedagenciesoftheUnitedNations.ISOandIEChaveabout1,000professionaltechnicalcommitteesandsubcommittees,andeachmembercountryparticipatesintheactivitiesofthesetechnicalcommitteesandsubcommitteesonanationalbasis.ISOandIECalsohaveabout3000workinggroups.ISOandIECformulateandrevise1000internationalstandardseveryyear.

Content

Thecontentofthestandardcoversawiderange,frombasicfasteners,bearings,variousrawmaterialstosemi-finishedproductsandfinishedproducts,anditstechnicalfieldsinvolveinformationtechnology,transportation,agriculture,andhealthcare.Andtheenvironment,etc.Eachworkorganizationhasitsownworkplan,whichliststhestandarditems(testmethods,terminology,specifications,performancerequirements,etc.)thatneedtobeformulated.

ThemainfunctionofISOistoprovideamechanismforpeopletoformulateinternationalstandardsandreachconsensus.ItsmainorganizationandoperatingrulesarestipulatedinadocumentcalledISO/IECTechnicalWorkGuidelines.ThetechnicalstructureofISOhas800technicalcommitteesandsub-committees,eachofwhichhasachairmanandasecretariat.Thesecretariatisheldbyeachmember.Thereare30membergroupsundertakingtheworkofthesecretarycountry.EachsecretariatmaintainsdirectcontactwiththeISOCentralSecretariatinGeneva.

Per has operationes institutiones, ISOhasissued plusquam XVII, 000 interna- menta, ut ISOmetricth lectio, ISOA4papersize, ISO continentiae paginarum (95% rerum, de naviculas continentes formas, ISOstandards), ISO's film speed code, ISO's-aedi-acultas in technologia (O) 000-series in forma interreta (OS2 ) se-

Inaddition,ISOalsohasliaisonrelationswith450internationalandregionalorganizationsintermsofstandards,especiallywiththeInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU).Thereare28internationalstandardsbodiesoutsidetheISO/IECsystem.Everyagencysetssomeinternationalstandardsinacertainfield,andtheyareusuallyunderthecontroloftheUnitedNations.AtypicalexampleistheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).85%oftheinternationalstandardsformulatedbyISO/IEC,theremaining15%areformulatedbythese28otherinternationalstandardsbodies.

Norma compages

ISO est ordo constitutionis:

KeyOfficialsoftheGeneralAssembly,MemberGroupCorrespondenceMember

DonatedtothemembersofthePolicyDevelopmentCommitteeDirectorISOCentralSecretariat

SpecialAdvisoryGroupTechnicalManagementOfficeStandardSampleCommitteeTechnicalAdvisoryGroup

TechnicalCommitteeConformityAssessmentCommittee(CASCO)

ConsumerPolicyCommittee(COPOLCO)

DevelopingCountriesAffairsCommittee(DEVCO)

InformationSystemsandServicesCommittee(INFCO)SpecialAdvisoryGroupTechnicalAdministration

TechnicalCommitteeTCDirectorTheISOGeneralAssemblyoftheCentralSecretariatoftheConference

InstitutionalSocii

ISO'sorganizationalstructureisdividedintonon-permanentinstitutionsandpermanentinstitutions.ISO’shighestauthorityistheISOGeneralAssembly(GeneralAssembly),whichisanon-standardorganizationofISO.Before1994,theplenarymeetingwasheldeverythreeyears.Whentheplenarymeetingisheld,allISOgroupmembers,correspondentmembers,andinternationalorganizationsthathaveliaisonwithISOwillsendrepresentativestothemeeting.Eachmemberhas3seatsforofficialrepresentatives,andmorethan3representativeswillattendthemeetingasobservers;Thescaleoftheconferenceisabout200-260people.Themainagendaoftheconferenceincludestheactivitiesoftherelevantprojectsinvolvedintheannualreport,ISO'sstrategicplanandfinancialsituation.TheISOCentralSecretariatisresponsiblefortheworkoftheSecretariatoftheGeneralAssembly,the4Policy-makingCommittees,theCouncil,theTechnicalAdministrationandtheGeneralStandardizationPrinciplesCommitteeestablishedbytheGeneralAssembly.Since1994,accordingtothenewISOconstitution,theISOgeneralmeetinghasbeenchangedtoonceayear.

Praeses, Praeses; ISOVice Praeses (Consilium) (Praeses, Consilium), ISOV Praeses (TechnicalManagement)

Formationprocess

InternationalstandardsareformedbytheTechnicalCommittee(TC)andSub-TechnicalCommittee(SC)throughsixstages:

--Thefirststage: applicationstage;

——Thesecondstage: praeliminarystage;

——Thethirdstage: committeestage;

--Thefourthstage:reviewstage;

——Thefifthstage: Approvalstage;

--Thesixthstage: Release.

Socii

AsofAugust2020,ISOhasatotalof165members.(Seethememberlistontheleftlink)

CountryA2CodeCountryA3CodeCountryCodeNo.CountryName(English)StandardsBodyISOStatus

AFAFG004AfghanistanANSACorrespondentMember

ALALB008AlbaniaDPSCorrespondentMember

DZDZA012AlgeriaIANORMemberBody

ADAND020AndorraIRAMMemberBody

AOAGO024AngolaIANORQCorrespondentMember

AGATG028Antigua&BarbudaABBSSubscriberMember

ARARG032ArgentinaIRAMMemberBody

AMARM051ArmeniaSARMMemberBody

AUAUS036AustraliaSAMemberBody

ATAUT040AustriaONMemberBody

AZAZE031AzerbaijanAZSTANDMemberBody

p>

BSBHS044Bahamas-

BHBHR048BahrainBMSDMemberBody

BDBGD050BangladeshBSTIMemberBody

BBBRB052BarbadosBNSIMemberBody

BYBLR112BelarusBELSTMemberBody

BEBEL056BelgiumNBNMemberBody

BZBLZ084Belize-

BJBEN204BeninCEBENORCorrespondentMember

BTBTN064BhutanSQCACorrespondentMember

BOBOL068BoliviaIBNORCACorrespondentMember

BABIH070​​Bosnia&HerzegovinaBASMPMemberBody

BWBWA072BotswanaBOBSMemberBody

BRBRA076BrazilABNTMemberBody

BNBRB096BruneiDarussalamCPRUCorrespondentMember

BGBGR100BulgariaBDSMemberBody

BFBFA854BurkinaFasoFASONORMCcorrespondentMember

BIBDI108BurundiBBNSubscriberMember

KHKHM116CambodiaISCSubscriberMember

CMCMR120CameroonCDNQCorrespondentMember

CACAN124CanadaSCCMemberBody

CVCPV132CapeVerde-

CFCAF140CentralAfricanRepublic-

TDTCD148Chad-

CLCHL52ChileINNMemberBody

CNCHN156ChinaSACMemberBody

COCOL170ColombiaICONTECMemberBody

KMCOM174Comoros-

CGCOG178Congo,Republicofthe-

CD(ZR)COD180Congo,DemocraticRepublicofthe(Zaire)OCCMemberBody

CRCRI188CostaRicaINTECOMemberBody

CICIV384Côted'IvoireCODINORMMemberBody

HRHRV191CroatiaHZNMemberBody

CUCUB192CubaNCMemberBody

CYP196CyprusCYSMemberBody

CZCZE203CzechRepublicCNIMemberBody

DKDNK208DenmarkDSMemberBody

DJDJI262Djibouti-

DMDMA212DominicaDBOSSubscriberMember

DODOM214DominicanRepublicDIGINORCorrespondentMember

ECECU218EcuadorINENMemberBody

EGEGY818EgyptEOSMemberBody

SVSLV222ElSalvadorCONACYTCorrespondentMember

GQGNQ226EquatorialGuinea-

ERERI232EritreaESICorrespondentMember

EEEST233EstoniaEVSCorrespondentMember

ETETH231EthiopiaQSAEMemberBody

FJFJI242FijiFTSQCOMemberBody

FIFIN246FinlandSFSMemberBody

FRFRA250FranceAFNORMemberBody

GAGAB266GabonCNTTCorrespondentMember

GMGMB270Gambia,The-

GEGEO268GeorgiaGEOSTMCcorrespondentMember

DEDEU276GermanyDINMemberBody

GGHHA288GhanaGSBMemberBody

GRGRC300GreeceELOTMemberBody

GDGRD308Grenada-

GTGTM320GuatemalaCOGUANORCorrespondentMember

GNGIN324GuineaINNMCorrespondentMember

GWGNB624Guinea-BissauDSNPQCorrespondentMember

GYGUY328GuyanaGNBSSubscriberMember

HTHTI332Haiti-

HNHND340HondurasCOHCITSubscriberMember

HKHKG344HongKong,ChinaITCHKSARCcorrespondentMember

HUHUN348HungaryMSZTMemberBody

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ISISL352IcelandISTMemberBody

ININD356IndiaBISMemberBody

IDIDN360IndonesiaBSNMemberBody

IRIRN364Iran,IslamicRepublicofISIRTIMemberBody

IQIRW368IraqCOSQCMemberBody

IEIRL372IrelandNSAIMemberBody

ILISR376IsraelSIIMemberBody

ITITA380ItalyUNIMemberBody

JMJAM388JamaicaJBSMemberBody

JPJPN392JapanJISCMemberBody

JOJOR400JordanJISMMemberBody

KZKAZ398KazakhstanKAZMEMSTMemberBody

KEKEN404KenyaKEBSMemberBody

KIKIR296Kiribati-

KPPRK408Korea,DemocraticPeople'sRepublicCSKMemberBody

KRKOR410Korea,RepublicofKATSMemberBody

KWKWT414KuwaitKOWSMDMemberBody

KGKGZ417KyrgyzstanKYRGYZSTCorrespondentMember

LALAO418Laos(LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic)DISMSubscriberMember

LVLVA428LatviaLVSCcorrespondentMember

LBLBN422LebanonLIBNORMemberBody

LSLSO426LesothoLSQASSubscriberMember

LRLBR430Liberia-

LYLBY434LibyanArabJamahiriyaLNCSMMemberBody

LILIE438Liechtenstein-

LTLTU440LithuaniaLSTCorrespondentMember

LULUX442LuxembourgSEEMemberBody

MOMAC446Macau(MacauChina)CPTTMCorrespondentMember

MKMKD807Macedonia,TheformerYugoslavRepublicofISRMMemberBody

MGMDG450MadagascarBNMCcorrespondentMember

MWMWI454MalawiMBSCorrespondentMember

MYMYS458MalaysiaDSMMemberBody

MVMDV462Malpes-

MLMLI466MaliMLIDNICorrespondentMember

MTMLT470MaltaMSAMemberBody

MHMHL584MarshallIslands-

MRMRT478Mauritania-

MUMUS480MauritiusMSBMemberBody

MXMEX484MexicoDGNMemberBody

FMFSM583Micronesia,FederatedStatesOf-

MDMDA498Moldova,RepublicofMOLDSTCorrespondentMember

MCMCO492Monaco-

MNMNG496MongoliaMASMMemberBody

(YS) [2]--MontenegroISMECorrespondentMember

MAMAR504MoroccoSNIMAMemberBody

MZMOZ508MozambiqueINNOQCorrespondentMember

MMMMR104MyanmarMSTRDCorrespondentMember

NANAM516NamibiaNSIQOCorrespondentMember

NRNRU520Nauru-

NPNPL524NepalNBSMCorrespondentMember

NLNLD528TheNetherlandsNENMemberBody

NZNZL554NewZealandSNZMemberBody

NINIC558NicaraguaDTNMCorrespondentMember

NENER562NigerDNQMCorrespondentMember

NGNGA566NigeriaSONMemberBody

NONOR578NorwaySNMemberBody

OMOMN512OmanDGSMMemberBody

PKPAK586PakistanPSQCAMemberBody

PWPLW585Palau-

PSPSE275PalestinianState[3]PSICorrespondentMember

PAPAN591PanamaCOPANITMemberBody

PGPNG598PapuaNewGuineaNISITCorrespondentMember

PYPRY600ParaguayINTNCorrespondentMember

PEPER604PeruINDECOPIMemberBody

PHPHL608ThePhilippinesBPSMemberBody

PLPOL616PolandPKNMemberBody

PTPRT620PortugalIPQMemberBody

QAQAT634QatarQSMemberBody

ROROU642RomaniaASROMemberBody

RURUS643RussianFederationGOSTRMemberBody

RWRWA646RwandaRBSCorrespondentMember

KNKNA659St.Kitts&Nevis-

LCLCA662St.LuciaSLBSMemberBody

VCVCT670SaintVincentandtheGrenadinesSVGBSSubscriberMember

WWSSM882Samoa-

SMSMR674SanMarino-

STSTP678SãoTomé&Príncipe-

SASAU682SaudiArabiaSASOMemberBody

SNSEN686SenegalASNCorrespondentMember

CSSCG891SerbiaISSMemberBody

SCSYC690SeychellesSBSCorrespondentMember

SLSLE694SierraLeone-

SGSGP702SingaporeSPRINGSGMemberBody

SKSVK703SlovakiaSUTNMemberBody

SISVN705SloveniaSISTMemberBody

SBSLB090SolomonIslands-

SOSOM706Somalia-

ZAZAF710SouthAfricaSABSMemberBody

ESESP724SpainAENOR.MemberBody

LKLKA144SriLankaSLSIMemberBody

SDSDN736SudanSSMOMemberBody

SRSUR740SurinameSSBSubscribermember

SZSWZ748SwazilandSQASCorrespondentMember

SESWE752SwedensisMemberBody

CHCHE756SwitzerlandSNVMemberBody

SYSYR760SyrianArabRepublicSASMOMemberBody

TWTWN158Taiwan(ProvinceofChina)

TJTJK762TajikistanTJKSTNCorrespondentMember

TZTZA834Tanzania,UnitedRepublicofTBSMemberBody

THTHA764ThailandTISIMemberBody

TL(TP)TLS206TimorLeste,DemocraticRepublicof(EastTimor)-

TGTGO768TogoCSNCorrespondentMember

TOTON776Tonga-

TTTTO780Trinidad&TobagoTTBSMemberBody

TNTUN788TunisiaINNORPIMemberBody

TRTUR792TurkeyTSEMemberBody

TMTKM795TurkmenistanMSSTCorrespondentMember

TVTUV798Tuvalu-

UGUGA800UgandaUNBSCorrespondentMember

UAUKR804UkraineDSSUMemberBody

AEARE784UnitedArabEmiratesESMAMemberBody

UKGBR826UnitedKingdom(GreatBritain)BSIMemberBody[4][5]

USUSA840UnitedStatesANSIMemberBody

UYURY858UruguayUNITMemberBody

UZUZB860UzbekistanUZSTANDARDMemberBody

VUVUT548Vanuatu-

VAVAT336VaticanCity (HolySee) -

VEVEN862VenezuelaFONDONORMAMemberBody

VNVNM704VietnamTCVNMemberBody

EHESH732WesternSahara-

YEYEM887YemenYSMOCorrespondentMember

ZMZMB894ZambiaZABSCorrespondentMember

ZWZWE816ZimbabweSAZMemberBody

Tips:

1.DoesnothaverepresentationinISOunderanymembershipclassasofJanuary2008.

2.Macedonia,Montenegro,et Serbia partus est in terra FormerYugoslavia, ISO3166-1993 (E) non separatim distat Montenegro.

3.AlthoughnottechnicallyaCountry,thePalestinianStatehasrepresentationinISOasifitwas.

4.Althoughtechnically the official country name for the UK'isthe'UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland'itisreferredtoas'GreatBritain'bytheISO.

5.AlthoughtechnicallytheyareCountries,England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandarenotlistedseparatelyfromGreatBritaininISO3166-1993(E)anddonothavetheirownISOrepresentation.

StandardClassification

h2>

ISOqualitysystemstandardsincludeISO9000,ISO9001,ISO9004.TheISO9000standardclarifiesthequalitymanagementandqualityassurancesystem,whichissuitableforproductionandserviceenterprises.TheISO9001standardprovidesguidelinesforengaginginandreviewingqualitymanagementandqualityassurancesystems.

TheISO9000qualitysystemstandardincludes3systemstandardsand8guidelines.ThethreesystemstandardsareISO9001,9002and9003;theeightguidelinesareISO9000-1to4andISO9004-1to4.TheprimarystandardisISO9001,whichclearlypointsoutthe20elementsofacompletequalitysystemfororganizationsthatdesign,manufactureproductsandprovideservices.ISO9002clearlypointsout19elementsfororganizationsthatonlymanufactureproductsbutdonotdesignproductsandprovideservices.ISO9003clearlypointsout16elementsfororganizationsthatonlyconductinspections.TheISO9000standardisrevisedevery5to7years.Thefirstbatchofstandardswaspublishedin1987,thefirstrevisionwaspublishedin1994,thesecondrevisionwaspublishedin2000,andthethirdrevisionwaspublishedin2008.Thenewrevisionwillreplacethecurrenttranslationinthreeyears..

ThenewrevisionofISO9001shouldincludeasinglequalitysystemstandard.ItspecifiedthatISO9001willapplytoallorganizations.Itwillinvolvethefollowing4parts:managementresponsibilities,resourcemanagement,processmanagement,measurement,analysisandimprovement.Thispartofresourcemanagementisbrandnew,andtheotherpartscontainnewprojects.Thenewrevisionwillcontainalltheoldrequirements,andaddadditionalmanagementrequirements,processmanagementrequirements,processmeasurementandimprovementrequirements.

ISO/iec'srecognitionofstandardinspectionlaboratoriesandtheirprescribedauthoritystandardsincludeISOguidelines25,58,61,62and65.ISO/iecguide58clarifiestherequirementsforaccreditationstandardsandinspectionlaboratories.ISO/iecguide61specifiestherequirementsforaccreditedproductcertificationandqualitysystemregistrationorganizations.ISO/iecguide62clarifiestherequirementsforthequalitysystem.ISO/iecguide65clarifiestherequirementsforproductcertification.ISO/iecguidelinesareusedtoassesstheconsistencyofproductsandservices.Thedifferencesinnationalaccreditationrequirementsareregulatedbyinternationalandregionalaccreditationcooperationorganizations.Inordertoshortentheconsistencyassessmentprocessoftelecommunicationsfacilitiesandotherproofreadproducts,amutualrecognitionagreement(mras)hasbeenformulated,whichwillshortenandreducethetimeandcostofobtainingproductandqualitysystemcertification.

ISO9000certificationrequiresarunningqualitysystemconsistentwithISO9001,asuccessfulandindependentevaluationbyaregisteredbody.Inordertomaintaincertification,registeredgroupsneedtoconductsurveillanceevaluationsevery6or12months,andafullre-evaluationevery3years.

ISO9000series2000andlaterversionswillintegrate9002and9003intotheISO9001:2000standard.Therefore,onlyISO9001,ISO9002andISO9003havebeenusedforcertification.ISO9004isaperformanceimprovementguide,notforcertification,butonlyfortheorganization'sinternalcomprehensiveperformanceimprovementguide.

QualitySystemCertification

Vestigia

Step1:DevelopaplantoimplementISOqualitysystemstandards;

Step2:EvaluatetheexistingqualitysystemwithreferencetoISOqualitysystemstandards;

Step3:TakecorrectactionstocomplywithallISOqualitysystemrequirements;

Step4:Establishdocuments andRecordsystem;

Step5;

Step6: Lettheregisteredgrouparrangeapre-assessmentreview;

Step7:Thecertifiedorganizationpreparesfortheformalevaluation;

Step8:Theregisteredorganizationimplementstheevaluationaudit.

Processus

Undernormalcircumstances,ittakes1yearormoretocompletetheISO9000certificationintheUnitedStates.IftheexistingqualitysystemalreadyincludesalltheISO9000elements,itwilltakelessthanoneyear.Animplementationteamisrequiredtopay3to6peoplefor1yearundernormalcircumstances,andaregisteredorganizationisrequiredtoprovide3yearsofpaidservices.TheexternalcostoftheregisteredgroupwillremainbetweenUS$75,000andUS$150,000,dependingonthesizeoftheorganizationbeingcertified.Internalcostsandexternalcostsareroughlythesame.

TheISO9000qualitysystemprovidesinformationandprocesscontrolmechanismstomanageenterprisesmoreeffectively.TheISOqualitysystemcancontrolqualitycosts,reducewasteandincreaseproductivity.Customerswillbemoreinterestedinproductsfromcompanieswithqualitysystemcertification.Aneffectivequalitysystemcanalsoimproveproductquality.Thesetwofactorswillenhancethecompetitivenessofcompaniesandtheirproductsintheopenmarket.

Operatingbenefits

AlargenumberofAmericancompaniessurveyedin1998recognizedthefollowinginternalbenefitsbroughtbythefollowingISO9000certification:betterdocumentation,greaterqualityawarenessamongemployees,Increasedinternalcompanycontacts.Officeefficiencyandproductivityincrease.ThesecompaniesalsorecognizedtheexternalbenefitsbroughtbythefollowingISO9000certification;customers'perceptionofpoorquality,theimprovementoftheircompetitiveadvantageandthereductionofcustomers'qualityreviews.

AsmallgroupofAmericanmanufacturingcompaniessurveyedin1998recognizedthefollowinginternalandexternalbenefitsbroughtbyISO9000certification:theimprovementofproductquality,theincreaseofcustomerattention,andtheformationofredesignedfunctionalstepsBasically,theincreaseinmarketshare;21%ofcompaniessaidthatqualitycertificationhasnoeffectonthequalitysystemandproducts.

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