Zřízení
ThepredecessoroftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationistheInternationalFederationofNationalStandardizationAssociationsandtheUnitedNationsStandardsCoordinationCommittee.InOctober1946,representativesof25nationalstandardizationorganizationsheldameetinginLondonanddecidedtoestablishanewinternationalstandardizationorganizationnamedISO.TheconferencedraftedISO'sfirstcharterandrulesofprocedure,andapprovedthedraftcharter.OnFebruary23,1947,theInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationwasformallyestablished.
Účel a poslání
ThepurposeandpurposeoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationare:"Promotethedevelopmentofstandardizationworkallovertheworld,soastofacilitateinternationalmaterialexchangesandservices,andexpandknowledge,Science,technology,andeconomiccooperation."Itsmainactivitiesaretoformulateinternationalstandards,coordinateworldwidestandardizationwork,organizemembersandtechnicalcommitteestoexchangeinformation,andcooperatewithotherinternationalorganizationstojointlystudyrelatedstandardizationissues.
Význam
TheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationisaninternationalnon-governmentalorganizationinthefieldofstandardization.Somepeoplewillnoticethat"ISO"isnotthesameastheabbreviationoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization.Whynot"IOS"?Infact,"ISO"isnotanacronymforitsfullname,butaword.ItcomesfromtheGreekisos,whichmeans"equal".Todaythereareaseriesofwordsthatuseitasaprefix,suchas"Isometric"(meaning"equalsize")"isonomy"(meaning"legalequality").From"equal"to"standard",theconnotativeconnectionmakes"ISO"thenameoftheorganization.
ISO'smembersarecomposedofnationalstandardizationbodiesfrommorethan100countriesintheworld.ThenationalorganizationrepresentingChinatoparticipateinISOistheChinaNationalStandardizationManagementCommittee.ISOhasclosetieswiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC),andChina'snationalorganizationparticipatingintheIECisalsotheChinaNationalStandardizationManagementCommittee.ISOandIECasawholeareresponsibleforthetaskofformulatinggloballyagreedinternationalstandards.BothISOandIECarenon-governmentalorganizations.Thestandardstheyformulateareessentiallyvoluntary,whichmeansthatthesestandardsmustbeexcellentstandards.Willbringbenefitstoindustryandserviceindustries,sotheyconsciouslyusethesestandards.ISOandIECarenotUnitedNationsagencies,buttheymaintaintechnicalliaisonwithmanyspecializedagenciesoftheUnitedNations.ISOandIEChaveabout1,000professionaltechnicalcommitteesandsubcommittees,andeachmembercountryparticipatesintheactivitiesofthesetechnicalcommitteesandsubcommitteesonanationalbasis.ISOandIECalsohaveabout3000workinggroups.ISOandIECformulateandrevise1000internationalstandardseveryyear.
Obsah
Thecontentofthestandardcoversawiderange,frombasicfasteners,bearings,variousrawmaterialstosemi-finishedproductsandfinishedproducts,anditstechnicalfieldsinvolveinformationtechnology,transportation,agriculture,andhealthcare.Andtheenvironment,etc.Eachworkorganizationhasitsownworkplan,whichliststhestandarditems(testmethods,terminology,specifications,performancerequirements,etc.)thatneedtobeformulated.
ThemainfunctionofISOistoprovideamechanismforpeopletoformulateinternationalstandardsandreachconsensus.ItsmainorganizationandoperatingrulesarestipulatedinadocumentcalledISO/IECTechnicalWorkGuidelines.ThetechnicalstructureofISOhas800technicalcommitteesandsub-committees,eachofwhichhasachairmanandasecretariat.Thesecretariatisheldbyeachmember.Thereare30membergroupsundertakingtheworkofthesecretarycountry.EachsecretariatmaintainsdirectcontactwiththeISOCentralSecretariatinGeneva.
Prostřednictvím těchto pracovních institucí vydala ISO více než 17 000 mezinárodních norem, jako jsou metrické závity ISO, velikost papíru ISOA4, řada kontejnerů ISO (95 % světových přepravních kontejnerů odpovídá normám ISO), kód rychlosti filmu ISO 0, kvalita ISO je 9 otevřených systémových norem, které jsou dobře známé pro propojení (OS2)
Inaddition,ISOalsohasliaisonrelationswith450internationalandregionalorganizationsintermsofstandards,especiallywiththeInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU).Thereare28internationalstandardsbodiesoutsidetheISO/IECsystem.Everyagencysetssomeinternationalstandardsinacertainfield,andtheyareusuallyunderthecontroloftheUnitedNations.AtypicalexampleistheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).85%oftheinternationalstandardsformulatedbyISO/IEC,theremaining15%areformulatedbythese28otherinternationalstandardsbodies.
Organizační struktura
Organizační struktura ISO je následující:
KeyOfficialsoftheGeneralAssembly,MemberGroupCorrespondenceMember
DonatedtothemembersofthePolicyDevelopmentCommitteeDirectorISOCentralSecretariat
SpecialAdvisoryGroupTechnicalManagementOfficeStandardSampleCommitteeTechnicalAdvisoryGroup
TechnicalCommitteeConformityAssessmentCommittee(CASCO)
ConsumerPolicyCommittee (COPOLCO)
Výbor pro záležitosti rozvojových zemí (DEVCO)
InformationSystemsandServicesCommittee(INFCO)SpecialAdvisoryGroupTechnicalAdministration
TechnicalCommitteeTCDirectorTheISOGeneralAssemblyoftheCentralSecretariatoftheConference
Institucionální členové
ISO'sorganizationalstructureisdividedintonon-permanentinstitutionsandpermanentinstitutions.ISO’shighestauthorityistheISOGeneralAssembly(GeneralAssembly),whichisanon-standardorganizationofISO.Before1994,theplenarymeetingwasheldeverythreeyears.Whentheplenarymeetingisheld,allISOgroupmembers,correspondentmembers,andinternationalorganizationsthathaveliaisonwithISOwillsendrepresentativestothemeeting.Eachmemberhas3seatsforofficialrepresentatives,andmorethan3representativeswillattendthemeetingasobservers;Thescaleoftheconferenceisabout200-260people.Themainagendaoftheconferenceincludestheactivitiesoftherelevantprojectsinvolvedintheannualreport,ISO'sstrategicplanandfinancialsituation.TheISOCentralSecretariatisresponsiblefortheworkoftheSecretariatoftheGeneralAssembly,the4Policy-makingCommittees,theCouncil,theTechnicalAdministrationandtheGeneralStandardizationPrinciplesCommitteeestablishedbytheGeneralAssembly.Since1994,accordingtothenewISOconstitution,theISOgeneralmeetinghasbeenchangedtoonceayear.
Existuje 5 klíčových úředníků ISO,to jsou:Prezident ISO(prezident);Viceprezident ISO(Politika)(Viceprezident,Politika),Viceprezident ISO(technické vedení)(viceprezident,Technické vedení);Pokladník ISO(pokladník a ředitel);Os,generální sekretář ISO,generální tajemník (všechny generální tajemník)
Proces formování
InternationalstandardsareformedbytheTechnicalCommittee(TC)andSub-TechnicalCommittee(SC)throughsixstages:
——První fáze: fáze aplikace;
——Druhá fáze:předběžná fáze;
——Třetí etapa: etapa výboru;
——Čtvrtá etapa: etapa přezkoumání;
——Pátá fáze: Schvalovací fáze;
——Šestá etapa: etapa vydání.
členové
AsofAugust2020,ISOhasatotalof165members.(Seethememberlistontheleftlink)
CountryA2CodeCountryA3CodeCountryCodeNo.CountryName(English)StandardsBodyISOStatus
AFAFG004AfghánistánANSAČlen odpůrce
ALALB008AlbánieDPSCrespondent Member
DZDZA012AlžírskoIANORMčlenTělo
ADAND020AndorraIRAMČlenTělo
AOAGO024AngolaIANORQKorespondentČlen
AGATG028Antigua&BarbudaABBSSubscriberMember
ARARG032ArgentinaČlen IRAMBody
AMARM051ArménieSARMČlenTělo
AUAUS036AustrálieSAČlenské tělo
ATAUT040RakouskoONMemberBody
AZAZE031ÁzerbájdžánAZSTANDMčlenTělo
p>BSBHS044Bahamy-
BHBHR048BahrajnBMSDMemberBody
BDBGD050BangladéšBSTIMemberBody
BBBRB052BarbadosBNSIMemberBody
BYBLR112BěloruskoBELSTMemberBody
BEBEL056BelgieNBNMemberBody
BZBLZ084Belize-
BJBEN204BeninCEBENORCodpovídajícíČlen
BTBTN064BhútánSQCAkorespondentČlen
BOBOL068BolívieIBNORCACkorespondentČlen
BABIH070Bosnia&HerzegovinaBASMPMemberBody
BWBWA072BotswanaBOBSMemberBody
BRBRA076BrazílieABNTČlenské tělo
BNBRB096BruneiDarussalamCPRUKorespondentČlen
BGBGR100BulharskoBDSMemberBody
BFBFA854BurkinaFasoFASONORMCodpovídajícíČlen
BIBDI108BurundiBBNSodběratelČlen
KHKHM116KambodžaISCSpředplatitelČlen
CMCMR120KamerunCDNQKorespondentČlen
CACAN124CanadaSCCMemberBody
CVCPV132CapeVerde-
CFCAF140 Středoafrická republika-
TDTCD148Čad-
CLCHL52ChileINNMemberBody
CNCHN156ChinaSACMemberBody
COCOL170KolumbieICONTECČlenské tělo
KMCOM174Komory-
CGCOG178Kongo,Republika-
CD(ZR)COD180 Kongo, Demokratická republika (Zaire)člena OCCM
CRCRI188CostaRicaINTECOMemberBody
CICIV384CODINORMMčlen Pobřeží slonoviny
HRHRV191ChorvatskoHZNMemberBody
CUCUB192CubaNCMemberBody
CYCYP196CyprusCYSMemberBody
CZCZE203Česká republikaCNIMemberBody
DKDNK208DánskoDSMemberBody
DJDJI262Džibutsko-
DMDMA212DominicaDBOSSodběratelČlen
DODOM214DominicanRepublicDIGINORCorrespondentMember
ECECU218EcuadorINENčlenTělo
EGEGY818EgyptEOSMemberBody
SVSLV222ElSalvadorCONACYTkorespondentČlen
GQGNQ226Rovníková Guinea-
ERERI232EritreaESICkorespondentČlen
EEEST233EstonskoEVSCkorespondentČlen
ETETH231EtiopieQSAEMčlenTělo
FJFJI242FijiFTSQCOMemberBody
FIFIN246FinskoSFSMemberBody
FRFRA250FrancieAFNORMčlenBody
GAGAB266GabonCNTTCrespondent Member
GMGMB270Gambie, The-
GEGEO268GeorgiaGEOSTMCodpovídajícíČlen
DEDEU276NěmeckoDINMemberBody
GHGHA288GhanaGSBMemberBody
GRGRC300ŘeckoELOTMemberBody
GDGRD308Grenada-
GTGTM320GuatemalaCOGUANORCrespondent Member
GNGIN324GuineaINNNMCodpovídající člen
GWGNB624Guinea-BissauDSNPQKorespondentČlen
GYGUY328GuyanaGNBSSubscriberČlen
HTHTI332Haiti-
HNHND340HondurasCOHCITPředplatitelČlen
HKHKG344HongKong,ČínaITCHKSARKorespondent
HUHUN348MaďarskoMSZTMčlenTělo
p>ISISL352IslandISTMemberBody
ININD356IndiaBISMemberBody
IDIDN360IndonésieBSNMemberBody
IRIRN364Írán, Islámská republika ISIRTIMemberBody
IQIRW368IraqCOSQCMemberBody
IEIRL372IrskoNSAIMemberBody
ILISR376IzraelSIIMemberBody
ITITA380ItálieUNIMemberBody
JMJAM388JamajkaJBSMemberBody
JPJPN392JaponskoJISCMemberBody
JOJOR400JordanJISMMemberBody
KZKAZ398KazachstánKAZMEMSTMčlenTělo
KEKEN404KeňaKEBSMemberBody
KIKIR296Kiribati-
KPPRK408Korea,DemocraticPeople'sRepublicCSKMemberBody
KRKOR410Korea,RepublicofKATSMemberBody
KWKWT414KuvajtKOWSMDMemberBody
KGKGZ417KyrgyzstánKYRGYZSTCkorespondentČlen
LALAO418Laos(Laoská lidová demokratická republika)DISMSodběratelČlen
LVLVA428LotyšskoLVSCkorespondentČlen
LBLBN422LibanonLIBNORMemberBody
LSLSO426LesothoLSQASSpředplatitelČlen
LRLBR430Libérie-
LYLBY434Libyjský ArabJamahiriyaLNCSMMčlen Tělo
LILIE438Lichtenštejnsko-
LTLTU440LitvaLSTCrespondent Member
LULUX442LucemburskoSEEMemberBody
MOMAC446Macao (MacauČína)CPTTMCodpovídající člen
MKMKD807Macedonia,TheformerYugoslavRepublicofISRMMemberBody
MGMDG450MadagaskarBNMCodpovídající člen
MWMWI454MalawiMBSCrespondent Member
MYMYS458MalajsieDSMMemberBody
MVMDV462Malpes-
MLMLI466MaliMLIDNICkorespondentČlen
MTMLT470MaltaMSAMemberBody
MHMHL584MarshallIslands-
MRMRT478Mauritánie-
MUMUS480MauritiusMSBMemberBody
MXMEX484MexicoDGNMemberBody
FMFSM583Mikronésie,FederatedStatesOf-
MDMDA498Moldova,RepublicofMOLDSTCorrespondentMember
MCMCO492Monaco-
MNMNG496MongolskoMASMMčlenTělo
(YS)[2]-Černá HoraISMECkorespondent Člen
MAMAR504MarokoSNIMAMemberBody
MZMOZ508MozambikINNOQKorespondentČlen
MMMMR104MyanmarMSTRDCodpovídající člen
NANAM516NamibieNSIQOCrespondent Member
NRNRU520Nauru-
NPNPL524NepálNBMSMCodpovídající člen
NLNLD528NizozemskoNENMemberBody
NZNZL554Nový ZélandSNZMemberBody
NINIC558NikaraguaDTNMCodpovídající člen
NENER562NigerDNQMCodpovídající člen
NGNGA566NigérieSONMemberBody
NONOR578NorskoSNMemberBody
OMOMN512OmanDGSMMemberBody
PKPAK586PákistánPSQCAMemberBody
PWPLW585Palau-
PSPSE275Palestinian State[3]PSICkorespondent Člen
PAPAN591PanamaCOPANITMčlenTělo
PGPNG598PapuaNewGuineaNISITCkorespondentČlen
PYPRY600ParaguayINTNCrespondent Member
PEPER604PeruINDECOPIČlenské tělo
PHPHL608FilipínyBPSMemberBody
PLPOL616PolskoPKNMemberBody
PTPRT620PortugalskoIPQMemberBody
QAQAT634QatarQSMemberBody
ROROU642RumunskoASROMemberBody
RURUS643Ruská federaceGSTRČlenské tělo
RWRWA646RwandaRBSCrespondent Member
KNKNA659St.Kitts&Nevis-
LCLCA662St.LuciaSLBSMemberBody
VCVCT670SaintVincentandtheGrenadinesSVGBSSubscriberMember
WSWSM882Samoa-
SMSMR674SanMarino-
STSTP678SãoTomé&Príncipe-
SASAU682Saúdská ArábieSASOMemberBody
SNSEN686SenegalASNCkorespondentČlen
CSSCG891SrbskoISSMemberBody
SCSYC690SeychelySBSkorespondentČlen
SLSLE694SierraLeone-
SGSGP702SingapurSPRINGSGMčlenTělo
SKSVK703SlovenskoSUTNMčlenBody
SISVN705SlovinskoSISTMčlenBody
SBSLB090Šalamounovy ostrovy-
SOSOM706Somálsko-
ZAZAF710Jižní AfrikaSABSMemberBody
ESESP724ŠpanělskoAENOR.ČlenTělo
LKLKA144SríLankaSLSIMemberBody
SDSDN736SudanSSMOčlenBody
SRSUR740SurinameČlen předplatitele SSBS
SZSWZ748SvazijskoSQASKorespondentČlen
SESWE752SwedenSISMemberBody
CHCHE756ŠvýcarskoČlen SNVBody
SYSYR760SyrianArabRepublicSASMOMemberBody
TWTWN158 Tchaj-wan (provincie Číny)
TJTJK762TádžikistánTJKSTNCrespondent Member
TZTZA834Tanzanie,Spojená republikaTBSMemberBody
THTHA764ThajskoTISIMemberBody
TL(TP)TLS206Východní Timor,Demokratická republika (Východní Timor)-
TGTGO768TogoCSNCkorespondentČlen
TOTON776Tonga-
TTTTO780Trinidad&TobagoTTBSMemberBody
TNTUN788TuniskoINNORPIMemberBody
TRTUR792TureckoTSEMemberTělo
TMTKM795TurkmenistánMSSTkorespondentČlen
TVTUV798Tuvalu-
UGUGA800UgandaUNBSkorespondentČlen
UAUKR804UkraineDSSUMemberBody
AEARE784Spojené arabské emirátyESMAČlenské tělo
UKGBR826Spojené království (VelkáBritánie)BSIMemberBody[4][5]
USUSA840Spojené státyANSIčlenBody
UYURY858UruguayJUNITČlenTělo
UZUZB860UzbekistánUZSTANDARDČlenTělo
VUVUT548Vanuatu-
VAVAT336VaticanCity (Svaté jezero)-
VEVEN862VenezuelaFONDONORMAČlenTělo
VNVNM704VietnamTCVNMemberBody
EHESH732Západní Sahara-
YEYEM887YemenYSMOodpovídajícíČlen
ZMZMB894ZambieZABSkorespondentČlen
ZWZWE816ZimbabweSAZČlenské tělo
Tips:
1.DoesnothaverepresentationinISOunderanymembershipclassasofJanuary2008.
2. Makedonie, Černá Hora a Srbsko byly součástí Bývalé Jugoslávie, i když v této zemi není ISO 3166-1993(E) odděleně uvedena Černá Hora.
3.AlthoughnottechnicallyaCountry,thePalestinianStatehasrepresentationinISOasifitwas.
4.Ačkoli z technického hlediska je oficiálním názvem země „Velká Británie“ „Spojené království Velké Británie a Severního Irska“, je ISO označována jako „Velká Británie“.
5.AlthoughtechnicallytheyareCountries,England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandarenotlistedseparatelyfromGreatBritaininISO3166-1993(E)anddonothavetheirownISOrepresentation.
StandardClassificationh2>
ISOqualitysystemstandardsincludeISO9000,ISO9001,ISO9004.TheISO9000standardclarifiesthequalitymanagementandqualityassurancesystem,whichissuitableforproductionandserviceenterprises.TheISO9001standardprovidesguidelinesforengaginginandreviewingqualitymanagementandqualityassurancesystems.
TheISO9000qualitysystemstandardincludes3systemstandardsand8guidelines.ThethreesystemstandardsareISO9001,9002and9003;theeightguidelinesareISO9000-1to4andISO9004-1to4.TheprimarystandardisISO9001,whichclearlypointsoutthe20elementsofacompletequalitysystemfororganizationsthatdesign,manufactureproductsandprovideservices.ISO9002clearlypointsout19elementsfororganizationsthatonlymanufactureproductsbutdonotdesignproductsandprovideservices.ISO9003clearlypointsout16elementsfororganizationsthatonlyconductinspections.TheISO9000standardisrevisedevery5to7years.Thefirstbatchofstandardswaspublishedin1987,thefirstrevisionwaspublishedin1994,thesecondrevisionwaspublishedin2000,andthethirdrevisionwaspublishedin2008.Thenewrevisionwillreplacethecurrenttranslationinthreeyears..
ThenewrevisionofISO9001shouldincludeasinglequalitysystemstandard.ItspecifiedthatISO9001willapplytoallorganizations.Itwillinvolvethefollowing4parts:managementresponsibilities,resourcemanagement,processmanagement,measurement,analysisandimprovement.Thispartofresourcemanagementisbrandnew,andtheotherpartscontainnewprojects.Thenewrevisionwillcontainalltheoldrequirements,andaddadditionalmanagementrequirements,processmanagementrequirements,processmeasurementandimprovementrequirements.
ISO/iec'srecognitionofstandardinspectionlaboratoriesandtheirprescribedauthoritystandardsincludeISOguidelines25,58,61,62and65.ISO/iecguide58clarifiestherequirementsforaccreditationstandardsandinspectionlaboratories.ISO/iecguide61specifiestherequirementsforaccreditedproductcertificationandqualitysystemregistrationorganizations.ISO/iecguide62clarifiestherequirementsforthequalitysystem.ISO/iecguide65clarifiestherequirementsforproductcertification.ISO/iecguidelinesareusedtoassesstheconsistencyofproductsandservices.Thedifferencesinnationalaccreditationrequirementsareregulatedbyinternationalandregionalaccreditationcooperationorganizations.Inordertoshortentheconsistencyassessmentprocessoftelecommunicationsfacilitiesandotherproofreadproducts,amutualrecognitionagreement(mras)hasbeenformulated,whichwillshortenandreducethetimeandcostofobtainingproductandqualitysystemcertification.
ISO9000certificationrequiresarunningqualitysystemconsistentwithISO9001,asuccessfulandindependentevaluationbyaregisteredbody.Inordertomaintaincertification,registeredgroupsneedtoconductsurveillanceevaluationsevery6or12months,andafullre-evaluationevery3years.
ISO9000series2000andlaterversionswillintegrate9002and9003intotheISO9001:2000standard.Therefore,onlyISO9001,ISO9002andISO9003havebeenusedforcertification.ISO9004isaperformanceimprovementguide,notforcertification,butonlyfortheorganization'sinternalcomprehensiveperformanceimprovementguide.
QualitySystemCertification
Kroky
Step1:DevelopaplantoimplementISOqualitysystemstandards;
Step2:EvaluatetheexistingqualitysystemwithreferencetoISOqualitysystemstandards;
Step3:TakecorrectactionstocomplywithallISOqualitysystemrequirements;
Krok 4: Založte dokumenty a systém záznamů;
Krok 5: Dokončete manuál kvality a zefektivněte jej;
Krok 6: Nechte se zaregistrovat u skupiny sjednat předběžné posouzení;
Step7:Thecertifiedorganizationpreparesfortheformalevaluation;
Step8:Theregisteredorganizationimplementstheevaluationaudit.
Proces
Undernormalcircumstances,ittakes1yearormoretocompletetheISO9000certificationintheUnitedStates.IftheexistingqualitysystemalreadyincludesalltheISO9000elements,itwilltakelessthanoneyear.Animplementationteamisrequiredtopay3to6peoplefor1yearundernormalcircumstances,andaregisteredorganizationisrequiredtoprovide3yearsofpaidservices.TheexternalcostoftheregisteredgroupwillremainbetweenUS$75,000andUS$150,000,dependingonthesizeoftheorganizationbeingcertified.Internalcostsandexternalcostsareroughlythesame.
TheISO9000qualitysystemprovidesinformationandprocesscontrolmechanismstomanageenterprisesmoreeffectively.TheISOqualitysystemcancontrolqualitycosts,reducewasteandincreaseproductivity.Customerswillbemoreinterestedinproductsfromcompanieswithqualitysystemcertification.Aneffectivequalitysystemcanalsoimproveproductquality.Thesetwofactorswillenhancethecompetitivenessofcompaniesandtheirproductsintheopenmarket.
Provozní výhody
AlargenumberofAmericancompaniessurveyedin1998recognizedthefollowinginternalbenefitsbroughtbythefollowingISO9000certification:betterdocumentation,greaterqualityawarenessamongemployees,Increasedinternalcompanycontacts.Officeefficiencyandproductivityincrease.ThesecompaniesalsorecognizedtheexternalbenefitsbroughtbythefollowingISO9000certification;customers'perceptionofpoorquality,theimprovementoftheircompetitiveadvantageandthereductionofcustomers'qualityreviews.
AsmallgroupofAmericanmanufacturingcompaniessurveyedin1998recognizedthefollowinginternalandexternalbenefitsbroughtbyISO9000certification:theimprovementofproductquality,theincreaseofcustomerattention,andtheformationofredesignedfunctionalstepsBasically,theincreaseinmarketshare;21%ofcompaniessaidthatqualitycertificationhasnoeffectonthequalitysystemandproducts.