Perustaminen
ThepredecessoroftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationistheInternationalFederationofNationalStandardizationAssociationsandtheUnitedNationsStandardsCoordinationCommittee.InOctober1946,representativesof25nationalstandardizationorganizationsheldameetinginLondonanddecidedtoestablishanewinternationalstandardizationorganizationnamedISO.TheconferencedraftedISO'sfirstcharterandrulesofprocedure,andapprovedthedraftcharter.OnFebruary23,1947,theInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationwasformallyestablished.
Tarkoitus ja Missio
ThepurposeandpurposeoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationare:"Promotethedevelopmentofstandardizationworkallovertheworld,soastofacilitateinternationalmaterialexchangesandservices,andexpandknowledge,Science,technology,andeconomiccooperation."Itsmainactivitiesaretoformulateinternationalstandards,coordinateworldwidestandardizationwork,organizemembersandtechnicalcommitteestoexchangeinformation,andcooperatewithotherinternationalorganizationstojointlystudyrelatedstandardizationissues.
Merkitys
TheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationisaninternationalnon-governmentalorganizationinthefieldofstandardization.Somepeoplewillnoticethat"ISO"isnotthesameastheabbreviationoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization.Whynot"IOS"?Infact,"ISO"isnotanacronymforitsfullname,butaword.ItcomesfromtheGreekisos,whichmeans"equal".Todaythereareaseriesofwordsthatuseitasaprefix,suchas"Isometric"(meaning"equalsize")"isonomy"(meaning"legalequality").From"equal"to"standard",theconnotativeconnectionmakes"ISO"thenameoftheorganization.
ISO'smembersarecomposedofnationalstandardizationbodiesfrommorethan100countriesintheworld.ThenationalorganizationrepresentingChinatoparticipateinISOistheChinaNationalStandardizationManagementCommittee.ISOhasclosetieswiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC),andChina'snationalorganizationparticipatingintheIECisalsotheChinaNationalStandardizationManagementCommittee.ISOandIECasawholeareresponsibleforthetaskofformulatinggloballyagreedinternationalstandards.BothISOandIECarenon-governmentalorganizations.Thestandardstheyformulateareessentiallyvoluntary,whichmeansthatthesestandardsmustbeexcellentstandards.Willbringbenefitstoindustryandserviceindustries,sotheyconsciouslyusethesestandards.ISOandIECarenotUnitedNationsagencies,buttheymaintaintechnicalliaisonwithmanyspecializedagenciesoftheUnitedNations.ISOandIEChaveabout1,000professionaltechnicalcommitteesandsubcommittees,andeachmembercountryparticipatesintheactivitiesofthesetechnicalcommitteesandsubcommitteesonanationalbasis.ISOandIECalsohaveabout3000workinggroups.ISOandIECformulateandrevise1000internationalstandardseveryyear.
Sisältö
Thecontentofthestandardcoversawiderange,frombasicfasteners,bearings,variousrawmaterialstosemi-finishedproductsandfinishedproducts,anditstechnicalfieldsinvolveinformationtechnology,transportation,agriculture,andhealthcare.Andtheenvironment,etc.Eachworkorganizationhasitsownworkplan,whichliststhestandarditems(testmethods,terminology,specifications,performancerequirements,etc.)thatneedtobeformulated.
ThemainfunctionofISOistoprovideamechanismforpeopletoformulateinternationalstandardsandreachconsensus.ItsmainorganizationandoperatingrulesarestipulatedinadocumentcalledISO/IECTechnicalWorkGuidelines.ThetechnicalstructureofISOhas800technicalcommitteesandsub-committees,eachofwhichhasachairmanandasecretariat.Thesecretariatisheldbyeachmember.Thereare30membergroupsundertakingtheworkofthesecretarycountry.EachsecretariatmaintainsdirectcontactwiththeISOCentralSecretariatinGeneva.
Näiden työlaitosten kautta ISO on antanut yli 17 000 kansainvälistä standardia,kutenISOmetrinen lanka,ISOA4-paperikoko,ISOcontainers-sarja(95% maailman toimitussäiliöistäISO-standardien mukaisia),ISO:n kalvonnopeus-jastandardien0
Inaddition,ISOalsohasliaisonrelationswith450internationalandregionalorganizationsintermsofstandards,especiallywiththeInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU).Thereare28internationalstandardsbodiesoutsidetheISO/IECsystem.Everyagencysetssomeinternationalstandardsinacertainfield,andtheyareusuallyunderthecontroloftheUnitedNations.AtypicalexampleistheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).85%oftheinternationalstandardsformulatedbyISO/IEC,theremaining15%areformulatedbythese28otherinternationalstandardsbodies.
Organisaatiorakenne
ISO:n organisaatiorakenne on seuraava:
KeyOfficialsoftheGeneralAssembly,MemberGroupCorrespondenceMember
DonatedtothemembersofthePolicyDevelopmentCommitteeDirectorISOCentralSecretariat
SpecialAdvisoryGroupTechnicalManagementOfficeStandardSampleCommitteeTechnicalAdvisoryGroup
TechnicalCommitteeConformityAssessmentCommittee(CASCO)
Consumer Policy Committee (COPOLCO)
DevelopingCountries Affairs Committee (DEVCO)
InformationSystemsandServicesCommittee(INFCO)SpecialAdvisoryGroupTechnicalAdministration
TechnicalCommitteeTCDirectorTheISOGeneralAssemblyoftheCentralSecretariatoftheConference
Institutionaaliset jäsenet
ISO'sorganizationalstructureisdividedintonon-permanentinstitutionsandpermanentinstitutions.ISO’shighestauthorityistheISOGeneralAssembly(GeneralAssembly),whichisanon-standardorganizationofISO.Before1994,theplenarymeetingwasheldeverythreeyears.Whentheplenarymeetingisheld,allISOgroupmembers,correspondentmembers,andinternationalorganizationsthathaveliaisonwithISOwillsendrepresentativestothemeeting.Eachmemberhas3seatsforofficialrepresentatives,andmorethan3representativeswillattendthemeetingasobservers;Thescaleoftheconferenceisabout200-260people.Themainagendaoftheconferenceincludestheactivitiesoftherelevantprojectsinvolvedintheannualreport,ISO'sstrategicplanandfinancialsituation.TheISOCentralSecretariatisresponsiblefortheworkoftheSecretariatoftheGeneralAssembly,the4Policy-makingCommittees,theCouncil,theTechnicalAdministrationandtheGeneralStandardizationPrinciplesCommitteeestablishedbytheGeneralAssembly.Since1994,accordingtothenewISOconstitution,theISOgeneralmeetinghasbeenchangedtoonceayear.
Thereare5keyisoOfficials, he ovat: isopresident (presidentti); isovicepresident (politiikka) (vicepresident, politiikka), isovicepresident (tekninen hallinta) (vicepresident, tekninen henkilö); isotreasurer (rahastonhoitaja); isoseceeDyAneralseralsereralseralseralsaryalsarealydy-alakerra-alakerrallinen;
Muodostusprosessi
InternationalstandardsareformedbytheTechnicalCommittee(TC)andSub-TechnicalCommittee(SC)throughsixstages:
——Ensimmäinen vaihe:sovellusvaihe;
——Tämä toinen vaihe: alustava vaihe;
——Kolmas vaihe:komiteavaihe;
——Thefourthstage:Reviewstage;
——Viides vaihe: Hyväksyntävaihe;
——Kuudes vaihe: Julkaisuvaihe.
Jäsenet
AsofAugust2020,ISOhasatotalof165members.(Seethememberlistontheleftlink)
CountryA2CodeCountryA3CodeCountryCodeNo.CountryName(English)StandardsBodyISOStatus
AFAFG004AfghanistanANSAKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
ALALB008AlbaniaDPSCirrespondentjäsen
DZDZA012AlgeriaIANORMJäsen
ADAND020AndorraIRAMMemberBody
AOAGO024AngolaIANORQKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
AGATG028Antigua&BarbudaABBSSubscriberMember
ARARG032ArgentiinaIRAMMemberBody
AMARM051ArmeniaSARMMemberBody
AUAUS036AustraliaSAMemberBody
ATAUT040ItävaltaONMemberBody
AZAZE031AzerbaidžanAZSTANDJäsen
p>BSBHS044 Bahama-
BHBHR048BahrainBMSDMemberBody
BDBGD050BangladeshBSTIMemberBody
BBBRB052BarbadosBNSIMemberBody
BYBLR112Valko-VenäjäBELSTMjäsen
BEBEL056BelgiaNBNJäsen
BZBLZ084Belize-
BJBEN204BeninCEBENORKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
BTBTN064BhutanSQCAKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
BOBOL068BoliviaIBNORCACkirjeenvaihtajajäsen
BABIH070Bosnia&HerzegovinaBASMPMemberBody
BWBWA072BotswanaBOBSMemberBody
BRBRA076BrasiliaABNTJäsen
BNBRB096BruneiDarussalamCPRUCirrespondentJäsen
BGBGR100BulgariaBDSMjäsen
BFBFA854BurkinaFasoFASONORMKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
BIBDI108BurundiBBNtilaajaJäsen
KHKHM116KambodžaISCStilaajaJäsen
CMCMR120KamerunCDNQKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
CACAN124KanadaSCCMjäsen
CVCPV132KapVerde-
CFCAF140Keski-Afrikan tasavalta-
TDTCD148Chad-
CLCHL52ChileINNJäsen
CNCHN156ChinaSACMemberBody
COCOL170KolumbiaICONTECMjäsen
KMCOM174Komorit-
CGCOG178Kongo, Tasavalta-
CD(ZR)COD180Kongo,(Zairen)OCCM:n demokraattinen tasavalta
CRCRI188CostaRicaINTECOMMemberBody
CICIV384Côted'IvoireCODINORMMemberBody
HHRV191KroatiaHZNMemberBody
CUCUB192CubaNCMemberBody
CYCYP196KyprosCYSMemberBody
CZCZE203Tšekin tasavaltaCNIMjäsenBody
DKDNK208DanmarkDSMemberBody
DJDJI262Djibouti-
DMDMA212DominicaDBOSTilaajaJäsen
DODOM214DominicanRepublicDIGINORCorrespondentMember
ECECU218EcuadorINENJäsen
EGEGY818EgyptEOSMJäsen
SVSLV222ElSalvadorCONACYTKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
GQGNQ226 Päiväntasaajan Guinea-
ERERI232EritreaESICrespondentjäsen
EEEST233ViroEVSKirrespondenttijäsen
ETETH231EtiopiaQSAEMBody
FJFJI242FijiFTSQCOMemberBody
FIFIN246SuomiSFSMjäsen
FRFRA250RanskaAFNORMjäsen
GAGAB266GabonCNTTCkirjeenvaihtajajäsen
GMGMB270Gambia, The-
GEGEO268GeorgiaGEOSTMCirtijäjäsen
DEDEU276SaksaDINJäsen
GHGHA288GhanaGSBMemberBody
GRGRC300KreikkaELOTMemberBody
GDGRD308Grenada-
GTGTM320GuatemalaCOGUANORKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
GNGIN324GuineaINNMCorrespondentjäsen
GWGNB624Guinea-BissauDSNPQKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
GYGUY328GuyanaGNBSStilaajaJäsen
HTTI332Haiti-
HNHND340HondurasCOHCITTilaajaJäsen
HKHKG344HongKong,KiinaITCHKSARKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
HUHUN348UnkariMSZTMMemberBody
p>ISISL352IcelandISTMemberBody
ININD356IntiaBISMjäsen
IDIDN360IndonesiaBSNMemberBody
IRIRN364Iran,ISIRTIMemberBody:n islamilainen tasavalta
IQIRW368IraqCOSQCMemberBody
IEIRL372IrlantiNSAIMjäsen
ILISR376IsraelSIIMemberBody
ITITA380ItaliaUNIMemberBody
JMJAM388JamaikaJBSMemberBody
JPJPN392JapanJISCMemberBody
JOJOR400JordanJISMMMemberBody
KZKAZ398KazakstanKAZMEMSTMjäsen
KEKEN404KenyaKEBSMjäsen
KIKIR296Kiribati-
KPPRK408Korea,DemocraticPeople'sRepublicCSKMemberBody
KRKOR410Korea,KATSM:n tasavalta
KWKWT414KuwaitKOWSMDMMemberBody
KGKGZ417KirgisiaKYRGYZSTKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
LALAO418Laos(Laon kansandemokraattinen tasavalta)DISMStilaajajäsen
LVLVA428LatviaLVSKirrespondenttijäsen
LBLBN422LibanonLIBNORMjäsen
LSLSO426LesothoLSQASStilaajaJäsen
LRLBR430Liberia-
LYLBY434LibyanArabiJamahiriyaLNCSMMemberBody
LILIE438Liechtenstein-
LTLTU440LiettuaLSTCkirjeenvaihtajajäsen
LULUX442LuxemburgSEEMBody
MOMAC446Macau(MacauChina)CPTTMCirrespondenttijäsen
MKMKD807Macedonia,TheformerYugoslavRepublicofISRMMemberBody
MGMDG450MadagascarBNMCirrespondentjäsen
MWMWI454MalawiMBSCirrespondenttijäsen
MMYS458MalesiaDSMMMemberBody
MVMDV462Malpes-
MLMLI466MaliMLIDNIKorrespondentJäsen
MTMLT470MaltaMSAMemberBody
MHMHL584Marshallinsaaret-
MRMRT478Mauritania-
MUMUS480MauritiusMSBJäsen
MXMEX484MeksikoDGNMemberBody
FMFSM583Mikronesia, liittovaltiot
MDMDA498Moldova,RepublicofMOLDSTCorrespondentMember
MCMCO492Monaco-
MNMNG496MongoliaMASMMMemberBody
(YS)[2]--MontenegroISME-kirjeenvaihtajajäsen
MAMAR504MarokkoSNIMAMemberBody
MZMOZ508MosambikINNOQKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
MMMMR104MyanmarMSTRDCirrespondenttijäsen
NANAM516NamibiaANSIQOCKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
NRNRU520Nauru-
NPNPL524NepalNBSMCorrespondentjäsen
NLNLD528AlankomaatNENJäsen
NZNZL554Uusi-SeelantiSNZMemberBody
NINIC558NicaraguaDTNMCirtijäjäsen
NENER562NigerDNQMCirjestäjäjäsen
NNGGA566NigeriaSONMemberBody
NONOR578NorwaySNMemberBody
OMOMN512OmanDGSMMMemberBody
PKPAK586PakistanPSQCAMemberBody
PWPLW585Palau-
PSPSE275PalestinianState[3]PSICirrespondentjäsen
PAPAN591PanamaCOPANITMjäsen
PGPNG598PapuaNewGuineaNISITKorrespondenttijäsen
PYPRY600ParaguayINTNkirjeenvaihtajajäsen
PEPER604PeruINDECOPIMjäsenBody
PHPHL608ThePhilippinesBPSMemberBody
PLPOL616PuolaPKNMemberBody
PTPRT620PortugaliIPQMemberBody
QAQAT634QatarQSMemberBody
ROROU642RomaniaASROMemberBody
RURUS643Venäjän liittoGOSTRJäsen
RWRWA646RwandaRBSCirrespondentjäsen
KNKNA659St.Kitts&Nevis-
LCLCA662St.LuciaSLBSMemberBody
VCVCT670SaintVincentandtheGrenadinesSVGBSSubscriberMember
WSWSM882Samoa-
SMSMR674SanMarino-
STSTP678SãoTomé&Príncipe-
SASAU682SaudiArabiaSASOM MemberBody
SNSEN686SenegalASNkirjeenvaihtajajäsen
CSSCG891SerbiaISSMemberBody
SCSYC690SeychellitSBSkirjeenvaihtajajäsen
SLSLE694SierraLeone-
SGSGP702SingaporePRINGSGMemberBody
SKSVK703SlovakiaSUTNJäsen
SISVN705SloveniaSISTMemberBody
SBSLB090Salomonsaaret-
SOSOM706Somalia-
ZAZAF710Etelä-AfrikkaSAABSMemberBody
ESESP724EspanjaAENOR.MemberBody
LKLKA144SriLankaSLSIMemberBody
SDSDN736SudanSSMOMemberBody
SRSUR740SurinameSSBStilaaja
SZSWZ748SwazimaaSQASKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
SESWE752SwedenSISMemberBody
CHCHE756SveitsiSNVMemberBody
SYSYR760SyyrianArabitasavaltaSASMOMJäsen
TWTWN158Taiwan (Kiinan maakunta)
TJTJK762TadžikistanTJKSTNCkirjeenvaihtajajäsen
TZTZA834Tansania,Yhdistynyt TBSM-jäsenvaltio
THTHA764ThaimaaTISIMjäsen
TL(TP)TLS206Itä-Timor,Demokraattinen tasavalta(Itä-Timor)-
TGTGO768TogoCSNCirjestäjäjäsen
TOTON776Tonga-
TTTTO780Trinidad&TobagoTTBSMemberBody
TNTUN788TunisiaINNORPIMJäsen
TRTUR792TurkkiTSEMBody
TMTKM795TurkmenistanMSSTCorrespondent Member
TVTUV798Tuvalu-
UGUGA800UgandaUNBSkirjeenvaihtajajäsen
UAUKR804UkrainaDSSUMBody
AEARE784Yhdistyneet arabiemiirikunnatESMAMemberBody
UKGBR826Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta (Iso-Britannia)BSIMemberBody[4][5]
USUSA840YhdysvallatANSIMjäsenBody
UYURY858UruguayUNITMemberBody
UZUZB860UzbekistanUZSTANDARDJäsen
VUVUT548Vanuatu-
VAVAT336VaticanCity (Pyhä istuin)-
VEVEN862VenezuelaFONDONORMAMemberBody
VNVNM704VietnamTCVNMemberBody
EHESH732 Länsi-Sahara-
YEYEM887JemenYSMOKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
ZMZMB894SambiaZABSKirjeenvaihtajajäsen
ZWZWE816ZimbabweSAZMemberBody
Tips:
1.DoesnothaverepresentationinISOunderanymembershipclassasofJanuary2008.
2.Makedonia,Montenegro jaSerbia olivat osa entistä JugoslaviaaVaikka se on maa, ISO3166-1993(E)ei luettele erikseen Montenegroa.
3.AlthoughnottechnicallyaCountry,thePalestinianStatehasrepresentationinISOasifitwas.
4.Vaikka teknisesti Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan virallinen nimi on Iso-Britannian ja Pohjois-Irlannin Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta, ISO kutsuu sitä Iso-Britanniaksi.
5.AlthoughtechnicallytheyareCountries,England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandarenotlistedseparatelyfromGreatBritaininISO3166-1993(E)anddonothavetheirownISOrepresentation.
StandardClassificationh2>
ISOqualitysystemstandardsincludeISO9000,ISO9001,ISO9004.TheISO9000standardclarifiesthequalitymanagementandqualityassurancesystem,whichissuitableforproductionandserviceenterprises.TheISO9001standardprovidesguidelinesforengaginginandreviewingqualitymanagementandqualityassurancesystems.
TheISO9000qualitysystemstandardincludes3systemstandardsand8guidelines.ThethreesystemstandardsareISO9001,9002and9003;theeightguidelinesareISO9000-1to4andISO9004-1to4.TheprimarystandardisISO9001,whichclearlypointsoutthe20elementsofacompletequalitysystemfororganizationsthatdesign,manufactureproductsandprovideservices.ISO9002clearlypointsout19elementsfororganizationsthatonlymanufactureproductsbutdonotdesignproductsandprovideservices.ISO9003clearlypointsout16elementsfororganizationsthatonlyconductinspections.TheISO9000standardisrevisedevery5to7years.Thefirstbatchofstandardswaspublishedin1987,thefirstrevisionwaspublishedin1994,thesecondrevisionwaspublishedin2000,andthethirdrevisionwaspublishedin2008.Thenewrevisionwillreplacethecurrenttranslationinthreeyears..
ThenewrevisionofISO9001shouldincludeasinglequalitysystemstandard.ItspecifiedthatISO9001willapplytoallorganizations.Itwillinvolvethefollowing4parts:managementresponsibilities,resourcemanagement,processmanagement,measurement,analysisandimprovement.Thispartofresourcemanagementisbrandnew,andtheotherpartscontainnewprojects.Thenewrevisionwillcontainalltheoldrequirements,andaddadditionalmanagementrequirements,processmanagementrequirements,processmeasurementandimprovementrequirements.
ISO/iec'srecognitionofstandardinspectionlaboratoriesandtheirprescribedauthoritystandardsincludeISOguidelines25,58,61,62and65.ISO/iecguide58clarifiestherequirementsforaccreditationstandardsandinspectionlaboratories.ISO/iecguide61specifiestherequirementsforaccreditedproductcertificationandqualitysystemregistrationorganizations.ISO/iecguide62clarifiestherequirementsforthequalitysystem.ISO/iecguide65clarifiestherequirementsforproductcertification.ISO/iecguidelinesareusedtoassesstheconsistencyofproductsandservices.Thedifferencesinnationalaccreditationrequirementsareregulatedbyinternationalandregionalaccreditationcooperationorganizations.Inordertoshortentheconsistencyassessmentprocessoftelecommunicationsfacilitiesandotherproofreadproducts,amutualrecognitionagreement(mras)hasbeenformulated,whichwillshortenandreducethetimeandcostofobtainingproductandqualitysystemcertification.
ISO9000certificationrequiresarunningqualitysystemconsistentwithISO9001,asuccessfulandindependentevaluationbyaregisteredbody.Inordertomaintaincertification,registeredgroupsneedtoconductsurveillanceevaluationsevery6or12months,andafullre-evaluationevery3years.
ISO9000series2000andlaterversionswillintegrate9002and9003intotheISO9001:2000standard.Therefore,onlyISO9001,ISO9002andISO9003havebeenusedforcertification.ISO9004isaperformanceimprovementguide,notforcertification,butonlyfortheorganization'sinternalcomprehensiveperformanceimprovementguide.
Laatujärjestelmän sertifiointi
Askeleet
Step1:DevelopaplantoimplementISOqualitysystemstandards;
Step2:EvaluatetheexistingqualitysystemwithreferencetoISOqualitysystemstandards;
Step3:TakecorrectactionstocomplywithallISOqualitysystemrequirements;
Vaihe 4: Luo asiakirjat ja tietuejärjestelmä;
Vaihe 5: Suorita laatukäsikirja ja tee siitä tehokas;
Vaihe 6:Rekisteröity ryhmätarkistus ennakkoarviointia varten;
Step7:Thecertifiedorganizationpreparesfortheformalevaluation;
Step8:Theregisteredorganizationimplementstheevaluationaudit.
Käsitellä asiaa
Undernormalcircumstances,ittakes1yearormoretocompletetheISO9000certificationintheUnitedStates.IftheexistingqualitysystemalreadyincludesalltheISO9000elements,itwilltakelessthanoneyear.Animplementationteamisrequiredtopay3to6peoplefor1yearundernormalcircumstances,andaregisteredorganizationisrequiredtoprovide3yearsofpaidservices.TheexternalcostoftheregisteredgroupwillremainbetweenUS$75,000andUS$150,000,dependingonthesizeoftheorganizationbeingcertified.Internalcostsandexternalcostsareroughlythesame.
TheISO9000qualitysystemprovidesinformationandprocesscontrolmechanismstomanageenterprisesmoreeffectively.TheISOqualitysystemcancontrolqualitycosts,reducewasteandincreaseproductivity.Customerswillbemoreinterestedinproductsfromcompanieswithqualitysystemcertification.Aneffectivequalitysystemcanalsoimproveproductquality.Thesetwofactorswillenhancethecompetitivenessofcompaniesandtheirproductsintheopenmarket.
Käyttöedut
AlargenumberofAmericancompaniessurveyedin1998recognizedthefollowinginternalbenefitsbroughtbythefollowingISO9000certification:betterdocumentation,greaterqualityawarenessamongemployees,Increasedinternalcompanycontacts.Officeefficiencyandproductivityincrease.ThesecompaniesalsorecognizedtheexternalbenefitsbroughtbythefollowingISO9000certification;customers'perceptionofpoorquality,theimprovementoftheircompetitiveadvantageandthereductionofcustomers'qualityreviews.
AsmallgroupofAmericanmanufacturingcompaniessurveyedin1998recognizedthefollowinginternalandexternalbenefitsbroughtbyISO9000certification:theimprovementofproductquality,theincreaseofcustomerattention,andtheformationofredesignedfunctionalstepsBasically,theincreaseinmarketshare;21%ofcompaniessaidthatqualitycertificationhasnoeffectonthequalitysystemandproducts.