Установяване
ThepredecessoroftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationistheInternationalFederationofNationalStandardizationAssociationsandtheUnitedNationsStandardsCoordinationCommittee.InOctober1946,representativesof25nationalstandardizationorganizationsheldameetinginLondonanddecidedtoestablishanewinternationalstandardizationorganizationnamedISO.TheconferencedraftedISO'sfirstcharterandrulesofprocedure,andapprovedthedraftcharter.OnFebruary23,1947,theInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationwasformallyestablished.
Цел и мисия
ThepurposeandpurposeoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationare:"Promotethedevelopmentofstandardizationworkallovertheworld,soastofacilitateinternationalmaterialexchangesandservices,andexpandknowledge,Science,technology,andeconomiccooperation."Itsmainactivitiesaretoformulateinternationalstandards,coordinateworldwidestandardizationwork,organizemembersandtechnicalcommitteestoexchangeinformation,andcooperatewithotherinternationalorganizationstojointlystudyrelatedstandardizationissues.
Значение
TheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationisaninternationalnon-governmentalorganizationinthefieldofstandardization.Somepeoplewillnoticethat"ISO"isnotthesameastheabbreviationoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization.Whynot"IOS"?Infact,"ISO"isnotanacronymforitsfullname,butaword.ItcomesfromtheGreekisos,whichmeans"equal".Todaythereareaseriesofwordsthatuseitasaprefix,suchas"Isometric"(meaning"equalsize")"isonomy"(meaning"legalequality").From"equal"to"standard",theconnotativeconnectionmakes"ISO"thenameoftheorganization.
ISO'smembersarecomposedofnationalstandardizationbodiesfrommorethan100countriesintheworld.ThenationalorganizationrepresentingChinatoparticipateinISOistheChinaNationalStandardizationManagementCommittee.ISOhasclosetieswiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC),andChina'snationalorganizationparticipatingintheIECisalsotheChinaNationalStandardizationManagementCommittee.ISOandIECasawholeareresponsibleforthetaskofformulatinggloballyagreedinternationalstandards.BothISOandIECarenon-governmentalorganizations.Thestandardstheyformulateareessentiallyvoluntary,whichmeansthatthesestandardsmustbeexcellentstandards.Willbringbenefitstoindustryandserviceindustries,sotheyconsciouslyusethesestandards.ISOandIECarenotUnitedNationsagencies,buttheymaintaintechnicalliaisonwithmanyspecializedagenciesoftheUnitedNations.ISOandIEChaveabout1,000professionaltechnicalcommitteesandsubcommittees,andeachmembercountryparticipatesintheactivitiesofthesetechnicalcommitteesandsubcommitteesonanationalbasis.ISOandIECalsohaveabout3000workinggroups.ISOandIECformulateandrevise1000internationalstandardseveryyear.
Съдържание
Thecontentofthestandardcoversawiderange,frombasicfasteners,bearings,variousrawmaterialstosemi-finishedproductsandfinishedproducts,anditstechnicalfieldsinvolveinformationtechnology,transportation,agriculture,andhealthcare.Andtheenvironment,etc.Eachworkorganizationhasitsownworkplan,whichliststhestandarditems(testmethods,terminology,specifications,performancerequirements,etc.)thatneedtobeformulated.
ThemainfunctionofISOistoprovideamechanismforpeopletoformulateinternationalstandardsandreachconsensus.ItsmainorganizationandoperatingrulesarestipulatedinadocumentcalledISO/IECTechnicalWorkGuidelines.ThetechnicalstructureofISOhas800technicalcommitteesandsub-committees,eachofwhichhasachairmanandasecretariat.Thesecretariatisheldbyeachmember.Thereare30membergroupsundertakingtheworkofthesecretarycountry.EachsecretariatmaintainsdirectcontactwiththeISOCentralSecretariatinGeneva.
Чрез тези работещи институции ISO издаде повече от 17 000 международни стандарта, като ISOmetricthread, ISOA4papersize, ISO контейнери (95% от световните транспортни контейнери отговарят на ISO стандартите), ISO's film speedcode, ISO's OpenSystem Interconnection (OS2)серия (широко използвана в областта на 9информационните0поредици0стандарти за качествоISO) и
Inaddition,ISOalsohasliaisonrelationswith450internationalandregionalorganizationsintermsofstandards,especiallywiththeInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU).Thereare28internationalstandardsbodiesoutsidetheISO/IECsystem.Everyagencysetssomeinternationalstandardsinacertainfield,andtheyareusuallyunderthecontroloftheUnitedNations.AtypicalexampleistheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).85%oftheinternationalstandardsformulatedbyISO/IEC,theremaining15%areformulatedbythese28otherinternationalstandardsbodies.
Организационна структура
Организационната структура на ISO е следната:
KeyOfficialsoftheGeneralAssembly,MemberGroupCorrespondenceMember
DonatedtothemembersofthePolicyDevelopmentCommitteeDirectorISOCentralSecretariat
SpecialAdvisoryGroupTechnicalManagementOfficeStandardSampleCommitteeTechnicalAdvisoryGroup
TechnicalCommitteeConformityAssessmentCommittee(CASCO)
Комитет за потребителска политика (COPOLCO)
Комитет по въпросите на развиващите се страни (DEVCO)
InformationSystemsandServicesCommittee(INFCO)SpecialAdvisoryGroupTechnicalAdministration
TechnicalCommitteeTCDirectorTheISOGeneralAssemblyoftheCentralSecretariatoftheConference
Институционални членове
ISO'sorganizationalstructureisdividedintonon-permanentinstitutionsandpermanentinstitutions.ISO’shighestauthorityistheISOGeneralAssembly(GeneralAssembly),whichisanon-standardorganizationofISO.Before1994,theplenarymeetingwasheldeverythreeyears.Whentheplenarymeetingisheld,allISOgroupmembers,correspondentmembers,andinternationalorganizationsthathaveliaisonwithISOwillsendrepresentativestothemeeting.Eachmemberhas3seatsforofficialrepresentatives,andmorethan3representativeswillattendthemeetingasobservers;Thescaleoftheconferenceisabout200-260people.Themainagendaoftheconferenceincludestheactivitiesoftherelevantprojectsinvolvedintheannualreport,ISO'sstrategicplanandfinancialsituation.TheISOCentralSecretariatisresponsiblefortheworkoftheSecretariatoftheGeneralAssembly,the4Policy-makingCommittees,theCouncil,theTechnicalAdministrationandtheGeneralStandardizationPrinciplesCommitteeestablishedbytheGeneralAssembly.Since1994,accordingtothenewISOconstitution,theISOgeneralmeetinghasbeenchangedtoonceayear.
Thereare5keyISOofficials,theyare:ISOPresident(President);ISOVicePresident(Policy)(VicePresident,Policy),ISOVicePresident(TechnicalManagement)(VicePresident,TechnicalManagement);ISOTreasurer(Treasurer);ISOSecretary-General(Secretary-General),allprincipalofficialsareappointedbytheboardofdirectorsandenjoyalifetimeterm;ISOSecretary-GeneralisresponsibleforthedailyworkofISO.
Процес на формиране
InternationalstandardsareformedbytheTechnicalCommittee(TC)andSub-TechnicalCommittee(SC)throughsixstages:
——Първият етап: етап на приложение;
——Вторият етап: предварителен етап;
——Третият етап: етап на комитет;
——Четвъртият етап: етап на преглед;
——Петият етап:Етап на одобрение;
——Шестият етап: Етап на освобождаване.
Членове
AsofAugust2020,ISOhasatotalof165members.(Seethememberlistontheleftlink)
CountryA2CodeCountryA3CodeCountryCodeNo.CountryName(English)StandardsBodyISOStatus
AFAFG004AfghanistanANSAКореспондентЧлен
ALALB008AlbaniaDPSCCorrespondentMember
DZDZA012AlgeriaIANORMemberBody
ADAND020AndorraIRAMMemberBody
AOAGO024AngolaIANORQЧлен-кореспондент
AGATG028Antigua&BarbudaABBSSubscriberMember
ARARG032АржентинаIRAMMemberBody
AMARM051ArmeniaSARMMemberBody
AUAUS036AustraliaSAMemberBody
ATAUT040AustriaONMemberBody
AZAZE031AzerbaijanAZSTANDMemberBody
p>BSBHS044Бахами-
BHBHR048BahrainBMSDMemberBody
BDBGD050BangladeshBSTIMemberBody
BBBRB052BarbadosBNSIMemberBody
BYBLR112BelarusBELSTMemberBody
BEBEL056БелгияNBNMemberBody
BZBLZ084Белиз-
BJBEN204BeninCEBENORCчлен-кореспондент
BTBTN064BhutanSQCACCorrespondentMember
BOBOL068BoliviaIBNORCACCorrespondentMember
BABIH070Bosnia&HerzegovinaBASMPMemberBody
BWBWA072BotswanaBOBSMemberBody
BRBRA076BrazilABNTMemberBody
BNBRB096БрунейДаруссаламCPRЧлен-кореспондент
BBGGR100BulgariaBDSMemberBody
BFBFA854БуркинаФасоFASONORMCчлен-кореспондент
BIBDI108BurundiBBNSubscriberMember
KHKHM116CambodiaISCS SubscriberMember
CMCMR120CameroonCDNQЧлен-кореспондент
CACAN124CanadaSCCMemberBody
CVCPV132 Кабо Верде-
CFCAF140Централноафриканска република-
TDTCD148Чад-
CLCHL52ChileINNMemberBody
CNCHN156ChinaSACMemberBody
COCOL170ColombiaICONTECMmemberBody
KMCOM174 Коморски острови-
CGCOG178 Конго, Република-
CD(ZR)COD180Конго,Демократична република(Заир)OCCCMemberBody
CRCRI188CostaRicaINTECOMmemberBody
CICIV384Côted'IvoireCODINORMMemberBody
HRHRV191CroatiaHZNMemberBody
CUCUB192CubaNCMemberBody
CYCYP196CyprusCYSMemberBody
CZCZE203CzechRepublicCNIMemberBody
DKDNK208DenmarkDSMemberBody
DJDJI262 Джибути-
DMDMA212ДоминикаDBOSSubscriberMember
DODOM214DominicanRepublicDIGINORCorrespondentMember
ECECU218EcuadorINENMemberBody
EGEGY818EgyptEOSMemberBody
SVSLV222ЕлСалвадорCONACYTCчлен-кореспондент
GQGNQ226Екваториална Гвинея-
ERERI232EritreaESICCorrespondentMember
EEEST233EstoniaEVSCorrespondentMember
ETETH231EthiopiaQSAEMemberBody
FJFJI242FijiFTSQCOMemberBody
FIFIN246FinlandSFSMemberBody
FRFRA250FranceAFNORMemberBody
GAGAB266GabonCNTTCчлен-кореспондент
GMGMB270Гамбия, The-
GEGEO268GeorgiaGEOSTMCCorrespondentMember
DEDEU276GermanyDINMemberBody
GHGHA288GhanaGSBMemberBody
GRGRC300GreeceELOTMemberBody
GDGRD308Гренада-
GTGTM320ГватемалаCOGUANORЧлен-кореспондент
GNGIN324GuineaINNMЧлен-кореспондент
GWGNB624Гвинея-БисауDSNPQЧлен-кореспондент
GYGUY328GuyanaGNBSSubscriberMember
HTHTI332Хаити-
HNHND340ХондурасCOHCIT Абонат Член
HKHKG344Хонконг, КитайITCHKSARЧлен-кореспондент
HUHUN348HungaryMSZTMemberBody
p>ISISL352IcelandISTMemberBody
ININD356IndiaBISMemberBody
IDIDN360IndonesiaBSNMemberBody
IRIRN364Иран, Ислямска републикаfISIRTIMemberBody
IQIRW368IraqCOSQCMemberBody
IEIRL372IrelandNSAIMemberBody
ILISR376IsraelSIIMemberBody
ITITA380ItalyUNIMemberBody
JMJAM388JamaicaJBSMemberBody
JPJPN392JapanJISCMemberBody
JOJOR400JordanJISMMemberBody
KZKAZ398KazakhstanKAZMEMSTMMemberBody
KEKEN404KenyaKEBSMemberBody
KIKIR296 Кирибати-
KPPRK408Korea,DemocraticPeople'sRepublicCSKMemberBody
KRKOR410Korea,RepublicofKATSMemberBody
KWKWT414KuwaitKOWSMDMemberBody
KGKGZ417КиргизстанKYRGYZSTЧлен-кореспондент
LALAO418Лаос(ЛаоскаНароднаДемократичнаРепублика)DISMSubscriberMember
LVLVA428LatviaLVSCorrespondentMember
LBLBN422LebanonLIBNORMemberBody
LSLSO426ЛесотоLSQASSабонатен член
LRLBR430Либерия-
LYLBY434LibyanArabJamahiriyaLNCSMMemberBody
LILIE438Лихтенщайн-
LTLTU440LithuaniaLSTCCorrespondentMember
LULUX442LuxembourgSEEMmemberBody
MOMAC446Макао (МакаоКитай)CPTTMCКореспондентЧлен
MKMKD807Macedonia,TheformerYugoslavRepublicofISRMMemberBody
MGMDG450MadagascarBNMCчлен-кореспондент
MWMWI454MalawiMBSCCorrespondentMember
MYMYS458MalaysiaDSMMemberBody
MVMDV462Malpes-
MLMLI466MaliMLIDNIЧлен-кореспондент
MTMLT470MaltaMSAMemberBody
MHMHL584Маршалови острови-
MRMRT478 Мавритания-
MUMUS480MauritiusMSBMemberBody
MXMEX484МексикоDGNMemberBody
FMFSM583 Микронезия, Федеративни Щати-
MDMDA498Moldova,RepublicofMOLDSTCorrespondentMember
MCMCO492 Монако-
MNMNG496MongoliaMASMMemberBody
(YS) [2] – член-кореспондент на ISM в Черна гора
MAMAR504MoroccoSNIMAMemberBody
MZMOZ508MozambiqueINNOQЧлен-кореспондент
MMMMR104MyanmarMSTRDCorrespondentMember
NANAM516NamibiaNSIQOCorrespondentMember
NRNRU520Науру-
NPNPL524NepalNBSMCCorrespondentMember
NLNLD528TheNetherlandsNENMemberBody
NZNZL554Нова ЗеландияSNZMemberBody
NINIC558NicaraguaDTNMCчлен-кореспондент
NENER562NigerDNQMCCorrespondentMember
NGNGA566NigeriaSONMemberBody
NONOR578NorwaySNMemberBody
OMOMN512OmanDGSMMemberBody
PKPAK586PakistanPSQCAMemberBody
PWPLW585Палау-
PSPSE275Палестинска държава[3]PSICчлен-кореспондент
PAPAN591PanamaCOPANITMemberBody
PGPNG598Папуа-Нова ГвинеяNISITCCorrespondentMember
PYPRY600ParaguayINTNCCorrespondentMember
PEPER604PeruINDECOPIMemberBody
PHPHL608ThePhilippinesBPSMemberBody
PLPOL616PolandPKNMemberBody
PTPRT620PortugalIPQMemberBody
QAQAT634QatarQSMemberBody
ROROU642RomaniaASROMmemberBody
RURUS643RussianFederationGOSTRMemberBody
RWRWA646RwandaRBSCCorrespondentMember
KNKNA659St.Kitts&Nevis-
LCLCA662St.LuciaSLBSMemberBody
VCVCT670SaintVincentandtheGrenadinesSVGBSSubscriberMember
WSWSM882Samoa-
SMSMR674SanMarino-
STSTP678SãoTomé&Príncipe-
SASAU682SaudiArabiaSASOMemberBody
SNSEN686SenegalASNCorrespondentMember
CSSCG891SerbiaISSMemberBody
SCSYC690SeychellesSBSCorrespondentMember
SLSLE694СиераЛеоне-
SGSGP702SingaporeSPRINGSGMemberBody
SKSVK703SlovakiaSUTNMemberBody
SISVN705SloveniaSISTMemberBody
SBSLB090Соломонови острови-
SOSOM706Сомалия-
ZAZAF710SouthAfricaSABSMemberBody
ESESP724ИспанияAENOR.MemberBody
LKLKA144SriLankaSLSIMemberBody
SDSDN736SudanSSMOMemberBody
SRSUR740СуринамSSBS Абонат
SZSWZ748SwazilandSQASCorrespondentMember
SESWE752SwedenSISMemberBody
CHCHE756SwitzerlandSNVMemberBody
SYSYR760SyrianArabRepublicSASMOMemberBody
TWTWN158 Тайван (провинция на Китай)
TJTJK762TajikistanTJKSTNCЧлен-кореспондент
TZTZA834Танзания, Обединена република на TBSMMemberBody
THTHA764ТайландTISIMemberBody
TL(TP)TLS206Източен Тимор, Демократична република (Източен Тимор)-
TGTGO768TogoCSNCCorrespondentMember
TOTON776Тонга-
TTTTO780Trinidad&TobagoTTBSMemberBody
TNTUN788TunisiaINNORPIMemberBody
TRTUR792TurkeyTSEMmemberBody
TMTKM795ТуркменистанMSSTКореспондентЧлен
TVTUV798 Тувалу-
UGUGA800UgandaUNBSCorrespondentMember
UAUKR804UkraineDSSUMemberBody
AEARE784Обединени арабски емирстваESMAMemberBody
UKGBR826UnitedKingdom(GreatBritain)BSIMmemberBody[4][5]
USUSA840UnitedStatesANSIMemberBody
UYURY858UruguayUNITMemberBody
UZUZB860UzbekistanUZSTANDARDMemberBody
VUVUT548Вануату-
VAVAT336 Ватикана (Свети Престол)-
VEVEN862ВенецуелаFONDONORMAMemberBody
VNVNM704VietnamTCVNMemberBody
EHESH732 Западна Сахара-
YEYEM887YemenYSMOCrespondentMember
ZMZMB894ZambiaZABSCorrespondentMember
ZWZWE816ZimbabweSAZMemberBody
Tips:
1.DoesnothaverepresentationinISOunderanymembershipclassasofJanuary2008.
2. Македония, Черна гора и Сърбия бяха част от бивша Югославия, въпреки че са държава, ISO3166-1993(E) не изброява отделно Черна гора.
3.AlthoughnottechnicallyaCountry,thePalestinianStatehasrepresentationinISOasifitwas.
4. Въпреки че технически официалното име на държавата за „Обединеното кралство“ е „Обединеното кралство на Великобритания и Северна Ирландия“ се нарича „Великобритания“ от ISO.
5.AlthoughtechnicallytheyareCountries,England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandarenotlistedseparatelyfromGreatBritaininISO3166-1993(E)anddonothavetheirownISOrepresentation.
StandardClassificationh2>
ISOqualitysystemstandardsincludeISO9000,ISO9001,ISO9004.TheISO9000standardclarifiesthequalitymanagementandqualityassurancesystem,whichissuitableforproductionandserviceenterprises.TheISO9001standardprovidesguidelinesforengaginginandreviewingqualitymanagementandqualityassurancesystems.
TheISO9000qualitysystemstandardincludes3systemstandardsand8guidelines.ThethreesystemstandardsareISO9001,9002and9003;theeightguidelinesareISO9000-1to4andISO9004-1to4.TheprimarystandardisISO9001,whichclearlypointsoutthe20elementsofacompletequalitysystemfororganizationsthatdesign,manufactureproductsandprovideservices.ISO9002clearlypointsout19elementsfororganizationsthatonlymanufactureproductsbutdonotdesignproductsandprovideservices.ISO9003clearlypointsout16elementsfororganizationsthatonlyconductinspections.TheISO9000standardisrevisedevery5to7years.Thefirstbatchofstandardswaspublishedin1987,thefirstrevisionwaspublishedin1994,thesecondrevisionwaspublishedin2000,andthethirdrevisionwaspublishedin2008.Thenewrevisionwillreplacethecurrenttranslationinthreeyears..
ThenewrevisionofISO9001shouldincludeasinglequalitysystemstandard.ItspecifiedthatISO9001willapplytoallorganizations.Itwillinvolvethefollowing4parts:managementresponsibilities,resourcemanagement,processmanagement,measurement,analysisandimprovement.Thispartofresourcemanagementisbrandnew,andtheotherpartscontainnewprojects.Thenewrevisionwillcontainalltheoldrequirements,andaddadditionalmanagementrequirements,processmanagementrequirements,processmeasurementandimprovementrequirements.
ISO/iec'srecognitionofstandardinspectionlaboratoriesandtheirprescribedauthoritystandardsincludeISOguidelines25,58,61,62and65.ISO/iecguide58clarifiestherequirementsforaccreditationstandardsandinspectionlaboratories.ISO/iecguide61specifiestherequirementsforaccreditedproductcertificationandqualitysystemregistrationorganizations.ISO/iecguide62clarifiestherequirementsforthequalitysystem.ISO/iecguide65clarifiestherequirementsforproductcertification.ISO/iecguidelinesareusedtoassesstheconsistencyofproductsandservices.Thedifferencesinnationalaccreditationrequirementsareregulatedbyinternationalandregionalaccreditationcooperationorganizations.Inordertoshortentheconsistencyassessmentprocessoftelecommunicationsfacilitiesandotherproofreadproducts,amutualrecognitionagreement(mras)hasbeenformulated,whichwillshortenandreducethetimeandcostofobtainingproductandqualitysystemcertification.
ISO9000certificationrequiresarunningqualitysystemconsistentwithISO9001,asuccessfulandindependentevaluationbyaregisteredbody.Inordertomaintaincertification,registeredgroupsneedtoconductsurveillanceevaluationsevery6or12months,andafullre-evaluationevery3years.
ISO9000series2000andlaterversionswillintegrate9002and9003intotheISO9001:2000standard.Therefore,onlyISO9001,ISO9002andISO9003havebeenusedforcertification.ISO9004isaperformanceimprovementguide,notforcertification,butonlyfortheorganization'sinternalcomprehensiveperformanceimprovementguide.
QualitySystemCertification
стъпки
Step1:DevelopaplantoimplementISOqualitysystemstandards;
Step2:EvaluatetheexistingqualitysystemwithreferencetoISOqualitysystemstandards;
Step3:TakecorrectactionstocomplywithallISOqualitysystemrequirements;
Стъпка 4: Създаване на система за документи и записи;
Стъпка 5: Попълнете ръководството за качество и го направете ефективно;
Стъпка 6: Позволете на регистрираната група да организира преглед преди оценка;
Step7:Thecertifiedorganizationpreparesfortheformalevaluation;
Step8:Theregisteredorganizationimplementstheevaluationaudit.
Процес
Undernormalcircumstances,ittakes1yearormoretocompletetheISO9000certificationintheUnitedStates.IftheexistingqualitysystemalreadyincludesalltheISO9000elements,itwilltakelessthanoneyear.Animplementationteamisrequiredtopay3to6peoplefor1yearundernormalcircumstances,andaregisteredorganizationisrequiredtoprovide3yearsofpaidservices.TheexternalcostoftheregisteredgroupwillremainbetweenUS$75,000andUS$150,000,dependingonthesizeoftheorganizationbeingcertified.Internalcostsandexternalcostsareroughlythesame.
TheISO9000qualitysystemprovidesinformationandprocesscontrolmechanismstomanageenterprisesmoreeffectively.TheISOqualitysystemcancontrolqualitycosts,reducewasteandincreaseproductivity.Customerswillbemoreinterestedinproductsfromcompanieswithqualitysystemcertification.Aneffectivequalitysystemcanalsoimproveproductquality.Thesetwofactorswillenhancethecompetitivenessofcompaniesandtheirproductsintheopenmarket.
Оперативни ползи
AlargenumberofAmericancompaniessurveyedin1998recognizedthefollowinginternalbenefitsbroughtbythefollowingISO9000certification:betterdocumentation,greaterqualityawarenessamongemployees,Increasedinternalcompanycontacts.Officeefficiencyandproductivityincrease.ThesecompaniesalsorecognizedtheexternalbenefitsbroughtbythefollowingISO9000certification;customers'perceptionofpoorquality,theimprovementoftheircompetitiveadvantageandthereductionofcustomers'qualityreviews.
AsmallgroupofAmericanmanufacturingcompaniessurveyedin1998recognizedthefollowinginternalandexternalbenefitsbroughtbyISO9000certification:theimprovementofproductquality,theincreaseofcustomerattention,andtheformationofredesignedfunctionalstepsBasically,theincreaseinmarketshare;21%ofcompaniessaidthatqualitycertificationhasnoeffectonthequalitysystemandproducts.