Základní význam
TheaveragelaborproficiencyandlaborintensitymentionedbyMarxreferstothelaborproficiencyandlaborintensityofthemiddlelevelortheaveragelevelofthedepartment,whicharethesubjectiveconditionsoflabor.Thecommodityvaluedeterminedbythenecessarylabortimeofthesocietyisthesocialvalueofthecommodity.
Regardingsociallynecessarylabortime,Marxwrotein"DasKapital":"Thelaborthatformsthevalueentityisthesamehumanlaborandtheconsumptionofthesamehumanlabor.Itisreflectedinthetotalvalueofthecommodityworld.Theentirelaborforceofthesocietyisregardedasthesamelaborforceofahumanbeinghere,althoughitiscomposedofcountlessindividuallaborforces.Eachsuchindividuallaborforce,liketheotherlaborforce,isthesamehumanlaborforce,aslongasithasThenatureofthesocialaveragelaborforceplaystheroleofthissocialaveragelaborforce,sothatonlytheaveragenecessarylabortimeorsocialnecessarylabortimeisusedintheproductionofgoods."
Inthispassage,MarxputsthesocialAlllaborisabstractedasthesamelaborofhumanbeings.Itismadeupofcountlessindividuallabors.Everysinglelaborforce,aslongasithasthenatureofsocialaveragelaborforceandplaystheroleofsocialaveragelaborforce,isthesamehumanlaborforce.
Thesamehumanlaboronlyusestheaveragenecessarylabortimeorsociallynecessarylabortimeincommodityproduction.Thisisthemostimportantpassageforustounderstandtheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortime.Onlybymakingacorrectunderstandingofthissentencecanwesolvethesociallynecessarylabortime.
Chápeme, že tato pasáž má několik významů:
(1)Sociallynecessarylabortimeistheaveragesociallynecessarylabortime.
Theso-calledaveragenecessaryworkingtimeshouldbetheaveraging,socialization,andhomogenizationofthelabortimenewlypaidinthecurrentperiodandthelabortimetransferredinthepreviousperiodtobecomethesamelabortimeinthecurrentperiod.
(2)Sociallynecessarylabortimeisthetimetransformedbytheaveragelaborforceinsociety.
Theaveragelaborforceinsocietyshouldbetheequalization,socialization,andhomogeneityofthenewlypaidlaborforceinthecurrentperiodandthelaborforcetransferredinthepreviousperiod,andbecomethesamelaborforceinthecurrentperiod.Theaveragelaborforceinsocietyshouldbeaccuratelycalledthe"averagenecessarylaborforce".
(3)Sociallynecessarylaborcontainstwocontradictoryfactors:sociallaborandnecessarylabor.
Sociallynecessarylaboristheequalization,socialization,andhomogeneityofthenewlycreatedlaborinthecurrentperiodandthesociallabortransferredinthepreviousperiod,andbecomethesamelaborinthecurrentperiod.
(4)Sociallynecessarylabortimeisusedincommodityproduction,notinproductproduction.Thatistosay,sociallynecessarylabortimeonlyappliestocommodities,nottoproducts.
Pro výrobce komodit, jeho význam je:
①Zjistit, zda lze spotřebu práce výrobců komodit plně kompenzovat;
②Určit ziskovost výrobců komodit;
③Určit pozici a osud komoditní produkce v tržní konkurenci.
Pro sociální a ekonomický rozvoj:
Promotecommodityproducers,improvetechnology,improvemanagement,andincreaselaborproductivity,therebypromotingsociallaborproductivityImproveandpromotethedevelopmentofsocialproductivityandsocialeconomy.
Konotace rozklad
Rozklad společensky nezbytné pracovní doby
Společensky nezbytný pracovní čas rozkládáme na dvě části: „sociální čas“ a „nezbytná práce“.
Společenský čas
Společenský časisthe"timepoint",whichistheunityoftimeandspace.Itisarelativelystaticstateintheprocessofspace-timemovement.Therangeoftimepointscanbelargeorsmall,aslargeastheentirehumansociety,assmallasanenterprise,orevenacommodity.Thetimingisconstantlychanging.Notwotimingsarethesame.
Howtoindicatethetimepoint?Thisisthecruxoftheproblem.Afterourresearch,webelievethatalthoughnotwotimepointsarethesame,anyonetimepointcanberelativelyquantified.Therelativeamountoftimepointis"1".Anytimepointcanberepresentedbythenaturalnumber"1"."1"meanstherelativestaticformatanypointintime.
Společnost může představovat"1",průmysl může představovat"1",podnikovýkanál může představovat"1",aprodukt může představovat"1".Celá mezinárodní komunitamůže být představována"1".Měl by být zvlášť zdůrazněn,abysevšechny.souvisely,souvisejí,sevšechny,s.případem.
Soanysociety,industryorenterprise,theirexistenceistheunityoftimeandspace,soitcanberepresentedby"1".Inotherwords,althoughsocialtimeisanabstractthing,itcanbespecifically"1".Compatibilityreferstothedirectandsimplefourarithmeticoperationsbetweendifferentcommodityvalues.Onlythingsofthesamequalitycanbenegotiated,whichrequiresthattheprovisionsofthevaluequalitymustbe"same".
Práce a nezbytná práce
(1) Práce
AccordingtoMarx’sprincipleoflaborduality,therearespecificlaborandabstractlabor.Say.Hunting,farming,weaving,ironsmelting,calculation,painting,etc.areallconcretelabor.Theabstractlaborisaspecialformofsociallabor,apartfromconcretelabor,humanlaboringeneral.Differentscopesofspecificlaborcanhavedifferentlaborgeneralizations,suchasproductionlabor,commoditylabor,andsoon.Thelaborofeachenterpriseisspecificlaborrelativetotheindustry;eachindustryisalsospecificlaborrelativetotheentiresociety.Thespecificlaborofanenterprisecanbesummarizedascorporatelabor,thespecificlaborofvariousindustriescanbesummarizedasindustriallabor,andalllaborinthewholesocietycanbesummarizedassociallabor.
(2) Nezbytná práce
Necessarylaboristhelaborthatsocietyneedstoproduceacertainkindofcommodity.Thelaborinthislaborconceptusuallyreferstosociallabor.Butintermsofquantity,itisequivalenttotheconcretelaborofproducingthiskindofcommodity.Therefore,necessarylaborcanalsobeexpressedasthespecificamountoflaboranindividualspendstoproduceacertaincommodity.
Forlabor,itissociallaborthatmaintainslaborproductionandreproduction.
Weseethatthegreaterthenecessarylabortimeinsociety,thegreatertheamountofvalueandthesmallerthenecessarylabor.
Sociální práce
Theproportionalrelationshipbetweensocialtimeandnecessarylaboristhesocialnecessarylabortime.Itisnotdifficulttosynthesizesuchaconcept.Whatisimportantishowtoexpresstheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortime.Wehavefoundthroughresearchthattheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortimecontainstwoopposingfactors,oneisthetimefactorandtheotheristhelaborfactor.
Tyto dva faktory nejsou stejné, ale navzájem se staví. Proto by jejich vztah měl být vyjádřen opačně, tedy sociálním časem/nezbytnou prací. Mezi nimi může být společenský čas reprezentován "1", takže "sociálně nezbytný pracovní čas" je"1 / nutná práce."
Toto je odpověď na "Goldbachovu domněnku" o "společensky nezbytné době práce".
Hodnota a cena
Valuereferstotheexchangevalue,thatis,theamountofcurrencyexchangedperunitofcommodityvolume,andpriceistheexpressionofvalue.Thedimensionofvalueandpriceismonetaryunit/quantityunitofcommodity.
Howisvaluerelatedtosociallynecessarylabortime?Hereweneedtointroduceaconcept:howmuchisthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortime-thetotalvalueofacertaincommodityinacertainsocietyinacertainperiod/thetotallabortimeofacertaincommodityproduction.Differentcommoditieshavedifferentcommodityvaluesperunitoflabortime.
Value=howmuchthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortime×sociallynecessarylabortime
Inacertainperiod,assumingthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimedoesnotchange,thenthereisvalueandsociallynecessarylaborTimeisproportional.Indifferentperiods,thevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimecanbechanged.
Consideringthereciprocalrelationshipbetweenlaborproductivityandsociallynecessarylabortime,thevalueformulacanalsobeexpressedas:
Value=thevalueofthecommodityperunitlabortime/laborproductivity
Assumingthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimeremainsunchanged,thenthevalueisinverselyproportionaltolaborproductivity.
Valueisdirectlyproportionaltosociallynecessarylabortimeandinverselyproportionaltolaborproductivity,providedthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimeremainsunchanged.
Jisté časové období, cena a hodnota jsou stejné.
Determinanty
Stanovení společensky nezbytné pracovní doby
Thefinalformationofcommoditiesisexchange.Inotherwords,exchangeisthefinalmechanismofcommodityformation.Theprocessofcommodityformationistheprocessofconcretelabor,thenecessarylaborprocessofcommodityformation,andtheprocessoftransformingnecessarylabortosocialnecessarylabortimeincommodityformation.
Thenecessarylabortimeinsocietyistheamountofvalue,whichisuncertainbeforethetransactioniscompleted.Whentheexchangeiscompleted,thecommodityisformedandthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthecommodityisdetermined.
Becausethecommodityexchangeinsocietyiscarriedoutallthetime,incountlesstimes,thenecessarylabortimeforeachcommodityisdifferent.Thesociallynecessarylabortimeorvalueofanycommodityisdeterminedbyalltheexchangesinthesocietyatthetimewhentheexchangeiscompleted.
AsMarxsaid:"Peoplemaketheproductsoftheirlaborrelatedtoeachotherasvalues,notbecausetheyseethemasthematerialshellofthesamekindofhumanlabor.Onthecontrary,theyareexchangingInmakingtheirvariousproductsequaltoeachotherasvalues,theyalsomaketheirvariouslaborequaltoeachotherashumanlabor.Theydidnotrealizethis,buttheydidit."
Inotherwords,theequalquantityofcommodityvalueisaccomplishedthroughexchange,butexchangemustnotberegardedasanaccidentalindividualmechanism.Thenecessarylabortimeinacommoditysocietyissocial,anditisnotdeterminedbyaccident,butbythesocialexchangesystem.
Marxsaid:"Intheaccidentalandconstantlychangingexchangerelationsofprivatelaborproducts,thesociallynecessarylabortimeforproducingtheseproductscompulsorilyblazesapathforitselfasanaturallawthatplaysaregulatoryrole,justlikeahouse.It’sthesameaswhenthelawofgravitycompulsivelyopensthewayforoneselfwhenitfallsonaperson’shead."
Inshort,everycommodityhidessociallynecessarylabortimeasaquantityofvalue.ThissociallynecessarylabortimeisexploredbyMarx.Arrived,butMarxfailedtograspitandidentifyit.ButMarxknewthatnecessarylabortimeexistsinthissociety,andhewasconvincedofthis.Inparticular,Marxpointedoutthatthenecessarylabortimeinthissocietyisnotformedbyaccidentalindividualexchanges,butbycountlessexchangesinthesociety.Itishimselfwhoisopeningtheway,nottheotherwayaround.
Cesta manifestace
Theghostofsociallynecessarylabortimehasbeenwanderingfor150years.
TheresearchresultisbasedonMarx'sdiscoveryoftheshadowofsociallynecessarylabortimewithoutcatchingit,hecaughtitand"exposedit."
Atthispoint,thesociallynecessarylabortimeofanycommodityisnolongermysterious.Aslongaswedeterminetheauthenticityofthecommodityprice,wecandeterminethetrueidentityofthesociallynecessarylabortime,thatis,thevalueofthevalue.Aslongaswelookbackwardsattheprice,wecanseetheamountofvalue,andwecansee"sociallynecessarylabortime".
However,itmustbeparticularlyemphasizedthatitisnotpricethatdeterminesvalue.Onthecontrary,valuemustdetermineprice.AsMarxquotedabovesaid:thesocietymustworktimetoforciblyblazeapathforitself,nottheotherwayaround.Thisisthelawofvalue.Thepriceisonlytheinvertedimageofthevaluebehindthecameralens.
Související diskuse
Společensky NezbytnáPráceČasaHodnota
ThereisaneffectiveTheproblemoflaborandinvalidlabor.Onlyeffectivelaborcanbetransformedintosociallynecessarylabortimeandformthevalueofcommodities;andinvalidlabor,regardlessofwhetheritmeetsthesociallynecessarylabortime,cannotformvalue.Correspondingly,high-efficiencylaborcanbetransformedintomoresociallynecessarylabortimeandcreatemorevalue;whileinefficientlaborcanonlybetransformedintolesssociallynecessarylabortimeandcreatelessvalue.
Recognizingthisproblemisofpracticalsignificance.Inthepast,whendemonstratingthetheoreticalbasisofpricebasedonquality,thedifferenceinqualitywasoftensaidtobedeterminedbytherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemand,whichisamanifestationofpricedeviationfromvalue.Buthowcanthepricedeviationvalueberelativelyfixed?Ifthehighqualityoftheproductisduetomorelabor(productioncost),theactualproductionprocessshowsthatlabor(productioncost)hasnotincreased.Therefore,onlybyaffirmingthathigh-efficiencylaborcancreatemorevaluecanprovideatheoreticalbasisfordemonstratingthequalitydifference.
Fromaninternationalperspective,intheinternationalexchangeofgoodsandservices,thebasisofinternationalpricesisinternationalvalue,andtheamountofvalueisdeterminedbytheamountofnecessarylaborintheinternationalsociety,orinotherwords,bytheworld'slaborMeasuredinaverageunits.
Marxpointedout:"Differentcountrieshavedifferentmediumintensityoflabor;somecountriesarehigher,somecountriesarelower.Sotheaverageofeachcountryformsaladder,anditsunitofmeasurementisworldlabor.Theaverageunit.Therefore,themoreintensivenationallaborwillproducemorevalueatthesametimethanthelessintensivenationallabor,andthisinturnismanifestedasmorecurrency."
Inotherwords,laborandlaborvaluetheoryalsoplayaroleininternationaltradeandinternationaleconomicoperations.Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,especiallyaftermycountry'saccessiontotheWTO,itisofgreatsignificancetorecognizethis.Itrequiresustoconsiderthevaluedeterminationofourcountry’scommoditiesaccordingtotheamountofnecessarylaborintheworld,reducethelabortimeofproductionunitsofcommodities,increaselaborproductivity,andcontinuouslyenhanceinternationalcompetitiveness.However,theformationofinternationalmarketvaluepresupposestheglobalizationofmarketeconomy,globalizationofexchanges,nobarriers,andunfairexchanges.Theseareconditionsforthe"balance"ofglobalproductivitydevelopmentandthenarrowingofthegapineconomicdevelopment.
Příklad výpočtu
V 1 bundě=20yard prádlo:
Je-li lano obecným ekvivalentem, pak je 20 yard prádlo cenou kabátu a „1/20 yardového prádla“ je společensky nezbytná doba práce kabátu, tedy hodnota kabátu.
V 1 plášti = 10 stříbrných:
Ifsilveristhegeneralequivalent,then10taelsofsilveristhepriceof1coat;and"1/10taelsofsilver"isThesociallynecessarylabortimeofajacketisthevalueofthejacket.
V 1 bundě=50 juanů:
RMByuanisthegeneralequivalent,then50yuanisthepriceof1jacket;and"1/50yuan"is1pieceThesociallynecessarylabortimeofthecoatisthevalueofthecoat.
Individuální pracovní doba a společensky nezbytná pracovní doba
Twokindsofinterrelatedlabortimethatdeterminethevalueofgoods.Individuallabortimereferstothelabortimeconsumedbyindividualcommodityproducerstoproduceacertaincommodity.Sociallynecessarylabortimeisthelabortimerequiredtoproduceacertaincommodityaccordingtotheaveragelaborproficiencyandlaborintensityofthesocietyunderthenormalproductionconditionsofthesocietyatthattime.
Undertheconditionsofthecommodityeconomy,therearemanyproducersofthesamekindofcommoditiesineverydepartment.Becausetheyusedifferentmeansofproductionandthequalityoflabor,theindividuallabortimespentinproducingthesamecommodityisalsodifferent.Thevalueofacommodityisdeterminedbythelabortimespentproducingthecommodity.
Butthisisbynomeanstosaythatthelazieraperson,thelessskilledthelabor,themorevaluablethegoodsheproduces.Individuallaborhoursformtheindividualvalueofcommodities.Thelongertheindividuallabortime,thegreatertheindividualvalueofthecommodity.However,commoditiesareusedforexchange.Althoughtheindividualvaluesofthesamecommoditiesproducedbydifferentproducersaredifferent,theycanonlyhaveonevalueinexchange.
Becausethelaborthatformsthevalueentityisthesamegeneralhumanlaborandistheexpenseofthesamehumanlabor,asinglelabormusthavethenatureofsocialaveragelaborandplaytheroleofsocialaveragelabor.Therefore,itisexpressedinThevalueofthecommodityinexchangeisdeterminedbythenecessarylabortimeofthesociety.
Vysvětlení původního "DasKapital"
Thequantityofcommoditiesproducedbyeachproducertogetherconstitutethetotalquantityofthiskindofcommodity.Thetotalamountofacertaincommodity,likeitsindividualcommodity,containsthenecessarylabortimeofthesocietytoproduceit.Ingeneral,mostofacertaincommodityisproducedundermediumconditions,andasmallpartisproducedunderbetterandworseconditions.
Atthistime,thesociallynecessarylabortimeofthetotalamountofthiskindofcommodityisdeterminedbytheindividuallabortimeofthecommodityproducedundermediumconditions,andthedifferencebetweentheindividuallabortimeofthecommodityproducedunderbetterandworseconditionsCancanceleachotherout.
Thisisthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningofcommodityproduction,thatis,thesociallynecessarylabortimeactuallyconsumedtoproduceasingleproductandthetotalamountofacertaincommodity.Thereisalsoasecondmeaningofsociallynecessarylabortimerelatedtocommodityproduction,thatis,thelabortimethatshouldbeinvestedtomeetthecurrentneedsofthesociety,orthetotalsociallaborshouldbeproportionaltotheamountoflaborproducedbythiskindofcommodity.
Thesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaningdeterminesthequantitativelimitoftherealizationofthecommodityvalueformedbythesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaning.Whensocialproductioniscarriedoutinproportion,theproductionvolumeofthiscommodityisconsistentwiththesocialdemand,andthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningisconsistentwiththesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaning,andthetotalvalueofthecommoditycanbeAllachieved.
Onthecontrary,whenthetwoareinconsistent,thatis,whenthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningisinconsistentwiththesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaning,themarketvalueofthecommoditywillnotbeequaltothemarketprice.
Whenthetotalamountofacommodityactuallyproducedexceedsthetotalsocialdemandforthatcommodity,thetotalamountofsociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningexceedsthesociallynecessarylaborinthesecondmeaningThetotalamountoftime,partofthelabortimespentinthiskindofcommoditycannotberecognizedbythesociety,andtherefore,partofthevalueofthiskindofcommoditycannotberealized.
Thereisaunityofoppositesbetweenindividualworkinghoursandsociallynecessaryworkinghours.Theindividualworkinghoursofindividualproducersandsociallynecessaryworkinghours(regardlessofthefirstandsecondmeanings)areofteninconsistent.Thisisofgreatsignificancetocommodityproducers.
Thelevelofhisindividualworkinghoursdirectlyaffectshisincomeandhispositionincompetition.Ifhisindividualworkingtimeisequaltothesociallynecessaryworkingtime,hislaborconsumptioncanbefullycompensated;ifitislessthanthesociallynecessaryworkingtime,hecangetextraincome;ifitishigherthanthesociallynecessaryworkingtime,partofhislaborwillnotbecompensated.
Therefore,necessarylabortimeinsocietyforcesproducerstoimprovelaborproductivitythroughimprovedtechnologyandreduceindividuallabortimeincommodityproduction.Inasocietybasedonprivateownership,thissituationwillpromotethedevelopmentofproductivitytoacertainextent,anditwillalsocausethepolarizationofcommodityproducers.
Teoretické kopání
Jsou tam dotazy:
First,underthenormalproductionconditionsofsociety,theproductivityofeachindustryandeachenterpriseisdifferent.MayIasksomeoneWhichenterpriseinwhichindustryshouldthisusevaluebeplacedinisconsideredanormalproductionconditioninsociety?Onlysomecompaniesincertainindustriescanrepresenttheaverageproductivitylevelofsociety.Howcantheyproduceallkindsofsocialproducts?
Second,laborintensityreferstothenumberoftimesthemusclesstretch,theamountofcalculationsofthebrain,orthepsychologicalburden.Atleastthesedimensionsmustbeunified.
Third,howisthelaborproficiency,theproficiencyoffarmingandtheproficiencyofembroideryunifiedandaveraged?
Fourth,acertainusevalue.Somepeopleusecomputerstoplaygames,somepeopleusecomputersforofficework,andsomepeopleusecomputersformining.Whatkindofusevalueisacomputer?
Thiskindofaccountabilitydoesnotunderstandthattheformationofquantitativestandardsissocial,forexample,forcapitalism:"Capitalhasatendencytoreduceittonecessarylaborwhenitdirectlyuseslivinglabor,andItisnecessarytousevarioussocialproductivityoflabortocontinuouslyreducethelabornecessarytoproduceproducts,soitisnecessarytosavethelivinglabordirectlyusedasmuchaspossible.
Similarly,italsohasatendencytouseitunderthemosteconomicalconditions.Thiskindoflaborthathasbeenreducedtothenecessarydegree,thatistosay,thevalueoftheconstantcapitalusedmustbereducedtoitslowestpossiblelimit.
IfthevalueofcommoditiesiscontainedbycommoditiesThenecessarylabortimeisdetermined,notbythelabortimegenerallycontainedinthecommodity.Then,itisthecapitalthatrealizesthisdecision,andatthesametimecontinuouslyshortensthesociallynecessarylabortimerequiredtoproducethecommodity.
Asaresult,thepriceofthecommodityisreducedtoitsminimum,becauseeverypartofthelaborrequiredtoproducethecommodityisreducedtoitsminimum."
Theso-calledproductionpricecontentiscontinuouslyenriched.,Infact,referstothemovementconnectionbetweenthephysicalformandthelifeform,thatis,thedevelopmentofcapitalmovement;thisprocessissimpler,thatis,theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofindustrialcapitalandthecontinuousgrowthofsociety.Intheinitialstage,itcanevenbeconsideredthatthesocialpriceformissimplydeterminedinaccordancewiththevalue=productionprice.
Therefore,thevaluedefinitionproposedatthebeginningof"DasKapital":value=socialvalue,isaregulationthatneedstobegrown;acleardefinitionofvaluecanonlybegivenbythehistoricalmeaningofoveralldevelopment.Inthissense,itisonly"abstract",not"concrete".Theso-called"existingsocialnormalproductionconditions"laterpointedoutthatitwasamediumleveloforganiccapitalformation.Thisintermediatelevelwasnotinitiallycausedbycompetition.
Marxexplainedthatthehistoricallawofcapitalaccumulationis:"Inthebeginningitwasonlytheexpansionoftheamountofcapital.""Iftheexpansionisonlytheexpansionoftheamount,thentheprofitsofthelargerandsmallercapitalsinthesameproductionsectorAllareproportionaltotheamountofprepaidcapital.Iftheexpansionoftheamountcausesaqualitativechange,thentheprofitrateofthelargercapitalwillincreaseatthesametime."
Theresult:"SpecialcapitalistproductionTheway...isnotjustkeepingpacewiththeincreaseinaccumulationorthegrowthofsocialwealth.Theyprogressmuchfaster...Astheaccumulationprogresses,theratiooftheconstantandvariablepartsofcapitalwillchange;hypothesisItturnedouttobe1:1,butlateritwillbecome2:1,3:1,4:1...Withtheincreaseofcapital,thepartofthetotalvalueofcapitaltransformedintolaborisnotone-half,butdiminishingtoone-third.1.One-quarter ,pětina...část přeměněná na výrobní prostředky se zvyšuje na dvě třetiny, tři čtvrtiny, čtyři pětiny...“
Marxalsopointedout,"Theassumedsequencerepresentstheactualtrendofcapitalistproduction."
Summary:Abstractlaborisonlyhumanlaboritself,anditistheradiationofhumanlaborintheeconomicsociety.
Ifyouabandonthisrequirementandusethedefinitionmethod,nomatterifyoudirectlydescribeitas"naturallabor"(innatelyspeaking),"startinglabor"(dualunderstanding),"Physiologicallabor"(physiologicaltheory),or"capitalistproductivelabor"(scientificempiricaltheory)throughlaboratorytechnologyandtheso-calledscientificthinkingof"socialaveragelabor"(valueoperationtheory)asthelawofaverageGraspingisnothingmorethanseekingadeductivestartingpoint,bywhichthesetheoriescanfindtheirownsystembuildingfulcrumsastheywish.
Bohužel, takzvaný nerozbitný „výchozí bod“ nebo „opěrný bod“ je znalost = vytvoření logického vzorce, nikoli historická logika a realistická logika a jeho nepravda není nutná.
Let’srecallMarx’sdefinitionofsociallynecessarylabortime.Marx'sspeechalwayshasabackgroundcontextofamachineproductionsystem.Hedealswiththeplacementoflaborfactorsinthehuman-machinerelationship,thatis,whichfactorscanonlybestoredintheworkersandwhichfactorscanbestoredinthemachine.
"Averagelaborproficiency"referstoaveragecomplexlabor,"averagelaborintensity"referstoaveragesimplelabor,andthecombinationofthetwomeans"averagelabor(quality)"."Thenormalproductionconditionsintheexistingsociety"(normalconditionsinacertainsociety)includelabordisciplinefactors,leavingasidethefactorsoflaboritself(Marxtakestheaveragelaborqualityofthesocietyinordertoachievethisgoalintheanalysis)toreflectthesocietyTheindicatoroflaborproductivity.So,whatroledoestheaverageplayinthis?Theregulationsonhistoricaldevelopment,theregulationsonthesociallevel,andsoonareallinit.Thesimplequantityaveragecannotaccomplishthesefunctions.