Basicmeaning
TheaveragelaborproficiencyandlaborintensitymentionedbyMarxreferstothelaborproficiencyandlaborintensityofthemiddlelevelortheaveragelevelofthedepartment,whicharethesubjectiveconditionsoflabor.Thecommodityvaluedeterminedbythenecessarylabortimeofthesocietyisthesocialvalueofthecommodity.
Regardingsociallynecessarylabortime,Marxwrotein"DasKapital":"Thelaborthatformsthevalueentityisthesamehumanlaborandtheconsumptionofthesamehumanlabor.Itisreflectedinthetotalvalueofthecommodityworld.Theentirelaborforceofthesocietyisregardedasthesamelaborforceofahumanbeinghere,althoughitiscomposedofcountlessindividuallaborforces.Eachsuchindividuallaborforce,liketheotherlaborforce,isthesamehumanlaborforce,aslongasithasThenatureofthesocialaveragelaborforceplaystheroleofthissocialaveragelaborforce,sothatonlytheaveragenecessarylabortimeorsocialnecessarylabortimeisusedintheproductionofgoods."
Inthispassage,MarxputsthesocialAlllaborisabstractedasthesamelaborofhumanbeings.Itismadeupofcountlessindividuallabors.Everysinglelaborforce,aslongasithasthenatureofsocialaveragelaborforceandplaystheroleofsocialaveragelaborforce,isthesamehumanlaborforce.
Thesamehumanlaboronlyusestheaveragenecessarylabortimeorsociallynecessarylabortimeincommodityproduction.Thisisthemostimportantpassageforustounderstandtheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortime.Onlybymakingacorrectunderstandingofthissentencecanwesolvethesociallynecessarylabortime.
Разбираме, че този пасаж има няколко значения:
(1)Обществено необходимото работно време е средното обществено необходимо работно време.
Theso-calledaveragenecessaryworkingtimeshouldbetheaveraging,socialization,andhomogenizationofthelabortimenewlypaidinthecurrentperiodandthelabortimetransferredinthepreviousperiodtobecomethesamelabortimeinthecurrentperiod.
(2)Sociallynecessarylabortimeisthetimetransformedbytheaveragelaborforceinsociety.
Theaveragelaborforceinsocietyshouldbetheequalization,socialization,andhomogeneityofthenewlypaidlaborforceinthecurrentperiodandthelaborforcetransferredinthepreviousperiod,andbecomethesamelaborforceinthecurrentperiod.Theaveragelaborforceinsocietyshouldbeaccuratelycalledthe"averagenecessarylaborforce".
(3) Обществено необходимият труд съдържа два противоречиви фактора: обществен труд и необходим труд.
Sociallynecessarylaboristheequalization,socialization,andhomogeneityofthenewlycreatedlaborinthecurrentperiodandthesociallabortransferredinthepreviousperiod,andbecomethesamelaborinthecurrentperiod.
(4) Обществено необходимото работно време се използва в стоковото производство, а не в производството на продукти. Това означава, че обществено необходимото работно време се прилага само за стоките, а не за продуктите.
За производителите на стоки значението му е:
①Determinewhetherthelaborconsumptionofcommodityproducerscanbefullycompensated;
②Determinetheprofitabilityofcommodityproducers;
③Determinethepositionandfateofcommodityproductioninmarketcompetition.
За социално и икономическо развитие:
Promotecommodityproducers,improvetechnology,improvemanagement,andincreaselaborproductivity,therebypromotingsociallaborproductivityImproveandpromotethedevelopmentofsocialproductivityandsocialeconomy.
Разграждане на конотацията
Разлагане на обществено необходимото работно време
Ние разделяме социално необходимото работно време на две части: „социално време“ и „необходим труд“.
Социално време
Socialtimeisthe"timepoint",whichistheunityoftimeandspace.Itisarelativelystaticstateintheprocessofspace-timemovement.Therangeoftimepointscanbelargeorsmall,aslargeastheentirehumansociety,assmallasanenterprise,orevenacommodity.Thetimingisconstantlychanging.Notwotimingsarethesame.
Howtoindicatethetimepoint?Thisisthecruxoftheproblem.Afterourresearch,webelievethatalthoughnotwotimepointsarethesame,anyonetimepointcanberelativelyquantified.Therelativeamountoftimepointis"1".Anytimepointcanberepresentedbythenaturalnumber"1"."1"meanstherelativestaticformatanypointintime.
Обществото може да бъде представено от "1", всяка индустрия може да бъде представена от "1", едно предприятие също може да бъде представено от "1", а продуктът може да бъде представен от "1". Цялата международна общност също може да бъде представена от "1". Трябва да се подчертае особено, че така нареченото общество, индустрия, или предприятие, и т.н.
Soanysociety,industryorenterprise,theirexistenceistheunityoftimeandspace,soitcanberepresentedby"1".Inotherwords,althoughsocialtimeisanabstractthing,itcanbespecifically"1".Compatibilityreferstothedirectandsimplefourarithmeticoperationsbetweendifferentcommodityvalues.Onlythingsofthesamequalitycanbenegotiated,whichrequiresthattheprovisionsofthevaluequalitymustbe"same".
Труд и необходим труд
(1)Труд
AccordingtoMarx’sprincipleoflaborduality,therearespecificlaborandabstractlabor.Say.Hunting,farming,weaving,ironsmelting,calculation,painting,etc.areallconcretelabor.Theabstractlaborisaspecialformofsociallabor,apartfromconcretelabor,humanlaboringeneral.Differentscopesofspecificlaborcanhavedifferentlaborgeneralizations,suchasproductionlabor,commoditylabor,andsoon.Thelaborofeachenterpriseisspecificlaborrelativetotheindustry;eachindustryisalsospecificlaborrelativetotheentiresociety.Thespecificlaborofanenterprisecanbesummarizedascorporatelabor,thespecificlaborofvariousindustriescanbesummarizedasindustriallabor,andalllaborinthewholesocietycanbesummarizedassociallabor.
(2) Необходим труд
Necessarylaboristhelaborthatsocietyneedstoproduceacertainkindofcommodity.Thelaborinthislaborconceptusuallyreferstosociallabor.Butintermsofquantity,itisequivalenttotheconcretelaborofproducingthiskindofcommodity.Therefore,necessarylaborcanalsobeexpressedasthespecificamountoflaboranindividualspendstoproduceacertaincommodity.
Forlabor,itissociallaborthatmaintainslaborproductionandreproduction.
Weseethatthegreaterthenecessarylabortimeinsociety,thegreatertheamountofvalueandthesmallerthenecessarylabor.
Социално работно време
Theproportionalrelationshipbetweensocialtimeandnecessarylaboristhesocialnecessarylabortime.Itisnotdifficulttosynthesizesuchaconcept.Whatisimportantishowtoexpresstheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortime.Wehavefoundthroughresearchthattheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortimecontainstwoopposingfactors,oneisthetimefactorandtheotheristhelaborfactor.
Тези два фактора не са еднакви, но се противопоставят един на друг. Следователно връзката им трябва да бъде изразена по противоположния начин, тоест социално време/необходим труд. Сред тях социалното време може да бъде представено от „1“, така че „социално необходимо работно време“ е „1/необходим труд“.
Това е отговорът на „хипотезата на Голдбах“ за „социално необходимото работно време“.
Стойност и цена
Стойността се отнася до разменната стойност, която е сумата валута, обменена за единица стоков обем, а цената е израз на стойността. Измерението на стойността и цената е парична единица/количествена единица стока.
Howisvaluerelatedtosociallynecessarylabortime?Hereweneedtointroduceaconcept:howmuchisthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortime-thetotalvalueofacertaincommodityinacertainsocietyinacertainperiod/thetotallabortimeofacertaincommodityproduction.Differentcommoditieshavedifferentcommodityvaluesperunitoflabortime.
Value=howmuchthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortime×sociallynecessarylabortime
Inacertainperiod,assumingthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimedoesnotchange,thenthereisvalueandsociallynecessarylaborTimeisproportional.Indifferentperiods,thevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimecanbechanged.
Consideringthereciprocalrelationshipbetweenlaborproductivityandsociallynecessarylabortime,thevalueformulacanalsobeexpressedas:
Стойност=стойността на типа стока единица работно време/производителност на труда
Assumingthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimeremainsunchanged,thenthevalueisinverselyproportionaltolaborproductivity.
Valueisdirectlyproportionaltosociallynecessarylabortimeandinverselyproportionaltolaborproductivity,providedthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimeremainsunchanged.
Определен период от време, цена и стойност са равни.
Детерминанти
Определяне на обществено необходимото работно време
Thefinalformationofcommoditiesisexchange.Inotherwords,exchangeisthefinalmechanismofcommodityformation.Theprocessofcommodityformationistheprocessofconcretelabor,thenecessarylaborprocessofcommodityformation,andtheprocessoftransformingnecessarylabortosocialnecessarylabortimeincommodityformation.
Thenecessarylabortimeinsocietyistheamountofvalue,whichisuncertainbeforethetransactioniscompleted.Whentheexchangeiscompleted,thecommodityisformedandthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthecommodityisdetermined.
Becausethecommodityexchangeinsocietyiscarriedoutallthetime,incountlesstimes,thenecessarylabortimeforeachcommodityisdifferent.Thesociallynecessarylabortimeorvalueofanycommodityisdeterminedbyalltheexchangesinthesocietyatthetimewhentheexchangeiscompleted.
AsMarxsaid:"Peoplemaketheproductsoftheirlaborrelatedtoeachotherasvalues,notbecausetheyseethemasthematerialshellofthesamekindofhumanlabor.Onthecontrary,theyareexchangingInmakingtheirvariousproductsequaltoeachotherasvalues,theyalsomaketheirvariouslaborequaltoeachotherashumanlabor.Theydidnotrealizethis,buttheydidit."
Inotherwords,theequalquantityofcommodityvalueisaccomplishedthroughexchange,butexchangemustnotberegardedasanaccidentalindividualmechanism.Thenecessarylabortimeinacommoditysocietyissocial,anditisnotdeterminedbyaccident,butbythesocialexchangesystem.
Marxsaid:"Intheaccidentalandconstantlychangingexchangerelationsofprivatelaborproducts,thesociallynecessarylabortimeforproducingtheseproductscompulsorilyblazesapathforitselfasanaturallawthatplaysaregulatoryrole,justlikeahouse.It’sthesameaswhenthelawofgravitycompulsivelyopensthewayforoneselfwhenitfallsonaperson’shead."
Inshort,everycommodityhidessociallynecessarylabortimeasaquantityofvalue.ThissociallynecessarylabortimeisexploredbyMarx.Arrived,butMarxfailedtograspitandidentifyit.ButMarxknewthatnecessarylabortimeexistsinthissociety,andhewasconvincedofthis.Inparticular,Marxpointedoutthatthenecessarylabortimeinthissocietyisnotformedbyaccidentalindividualexchanges,butbycountlessexchangesinthesociety.Itishimselfwhoisopeningtheway,nottheotherwayaround.
Начинът на проявление
Theghostofsociallynecessarylabortimehasbeenwanderingfor150years.
TheresearchresultisbasedonMarx'sdiscoveryoftheshadowofsociallynecessarylabortimewithoutcatchingit,hecaughtitand"exposedit."
Atthispoint,thesociallynecessarylabortimeofanycommodityisnolongermysterious.Aslongaswedeterminetheauthenticityofthecommodityprice,wecandeterminethetrueidentityofthesociallynecessarylabortime,thatis,thevalueofthevalue.Aslongaswelookbackwardsattheprice,wecanseetheamountofvalue,andwecansee"sociallynecessarylabortime".
However,itmustbeparticularlyemphasizedthatitisnotpricethatdeterminesvalue.Onthecontrary,valuemustdetermineprice.AsMarxquotedabovesaid:thesocietymustworktimetoforciblyblazeapathforitself,nottheotherwayaround.Thisisthelawofvalue.Thepriceisonlytheinvertedimageofthevaluebehindthecameralens.
Свързани дискусии
Социално необходимо работно време и стойност
ThereisaneffectiveTheproblemoflaborandinvalidlabor.Onlyeffectivelaborcanbetransformedintosociallynecessarylabortimeandformthevalueofcommodities;andinvalidlabor,regardlessofwhetheritmeetsthesociallynecessarylabortime,cannotformvalue.Correspondingly,high-efficiencylaborcanbetransformedintomoresociallynecessarylabortimeandcreatemorevalue;whileinefficientlaborcanonlybetransformedintolesssociallynecessarylabortimeandcreatelessvalue.
Recognizingthisproblemisofpracticalsignificance.Inthepast,whendemonstratingthetheoreticalbasisofpricebasedonquality,thedifferenceinqualitywasoftensaidtobedeterminedbytherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemand,whichisamanifestationofpricedeviationfromvalue.Buthowcanthepricedeviationvalueberelativelyfixed?Ifthehighqualityoftheproductisduetomorelabor(productioncost),theactualproductionprocessshowsthatlabor(productioncost)hasnotincreased.Therefore,onlybyaffirmingthathigh-efficiencylaborcancreatemorevaluecanprovideatheoreticalbasisfordemonstratingthequalitydifference.
Fromaninternationalperspective,intheinternationalexchangeofgoodsandservices,thebasisofinternationalpricesisinternationalvalue,andtheamountofvalueisdeterminedbytheamountofnecessarylaborintheinternationalsociety,orinotherwords,bytheworld'slaborMeasuredinaverageunits.
Marxpointedout:"Differentcountrieshavedifferentmediumintensityoflabor;somecountriesarehigher,somecountriesarelower.Sotheaverageofeachcountryformsaladder,anditsunitofmeasurementisworldlabor.Theaverageunit.Therefore,themoreintensivenationallaborwillproducemorevalueatthesametimethanthelessintensivenationallabor,andthisinturnismanifestedasmorecurrency."
Inotherwords,laborandlaborvaluetheoryalsoplayaroleininternationaltradeandinternationaleconomicoperations.Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,especiallyaftermycountry'saccessiontotheWTO,itisofgreatsignificancetorecognizethis.Itrequiresustoconsiderthevaluedeterminationofourcountry’scommoditiesaccordingtotheamountofnecessarylaborintheworld,reducethelabortimeofproductionunitsofcommodities,increaselaborproductivity,andcontinuouslyenhanceinternationalcompetitiveness.However,theformationofinternationalmarketvaluepresupposestheglobalizationofmarketeconomy,globalizationofexchanges,nobarriers,andunfairexchanges.Theseareconditionsforthe"balance"ofglobalproductivitydevelopmentandthenarrowingofthegapineconomicdevelopment.
Пример за изчисление
In1jacket=20yardlen:
Ако е общият еквивалент, тогава 20 ярда лен е цената на палтото; а „1/20 ярда лен“ е социално необходимото работно време на палтото, което е стойността на палтото.
In1coat=10taelsofsilver:
Ifsilveristhegeneralequivalent,then10taelsofsilveristhepriceof1coat;and"1/10taelsofsilver"isThesociallynecessarylabortimeofajacketisthevalueofthejacket.
In1jacket=50yuan:
Юама е общият еквивалент, след това 50 юана е цената на 1 яке; и "1/50 юана" е 1 брой Социално необходимото работно време на палтото е стойността на палтото.
Individuallabortimeandsociallynecessarylabortime
Twokindsofinterrelatedlabortimethatdeterminethevalueofgoods.Individuallabortimereferstothelabortimeconsumedbyindividualcommodityproducerstoproduceacertaincommodity.Sociallynecessarylabortimeisthelabortimerequiredtoproduceacertaincommodityaccordingtotheaveragelaborproficiencyandlaborintensityofthesocietyunderthenormalproductionconditionsofthesocietyatthattime.
Undertheconditionsofthecommodityeconomy,therearemanyproducersofthesamekindofcommoditiesineverydepartment.Becausetheyusedifferentmeansofproductionandthequalityoflabor,theindividuallabortimespentinproducingthesamecommodityisalsodifferent.Thevalueofacommodityisdeterminedbythelabortimespentproducingthecommodity.
Butthisisbynomeanstosaythatthelazieraperson,thelessskilledthelabor,themorevaluablethegoodsheproduces.Individuallaborhoursformtheindividualvalueofcommodities.Thelongertheindividuallabortime,thegreatertheindividualvalueofthecommodity.However,commoditiesareusedforexchange.Althoughtheindividualvaluesofthesamecommoditiesproducedbydifferentproducersaredifferent,theycanonlyhaveonevalueinexchange.
Becausethelaborthatformsthevalueentityisthesamegeneralhumanlaborandistheexpenseofthesamehumanlabor,asinglelabormusthavethenatureofsocialaveragelaborandplaytheroleofsocialaveragelabor.Therefore,itisexpressedinThevalueofthecommodityinexchangeisdeterminedbythenecessarylabortimeofthesociety.
Обяснение на оригиналния "DasKapital"
Thequantityofcommoditiesproducedbyeachproducertogetherconstitutethetotalquantityofthiskindofcommodity.Thetotalamountofacertaincommodity,likeitsindividualcommodity,containsthenecessarylabortimeofthesocietytoproduceit.Ingeneral,mostofacertaincommodityisproducedundermediumconditions,andasmallpartisproducedunderbetterandworseconditions.
Atthistime,thesociallynecessarylabortimeofthetotalamountofthiskindofcommodityisdeterminedbytheindividuallabortimeofthecommodityproducedundermediumconditions,andthedifferencebetweentheindividuallabortimeofthecommodityproducedunderbetterandworseconditionsCancanceleachotherout.
Thisisthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningofcommodityproduction,thatis,thesociallynecessarylabortimeactuallyconsumedtoproduceasingleproductandthetotalamountofacertaincommodity.Thereisalsoasecondmeaningofsociallynecessarylabortimerelatedtocommodityproduction,thatis,thelabortimethatshouldbeinvestedtomeetthecurrentneedsofthesociety,orthetotalsociallaborshouldbeproportionaltotheamountoflaborproducedbythiskindofcommodity.
Thesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaningdeterminesthequantitativelimitoftherealizationofthecommodityvalueformedbythesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaning.Whensocialproductioniscarriedoutinproportion,theproductionvolumeofthiscommodityisconsistentwiththesocialdemand,andthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningisconsistentwiththesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaning,andthetotalvalueofthecommoditycanbeAllachieved.
Onthecontrary,whenthetwoareinconsistent,thatis,whenthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningisinconsistentwiththesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaning,themarketvalueofthecommoditywillnotbeequaltothemarketprice.
Whenthetotalamountofacommodityactuallyproducedexceedsthetotalsocialdemandforthatcommodity,thetotalamountofsociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningexceedsthesociallynecessarylaborinthesecondmeaningThetotalamountoftime,partofthelabortimespentinthiskindofcommoditycannotberecognizedbythesociety,andtherefore,partofthevalueofthiskindofcommoditycannotberealized.
Thereisaunityofoppositesbetweenindividualworkinghoursandsociallynecessaryworkinghours.Theindividualworkinghoursofindividualproducersandsociallynecessaryworkinghours(regardlessofthefirstandsecondmeanings)areofteninconsistent.Thisisofgreatsignificancetocommodityproducers.
Thelevelofhisindividualworkinghoursdirectlyaffectshisincomeandhispositionincompetition.Ifhisindividualworkingtimeisequaltothesociallynecessaryworkingtime,hislaborconsumptioncanbefullycompensated;ifitislessthanthesociallynecessaryworkingtime,hecangetextraincome;ifitishigherthanthesociallynecessaryworkingtime,partofhislaborwillnotbecompensated.
Therefore,necessarylabortimeinsocietyforcesproducerstoimprovelaborproductivitythroughimprovedtechnologyandreduceindividuallabortimeincommodityproduction.Inasocietybasedonprivateownership,thissituationwillpromotethedevelopmentofproductivitytoacertainextent,anditwillalsocausethepolarizationofcommodityproducers.
Теоретично копаене
Има въпроси:
First,underthenormalproductionconditionsofsociety,theproductivityofeachindustryandeachenterpriseisdifferent.MayIasksomeoneWhichenterpriseinwhichindustryshouldthisusevaluebeplacedinisconsideredanormalproductionconditioninsociety?Onlysomecompaniesincertainindustriescanrepresenttheaverageproductivitylevelofsociety.Howcantheyproduceallkindsofsocialproducts?
Second,laborintensityreferstothenumberoftimesthemusclesstretch,theamountofcalculationsofthebrain,orthepsychologicalburden.Atleastthesedimensionsmustbeunified.
Third,howisthelaborproficiency,theproficiencyoffarmingandtheproficiencyofembroideryunifiedandaveraged?
Fourth,acertainusevalue.Somepeopleusecomputerstoplaygames,somepeopleusecomputersforofficework,andsomepeopleusecomputersformining.Whatkindofusevalueisacomputer?
Thiskindofaccountabilitydoesnotunderstandthattheformationofquantitativestandardsissocial,forexample,forcapitalism:"Capitalhasatendencytoreduceittonecessarylaborwhenitdirectlyuseslivinglabor,andItisnecessarytousevarioussocialproductivityoflabortocontinuouslyreducethelabornecessarytoproduceproducts,soitisnecessarytosavethelivinglabordirectlyusedasmuchaspossible.
Similarly,italsohasatendencytouseitunderthemosteconomicalconditions.Thiskindoflaborthathasbeenreducedtothenecessarydegree,thatistosay,thevalueoftheconstantcapitalusedmustbereducedtoitslowestpossiblelimit.
IfthevalueofcommoditiesiscontainedbycommoditiesThenecessarylabortimeisdetermined,notbythelabortimegenerallycontainedinthecommodity.Then,itisthecapitalthatrealizesthisdecision,andatthesametimecontinuouslyshortensthesociallynecessarylabortimerequiredtoproducethecommodity.
Asaresult,thepriceofthecommodityisreducedtoitsminimum,becauseeverypartofthelaborrequiredtoproducethecommodityisreducedtoitsminimum."
Theso-calledproductionpricecontentiscontinuouslyenriched.,Infact,referstothemovementconnectionbetweenthephysicalformandthelifeform,thatis,thedevelopmentofcapitalmovement;thisprocessissimpler,thatis,theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofindustrialcapitalandthecontinuousgrowthofsociety.Intheinitialstage,itcanevenbeconsideredthatthesocialpriceformissimplydeterminedinaccordancewiththevalue=productionprice.
Therefore,thevaluedefinitionproposedatthebeginningof"DasKapital":value=socialvalue,isaregulationthatneedstobegrown;acleardefinitionofvaluecanonlybegivenbythehistoricalmeaningofoveralldevelopment.Inthissense,itisonly"abstract",not"concrete".Theso-called"existingsocialnormalproductionconditions"laterpointedoutthatitwasamediumleveloforganiccapitalformation.Thisintermediatelevelwasnotinitiallycausedbycompetition.
Marxexplainedthatthehistoricallawofcapitalaccumulationis:"Inthebeginningitwasonlytheexpansionoftheamountofcapital.""Iftheexpansionisonlytheexpansionoftheamount,thentheprofitsofthelargerandsmallercapitalsinthesameproductionsectorAllareproportionaltotheamountofprepaidcapital.Iftheexpansionoftheamountcausesaqualitativechange,thentheprofitrateofthelargercapitalwillincreaseatthesametime."
Резултатът: „Специалното капиталистическо производствоНачинът... не е просто да върви в крак с нарастването на натрупването или растежа на общественото богатство. Те напредват много по-бързо... С напредването на натрупването съотношението на постоянните и променливите части на капитала ще се промени; хипотеза Оказа се, че е 1: 1, но по-късно ще стане част от стойността на капитала 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1 прираст... от капитала се трансформира в трудедна половина, но намалява до една трета.1. Една четвърт, една пета... частта, превърната в средства за производство, се увеличава на две трети, три четвърти, четири пети..."
Маркс също посочи, "Предполагаемата последователност представя действителната тенденция на капиталистическото производство."
Summary:Abstractlaborisonlyhumanlaboritself,anditistheradiationofhumanlaborintheeconomicsociety.
Ifyouabandonthisrequirementandusethedefinitionmethod,nomatterifyoudirectlydescribeitas"naturallabor"(innatelyspeaking),"startinglabor"(dualunderstanding),"Physiologicallabor"(physiologicaltheory),or"capitalistproductivelabor"(scientificempiricaltheory)throughlaboratorytechnologyandtheso-calledscientificthinkingof"socialaveragelabor"(valueoperationtheory)asthelawofaverageGraspingisnothingmorethanseekingadeductivestartingpoint,bywhichthesetheoriescanfindtheirownsystembuildingfulcrumsastheywish.
За съжаление, така наречената нечуплива "отправна точка" или "опорна точка" е allknowledge=logicalformulacreation,nothistoricallogicandrealisticlogic,and its falsehood не е необходим Saymore.
Let’srecallMarx’sdefinitionofsociallynecessarylabortime.Marx'sspeechalwayshasabackgroundcontextofamachineproductionsystem.Hedealswiththeplacementoflaborfactorsinthehuman-machinerelationship,thatis,whichfactorscanonlybestoredintheworkersandwhichfactorscanbestoredinthemachine.
"Averagelaborproficiency"referstoaveragecomplexlabor,"averagelaborintensity"referstoaveragesimplelabor,andthecombinationofthetwomeans"averagelabor(quality)"."Thenormalproductionconditionsintheexistingsociety"(normalconditionsinacertainsociety)includelabordisciplinefactors,leavingasidethefactorsoflaboritself(Marxtakestheaveragelaborqualityofthesocietyinordertoachievethisgoalintheanalysis)toreflectthesocietyTheindicatoroflaborproductivity.So,whatroledoestheaverageplayinthis?Theregulationsonhistoricaldevelopment,theregulationsonthesociallevel,andsoonareallinit.Thesimplequantityaveragecannotaccomplishthesefunctions.