Hodinová frekvence

Úvod

Inelectronictechnology, apulsesignalisapulsissignalthisContinuousEMitedCordingToAcernVolTageAgPlitudeanDaceantimeInterval.ThetimeintervalbetweenPulseSignalsIscalledPeriod; athenumpemmmberOfpulsesgeneratedinaUnittime (takové1sekundové) iscalledfrequency.FrekvenceSiseasurementMamethatDescrethestheNumberOfPulsSesthatoccurinaperiodiccyclessIgnal (včetně pulsussignals) inaunittime; thestandardMeasurementurementUnitoffRequenceishz (Hertz).TheSystemclockInacomputerisatypicalpUlsesignalgeneratorWithAfAirlyAccurateandStableFrequency.FrekvenceIspresentedBy "F" InMathematicalExressions ascorRorespondingUNITSare: Hz (Hertz), KHz (Kilohertz), MHz (Megahertz), GHz [Gigahertz (1Gigahertz = 1000000000)].

Mezi Fem, 1GHz = 1000 MHz, 1MHz = 1000 KHz, 1 KHz = 1000Hz.TheTimeUnitForCalculatingThePulseSignalPioDandtherespondingConversionRelationshipAre: s (sekundy), ms (milisekundy), μs (mikrosekundy), ns (nanosekundy), mezi nimiž: 1s = 1000 ms, 1ms = 1000 μs = 1000ns).TheclockfrequencyofTransmissionCodeisshowninfigure1.

CPUCLOCKSPEED

CPUCLockSPEED, TOS, THECLOCKFREQUENCENCEFTHECPUCORE (CPUCLOCKSPEED).Obecně řečeno, HowManyghzdoeSacerveCpUhave, a thisNemberOfGhziSthe „CPU'SMainfrequency“.MnohopeoplethickthattHemainfrequencyofTheCpuisitSoperatingSpeed, butitisnot.TheMainfRequencyofTheCpUreSentsThespeeDatwhichTHedigitalPulsesigAlosCillatesatenthecpu, andisnotdirectlyrelatedtotheactualComputingpowerOfThecpU.Thereisacertainrelationshipbetweenthemainfrequencyandtheactualcomputingspeed,butsofarthereisnodefiniteformulathatcanquantifythenumericalrelationshipbetweenthetwo,becausethecomputingspeedoftheCPUdependsontheperformanceindicatorsofallaspectsoftheCPU'spipeline(cache,instructionset),ThenumberofCPUbits,etc.).Sincethemainfrequencydoesnotdirectlyrepresentthecalculationspeed,undercertaincircumstances,theactualcalculationspeedoftheCPUwithahighermainfrequencyislikelytobelower.

FORMAPLE, FOSTOFAMD'SHATHLONXPSIESCPUSCANACHIEVETHEHIGHERCRAMENCEOFINTEL'SSPENTIUM4SERYCPUSATALOWERFREQUENCENC.Tonameit.Proto theMainfrequencyIsonlyAnspectOfcPuperformance, andDoesNotrepresentTheoverAllPerformanceofThEcpU..TheMainfrequencyofTHecPudoesNotrepresentThespeedofThecpU, butIncRuesingTheMemainfRequencySentialToIncreaseEthetCpu'spuspeed.Forexample, SupposeAncerveCpUexeCutesAnarithmeticInstructionInClockCycle, pak WHenthecpurunsat100MHz, it bude.Becausethe100MhzClockcycletakeshalfThetimeComPoredTothe50MhzClockChycle, to je, thetimerequiredForAcpuworkingat100MhztoExeCuteanoperationInstructionSisonly10nSshorterthan20nswhenwortingat50mz, který je zaturalalalOperation, který.ThespeeDisAlsoDoubled.Je to sjednocené, cooverAlloperatingSpeedoftheComputerdeendsNotonlyontheComputingSpeedofThecpu, butalsoontheoperatingConditionSofathersUb-systems.Onlywhenthemainfrequencyisincreased,theoperatingspeedofeachsub-systemandthedatatransmissionspeedbetweeneachsub-systemcanbeAfterbeingimproved,theoveralloperatingspeedofthecomputercanbetrulyimproved.

Omezení

RostoucíThecpUfrequencyIsMainlyRestrictedBeProductionProcess.BecausethecpuisManufActureduredonasemiconductorIliconchip, WireSareRerequiredToConnectBeentheComponentSonthesiliconchip.BecausethewereSareRequiredToBeasTosPosSosPosSibleUnderHighfrequencyConditions, soastoredureduceduceducestrayInterferenceschAsWiredCributedCapacitanceInOrderToensuretherectoperationofThecpU.Proto thelimitationofThemanufActuringProcesSisoneofTheBiggestobStacLestothedevelofCpUfrequency.

Abriefhistoryofdevelopment

TheclockfrequencyIsMeasuredIn "několik cyclespersecond", s použitím internationalstardardunitretz (Hz).Thecomputerperformsitsmostbasicactionssuchasaddingtwonumbersortransferringvalues​​fromoneregistertoanother.Různé chipsmayhavedifferentclockfrequencySontheSomComputerMermotherboard.Obvykle po nich, itisstipulated, "hodinový".TheclockfrequencyoftHecPuisusUsUsUsEterMinedBethefRequencyofTheosCillatorCrystal.TheoriginalibmPersonalComputer, circa1981, hadaclockfrequencyof4.77 MHz (4 770 000 cyklů/sekundu).In1995, intel'spentiumchipranat100MHz (100 millioncycles/sekundu), aIn2002, theIntelPentium4ModelWasintroducedAsthefirstcpUwithAclockfrequencyof3Gigahertz (3 milioncecyklus/sekunda)/sekundu).

ClockfRequencyIsTeonlywayToCoMparethereperformanceofChipSinthesameFamily.ANIBMPERSONALCOMUTERWITHANINTEL486CPURUNINGATAL50MHZWILLWICEASAFASONERUNINGAT25MHZWITHTHESAMECPU, MEMOUMA a DISPLAY.Nicméně, thereMeremanytherFactorsComparingThespeedofTheenTirecomputer, tasisheclockfrequencyofthecompontbus, theclockfrequencyofthemeMoryChip, thewidthoftheBitSthecpus, atheamontoflevel1and2caches.

ClockfRequencyShowSotbeusedWHENCOMPORINGIFFERENTCOMPOMITERSORDORDIFFERENTPROCESSORFAMILIES.Místo toho, AcaresSoftwareBenchmarksHoused.TheclockfrequencycanBeveryMiSleading, becauseusefferentComputerchipsmayChangeAnsiderableamountOmountOfWorkInOneCycle.Forexample, risccPustendToHaveSimplerinstructionCpUs (buthigherclockfrequencies) thancisc, andpipelinedprocessorsperformmorethanoneinstructionPercycleCclecycled..

Intheearly1990s, nejvíce komputercaresprimálně vyhlášeno, bespeedoftheirsbyreferringtotheircpus'clockfrequency.ThishasledtovariousMarketingCompetitions, tasissappe'Sdecisiontocreateandhemacintosh8100/110ataclockfrequence110mmzsothatapplecanadverTiTsTosComputershavethethestclocksspeedaidaible-courtaible-couidaible-courtaible-courtaible-courtaible-dareavaible-dareavaible-dareaible -aidaible-courtaible-couraidable.Tato advantageisinclockspeed však je bez powerpcandpentiumcpuarchitecturerecompletelydifferent.PowerPCisfasterInsometasks, butslawerinothers.

V roce2000, Intel'sCompetitoritomdBegantouseModelnlumberssinsteadofclockfrequenCestosellitscpus, říká, že „Megahertzmyth“.V roce 2004, intennucedaced theTitwoulddothesame, pravděpodobněDuetoConsumerConfUsionSPentiummMobileCpU, který patrněranatapproxApproxhalfTheclockfrequencyofThepentium4cpU.

Frekvence a rychlost

Therelationshipbetweenfrequencyandspeed:Generallyspeaking,thenumberofinstructionscompletedinoneclockcycleisfixed,sothehigherthefrequency,ThefastertheCPUspeed.Nicméně, becausetheinternalstructureofvariouscpusisNotthesame, the the the the theainfrequencycannotbeusedtosummarizetheperformanceofthecpU..ButthecpUfrequencyCandeterMegRadeAdpricelevelofTheComputer.Takepentium42.0ASanexample.ITSMAINFREQUENCYIS2.0GHz.Codoesthisshow?

Konkrétně 2.0GHZMeansThaTenerates2billionclockpUlseSignalsperSecond, aeachclockSignalPiodis0.5nanosekundy.ThePentium4CPUHAS4PipeLineoperationUnits.IfTHeloadiseven, thecPucanPerform4BinaryAdditionOperationsIn1clockCycle.

ThisMansThhatthepentium4cpucanperform8billionbinaryAdditionOperationsperSecond.ButsuchanamazingComputingSpeedCannotlessServeusers, a athecomputerhardwaReanDoperatingSystemImitsConsumeCpuresources.Nicméně, TheatHlonxProcesoradoptStRnominalMethod.TheconversioncalculationformulabetweenthenominalfrequencyandtheactualfrequencyoftheAthlonXPprocessorwitha266MHzfront-sidebusfrequencydisclosedbyAMDisasfollows:nominalfrequency=3×actualfrequency/2-500actualfrequency=2×nominalfrequency/3+333Forexample,theactualfrequencyofAthlonXP2100+is1733MHz=2×2100/3+333

ConceptInterpretace

AbeautifulpieceofMusicTereWillBeamainTheme a athemainThemeTheMofTheCompTeristheclockfrequencyoftHecpU.Mainfrequency, fsbandmultiplier, Wheredotheycomefrom? CosiongingOnWithFrequencyLockingAndoverclocking?

ThereMemanySemiconductorchipsinacomputer, aeachchipworksATaspecificclockfrequency.TheClocksignalProvidedBetHeclockgeneratorTothechipisacontinuouspulsesignal, athepulseisequivalenttothepulseoftHechip.EveryTimeapulsearrives, thetransistorinthechipchangesstateonce, umožňující beentireChiptoCompleteAcertaStaskes.

Nejmodernější, computeraredigitallogicchips.MnohotransistorsintEligitalchipareallintheon-offstate a theirturn-on anandturn-of-of-of-of-of-of-of-of-farriedOutOutInAccordancewithtHythMoftHeclocksignal.IfThEclockfrequencyIstoohigh, ThestateofThetransistormayNotbeChangedItime, výsledkem je uvedená vložení.Proto každý ChiphasitOwnFrequencyLimit.

Coisthefrequency?

Frekvence reprezentoval athebasicunitis "1time/second", které jsou uvedeny v oblasti (Hertz).1HzMeanSonceperSecond a 10HzMeans10TimesperSecond.Avšak TheunitofHzistoosmallincomputers, SothesignalfrequencySusExpresseDinkhz, MHz, Orghzz.Astefrequencyrises, iamafraidthatthzwillNeedTobeuseuseuseaseunitoffrequencenafewyears (Table1).

1.Perioda a frekvence

Incomputertechnology, acOmMomMonMonterMerorespondingTofRequencyIsperioD.ThePeroodisthereCiprocalofThefrequency, Thehigherthefrequency, ThesHortertheperioD.Forexample, whendheclockfrequencyis1ghz, theclockperiodis1nanosecondondondon.

2.Bandwidthfrequency

Další parameterrelatedtofRequencyIsDaratransmisission, alsoknownas "šířka pásma", IsUsedtomeasurethesPeedofDatacommunication.Za normálních okolností šířka pásma = frekvence hodin × (šířka bitu ÷ 8).Forexample, theclockfrequencyofthepcibusis33.33MHz, abecauseitsbitwidthis32bit, itsbandwidthis33.33 × (32 ÷ 8) = 133 MB/s.

3.CPUfrequency:In286andearliercomputers,theCPUfrequencyisthesameasthefrequencyoftheexternalbus.TheIntel386ComputeRuseSaclockfrequencydivisionMethod.TheclockCircuitProvidesAclocksignaltothecpuaTafrequencyof33MHz, přičemž WhileTheCpuinternalyWorkSatafRequencyof66MHz.Intel80486dx2usesfrequencyMultiplication, která se vyskytuje.Následně nalezena, frekvenceMultiplicationTechnologyHasbeenWidelyused, a theFrequencyMultiplicationofTHeprocessorhasreached20Times.

Systemclockfrequency:Usuallyalsocalled"externalfrequency"-theclockfrequencyoftheCPUexternalbus.TheExternalfRequencyIsProvidedBythefrequencyntesizerChip, athefrequencyntesizerChipWillbeintroducedDedaIlater.Mainfrequency: themainfrequencyiTheacTualOperatingFrequencyoftThecpucore (Integerandfloating-PoionarithMetiticanity) obvod, který sedereminovalthefsb (orfrontsideBusfrequency) a this: mainfrequency = fsb × multiplier = fsb × multiplier = fsb × multiplier.

FrontSideBusFrequency:TheFrontSideBus(FSB)frequencyisthefrequencyofdataexchangebetweentheCPUandtheNorthBridgechip.Itisrelatedtothefsbandhasthedifference.FsbisthefrequencyofTheFrontsideBusclocksignal a theFrontsideBusFrequencyReferstothefRequencyofDatatransmission.ForthePentium4processor,duetotheQDR(QuadDataRate,4timesdatarate)technology,datacanbetransmitted4timesinoneclockcycle,sothefront-sidebusfrequencyisequivalentto4timestheFSB:FSB800MHzTheprocessor,theFSBisonly200MHz.

Whoisgeneratingthefrequency

WecanregardtheclocksignalgeneratoratorasthefrequencySourCehehearTofthecomputer.THECOMPUTERCONLYWORKIFTHTHEHEARTBEATS.

1.OscilationSource: CrystalosCillator

TheChipiTelselfdoesNotusNusuallyHaveaclockSignalSource, soeDoidicedclockCircuitMustProvideTheclocksignal.OSC) ISONEoftHemostCommonlyusedClockSIGNALOSCILLOSLALACTOURCES.

Quartzcrystalispuresilicondidio oxid, ASingLECrystalofSilicondid, který se týká toho, co je coweoftencallcrystal.TherearetWotypeSofquartzcrystals: přírodní (surové) krystalyntetické (syntetické) krystaly.TheimpurityContentAndmorphologyOllologyofNaturalquartzcryStalSemostlyNotuniform, sothecrystaloscillatorsInElectronicCircuits nejvíce usearetificialquartzcrystals.

ATHINSLICE (Volán „Wafer“) IscutfromacrystalataCeazimuthangle, ADATISILVERVERLAYERISAPLIEDTOTHETWOSURCESOFTHTHEWARANDTHENAPAIROFMETALPLATESAREATTACHED.Pájené, které jendenasApsulatingitwithametalshellconTitutesAquartzcrystaloscillator.

ThereasonWHYAQUARTZWAFERCANBEUSUSESASANOSCILLATORISBADESONITSPIEZOELECTICEFFECT: AddinganelectricfieldTotHetwopolesofTheWaferwillCausechanicalDeformationofTHecryStal;.AčkolivtoltageofThisalternatingElectricfieldISextremelyElyWeak, ITSVIBRATIONFREQUENCENCESVERSYSTABLE.WHentHefrequencyofTHeaPLienTanatingVoltageisequalTothenaturalfrequencyofThewafer (určen, co je adshapeofthewafer), theamplitudeofmechanicalVibrationwillincreasesAsHarplyrplyrplyrplyrplyrplyrplyrplyrplyrplyrplly.Thisphenomenoniscalled "Piezoelectricresonance."

TheSestablingmentAdnaintenanceFthepiezoelectricresonancestateMustberealized swiththeaidofanoscillatorCircuit.AseriesosCillator, dvou-stageamplifiercomposedofTransistorst1andt2, quartzcrystalxtandcapacitorc2formanlccircircuit.InthisCircuit, thequartzcrystalisequivalenttoaninductance, andc2isavariablecapacitor.AredingIsCapacityCanmaketheCircircuituitentReresonancestate.The PowerSupplyvoltageofThisoscillatoris5V a theoutputpWaveFormisAsquarewave.

TheFrequencyStabilityOfThEquartzCrystalosCallatorCanRach10^-9/den, sucha 10^-11.Forexample, fora10mhzosciltor, thefrequencychangewithInadayisgenerallyNotmorethan0.1Hz.Proto, theCrystalosCillatorcanberegardedasaConstantreferenceFrequenCySource (QuartzwatchesAndelectronicWatcheSALLUSEQUARTZCRYSTALSFORTIMINGREMINGREFERENCEFREQUENCES).Sinnethebirthofthepc, A14.318MHZQUARTZCRYSTALOSCILLATORHASBASESUSESASARESAREFECTIONFREQUENCYSOURCEONTHEMOTORDOTORD.AsforthereasonforalwaysUsingThefrequencyof14.318MHz, možná itisTheNeedToMaintainCompatibility.Nicméně, ialsofound14.318MHzCrystaloscillatorsingraphicscards, flashdrivessandmobilefony, soidon newhlewhywhy.

Inadditiontothis14.318MHZCrystalonthemotherboard, YouCanalsOfinda32.768KHz Crystal, který se nepoužíval hodinky (RTC) Circuittodisplayacture Timeanddate.

2.FrekvenceDivideRandFrequencyMultiplier

ReducethepulsefrequencyByntimes.ThisTheFefunctionFthefRequencyDivider.INTHEFIRSTGenerationOfpcs, theoutputFrequencyofTHequartzCrystalosCillatorWas14.318MHz, WhiletheMemainfrequencyofTheIntel8086ProcessorWas4.77MHz, Whiswasexactly1/3ofTheformer.ThefrequencyconversionisdoneinIntel8284(clockgenerator/driver),becausetheIntel8284chipintegratesathree-frequencydividercircuit,whichcanreducethepulsesignalgeneratedbythecrystaloscillatorby3timesandprovideittotheCPUandexternalSuppose

AsthecpufrequencyIncreases, theCrystaloscilLatorEtEedStobeincreasedSeraltimeetTheneedSoftThecpu, sothefrequencymultiplierrepplacesthepositionofThefrequencyDividerinthecclockCircuit..Ifthefrequencydividerperformsadivisionoperation,thefrequencymultiplierperformsamultiplicationoperation,whichincreasesthefrequencyofthecrystaloscillatorbyntimes.

ClockChip: ProgramovableFrequencyNynthesizer

TheintegrockClockCircuitisASignOfTheadVancementOfhardwaretechnology.RESINGSESKECESTECOMPUTERHAVEDIFFERENTREMENTREQUIRESFORTHECLOCKFREQUENCENCE.IfyouFinda286MotherboardFromTheWasteBin, YoucanseethatthereeRereSveralCrystalosClosCillarsArrangedTogether.Thecpu, agpsslot, pciSLot, harddiskInterface, usbportandps/2porthinthecomphereveryDifferentComMunicationPeeds, sodifferentclequencesEedTobeprovided, púry, pciirequires33mhz, usbis48mz, atd...AquartzoscillatorcanonlyProvideonefrequency však, somotherboardManufActureSusUsUsIntegratetheSoscillatorCircuits, že se jedná o čip „frekvenční deformace“.ThegeneratedPulsulSignalisDivided (ormultiplied) iNordertoProvideTetherequiredClockFrequencyforchips (Ordivices) OfdifferentOperationSpeeds.

Obyčejný frequencyDivideRiSanintegerfrequencyDivider, andtherelationshipbetweentheoutputfrequencyandtheinputfrequencyisanintegermultiple, athefrequencycanonlybeadjustedinsetions.Thefrequencyntesizezerisa "fractionAlDivider", který se týká.R&Dengineerscanfreelydesignvariousfrequenciesinthecircuit,andarenolongerlimitedbythefixedfrequencyspecificationsofthequartzoscillator.TheclockChipintheComputergenralyhashe „FractionalfrequencyDivision“, atheadjustmentSteplgthengthcanbeDesigned to1%oreven00.1%vzestupně.INorderToguideandArdardizeDesignAnDapplicationOffRequenCysyntesers, intelhasformulatedFrequenCynSteSizerDesignguidelines, tayASCK97, ck40x atd. Atd..TheSpecificationFortheLestpentium4Processoriscck410.

1.PrincipeoffRequencyAdjustment

FrequencynthesizezeZizeSaclocksignalSystemWithFrequencyNegativeFeedback, který seSestWofRequencyDividers, mpisusedtoredoreducethereferencefrequency, npitisUsedUsedStoDedEthethevco.Thefrequencyfigeneratedbythecrystaloscillator(OSC)getsthereferencefrequencyfrefaftertheMfrequencydivider,whichandthefeedbackfrequencyffdarerespectivelysenttothetworeverseinputterminalsofthefrequencydetector(FrequencyDetector,FD),andthefrequencydiscriminatoroutputADCvoltagereflectingthequotientofthetwoisfilteredbyalowpassfilter(LPF)toremovetheACcomponent,andthenprovidedtoaVoltageControlledOscillator(VCO)tooutputthefrequencysignalfout.

TheRelationshipBetweentheoutfrequencyFoutofThefrequencyStesizeradthenputfrequencenBeexpressedBetheformulafout = fin × (n+k/m), woren, mandareallinteres, kitcanbeanyintegerbetwetwetwetwetwethelwetwetwetwetwetwetwethelwetwetwetwethelwetwetwetwethelwethe0andmm.Thenon-IntegerValuen+K/zrovnaněwittenasn.F, WherethethedotrepresentsTheDecimalPoint, nrepresentsTenTegerPartof Frekvence a = k/mRepresentsTheFractionAlPartof Frekvence.Podkondicetheinputfrequencyfin, n, andmarenotchanged, tam se.

INTHEFREQUENCYSYNTHESIZERCHIP, TETISSPECIALSMBUSInterFACECIRCUIT, který se vyskytuje.S tím, kterégterscanberewritttentHroughBosorsoftware.TherearetWopossibilityForeachBiTofDatainthefRequency Register, "0" nebo "1", pak WHentheseBitSombinedIndifferentState.

FrequencyAdmentaCacyofThefrequencyntESiZiSrelatedTotHenMofBitSefrequencygister.Forexample, ifThefRequencygisterris5Bits, theadjustmentstepsizeis1mhz.TEMORETHENUMBER, Thehighertheadjustmentaccuracy.InaPracticalFrequencySynthesizer, thetwOfRequencyDividdersMpandnPareprogramble.Aslongastheusersetsthecorrespondingfoutvalue,theBIOScanautomaticallygivethevalues​​ofN,MandK,andwritethemthroughtheSMBusbus.INTOTHECORRESPORVINGEGISTER.

2.PLLRealizeStheautomaticControlprincipleofphaseSynchronizace

TheClockChipistheHeartoftheComputer, a itSperMerrancrancAnTabilityDirectlyDeterMetEtherePerManceofTheentireHardwaresystem.Ontheonehand,thefrequencysynthesizercansavecostandmotherboardspace,andthemoreimportantpurposeistomaintainastrictsynchronizationrelationshipbetweentheclocksignalsofthemotherboardchipsandperipheraldevicesandtheclocksignalsoftheCPUtoensurecorrectdataexchange.Thefschipnotonlyhasafrequencymultiplication/frekvenceDivisionFunction, butAlsoHASAPHASAPHASAPHASELockFunction-thephaseofTheputSignalsCosTobeConSentsWithtHaseofterencessignal.Proto, ačkoliv, ačkoliv -evariousclockSignalsputbythefrequencyntesizeraderent, thereCecompletelyConsistentinfáze a allmaintainphasenSynchronizations stherencesgensalSources.

INorderToachievephaseLock, theclockSignaLoutputbytHevCoisComparedWithThereferenceFrequenCySignalinthephasedeTector.Ifthetwophasesaredifferent,anerrorvoltageproportionaltothephasedifferencewillbeoutput;Thepolarityoftheerrorvoltagedetermineswhetherthecurrentsourceinthechargepumpabsorbsorsendscurrent,sothechargewillflowintooroutofthecapacitorinthefilter,andtheamountofchargeflowingisproportionaltothesizeofthephasedifference.Oscilátor kontrolovaný napětí je napěťově řízený oscilátor.WhenthevoltageAcrosstheInternalvaRactordioDiodechanges, jeho kapacitance budou.

Napěťový ovládací obvod.ThephaseControlProcesSisedbyschangingtheInputVoltageofThevoltage-ControlleDoscillator (iethetuningvoltage).ThesizeandpolarityofTheTuningvolTageDeterMephaseadjustMiTiggingorleadingshatthepHaseErrorcanbecoriked.

3.Jiné functionsofThefRequencyNynthesizer

Používání theFrequencyNenthesizerChipinthemotherboardDesignCaneasilyRealizetHeadjustmentoftHeclockfrequenceandphaseLock.Inadditiontothesesefunctions, thefrequencynSerallowsMotherboardDoardDegNengineerstofin-tunetheclockdelaybeenthevariousInInterfacecstokeepTheComponentsOfvariousRelatedInterfacessynCronized, který.

Nepřijevo, thefrequencyntesizerChipCanalsOMakeadifferentIntermSofSystemStability aSecurity.Onheonehand, itcanlockthefrequencythatdoesnotneedTobeadJustedTotrotherdevices fromfailingDuetooverclockingofThecpu; ontheotherhansHif -SeaseacAshofclclockingfingfingsFilSigningsFilSigningSaulSigningfingsfails.ATThistime, tato funkceCancarthefrequency RegisterTomaketSesystemStartNormalmallycordingTotheDefaultFrequencyoftHecpu.

V současné době, TheApplicationOffRequencyNynthesizerChipsIpsEveryCommon.Commonbrandsincludeics, Cypress, IDT, Realtekandwinbond.Inthenforce2Motherboard, nofrequencynthesizerCanbefound, becausethefrequencynthesisfunctionhasBeenIntegRedInTotHeigp/sppchip.

TheWorkingProcessofThefrequencyMultiplierSignalofamDathlonseriesProcessors.WhentheRESET#signalarrives,theprocessorsendstheFIDsignaltothelogicsignalconversionchip,andthechipgeneratesSIP(SerializationInitializationPacket,serialInitializationdatapacket)toinitializeandsetthesystembus.

ThereresomeconNectionlinesCalledGoldenbridgeSonthecpU.ThelelofThefidSignalcanbesetBychangingtheon-offthegoldenbridge.Whentegoldenbridgeison, itislowandwhenitisoff, itishigh.Úroveň.TheFidSignalisgeredaterateraterated-infrequencymultiercontrolunit, a poté, co je pojednáno oBuilt-infiddriveCircuit, itissentfromthefidpintotheLogicSignalConverChip a a athegeneratedSipDatapacketisreturned..Inthisway, frequencyntesiscIscircuitinsideTetEcPucansyntEthecorefrequencyofthecpToGetherTHetToSignalsOfThefRequencyMultiplierandtheexternalfrequency.

3.MemoryFrequenCySetting

TheMemoryBusclockSignalonheearlymotherboardsWasalsOgeredBythefrequencysyntesizér, butthenewermotherboardshaveleftthefrequencynthesizerchiponThemotherboardaside, atheclockfrequencyoryForyBuSessetThenorthbridgechip, který jako „paměťonynchrons“.

SimilartotheprincipleofautomaticSettingofcpUfrequency, thefrequencynthesizerizerizentHenthbridgechipalsorealizesaautomaticSettingoffRequencyTroughTroughCevemmeans.FrequencyofTheMeMoryIsProvidedByThespd (SerialPresendedateDectMemorySerialstoragechip) onTheMorySstickickick.Spdissimilartothebionthemotherboard.ItStoreStheMeMorycapacity, OperatingFrequency, Delaytime (CAS, TRCD, TRP, TCA), OPERACEVOLTAGAGAGAGANUFACURURURURINEFOMOFTHEMORYCHIP.THETHORTHBRIDGECHIPREADSEACHMeMoryChipTHROUGHTHESDAPINOFTHESMBUSBUS.FortheparaMeterSenthespDofadimm, theinformationofThespdChipWillberecordeDereGereGofTheplCircuintHenNorthbridgechip.

ThefrequencyofTheMeMoryBusclockandthesystemclockIsofTentendifferent.Forexample, whEshesystemclockis133mhzandthefrequencyoryclockIs200MHz, thisA67MHZDifferenceBetweenthetwo.ThisDifferenceInfRequencyItiscalled "MemoryASynchrons".Nicméně, INORDERTOACHIESYNCHRONOUSCommunicationbetweenthemeMoryandthecpU, thetwobusessTllNeedTobesynchronizenidinphase.ItisnottechnicallydifficulttoAchievephasesYnchronizace, aslongasthepllCircuintHenorthbridgechipandthepllCircuinthefrequencyntheSethereSereferenceFrequencyfref.

Infact, theFrequenCySettingofplug-and-playexternaldevicesbasicalthesameateautomaticSetTofMeMoryfrequency.TheHostreadstHecharacteristicParametersincludingFrequencyInTheromChipinthedevice a thenautomatickyasignsit.SystemResources, automaticky configuretheredriver, sothatthedeviceCanworklyllylyly.

GetthepulseoftheComputer

1.ChecktheAcTualfrequencyandReleSeteSeteSofThedevice

IntelprocessorfrequencyIdutibilityisthecpudetectionSoftReresedByintel.TheSoftwarelistStwodata, „ReportFrequency“ a „Očekávaná frequency“.TheFirstiTeMrepresentshecurrentOperatingSpeedofThetestCpU, a atheLatterreSentsheHigheStoperatingSpeedDesignedByThetestedsCpUWHENITLEAVESTHEFACTORY.IfTetWodataarethesame, itmeansthatthecpuisNoToverclocked.Pokud se vystavíte, když jsou zapojeny, itMeansThhattheprocessor'scapabitiesArenotbeingused.

Používání theSetSoftWarecanroughlyunderStandtHeworkingStatuSofeachDevice, který je nejedseyiimportantforopTiMingSystemPerformance.ThereMemanySysimiLotheabodeTectionSoftware, andallthefrequenciesthatneedToBetetestCanbedisplayedThroughTesTingSoftware.SOMEADvancedPlayersDebtsHefRequencyAredByStheSoftwareIsAccurate.ThissusICicionisNotunFunded, BecausetheplatformonwhichtHedetectionSoftSisBasentereferenceFrequencyfref.IfOtreferencefRequencyItSelfIsNoTaccurate, theFrequencyValueMuredBeStheSoftwareIsdifficultToGuaranTee.Nicméně, toapchocareserethefrequencyofTheclocksignal, youcanuseanosilloscope.

ThisIsAcloseRelationshipBetweentheperformanceofexternalequipmentandtheoperatingFrequencyofTheinterfaceCircuit.TakeThehardDiskasanexample, ifyouusea32andossFoftwareTomeasureTheStudMatransmissionModeofThehardDiskasudma6 (ata-133), butthecurrentmatransmissionModeisudma1 (ata-33).To je, ThehardDiskcanworkCowatafrequencyof133MHz, aleinterfaceOnlyexChangesDataatafrequencyof33MHz.Potom bude řečeno, žehardDiskperformance.InThiscase, itmeansthatthepontientofThedeviceHasNotbeenbeenlyutilized.Chtělo se chůvěthecktheretheinterfacemodeselectionInTheBioSISISISISISISISCORRECTORLOVEITBYInstalingthereLevantidedRiver.

2.Preventheartbeatrate

IfThefRequencyistoolow, The PerformanceoftHeequipmentWillbelow.OnTheContrary, ifthefrequencyistoohigh, itwillcausetheethipmentToworkStableanDevenstrikeoutCompletelylylylylyly.Obvykle, AfterweoverclockthedisplayChipandvideomemory, theDisplayScreenisatyPicalcase.TheinabilityOfTheDeviceToworkDuetoafasthearTrateoCuesAconsiderablePortonOfComputerfailures.ForvariousRasons, theoperatingFrequencyofSomeequipmentiSactupToTotHenominalfrequency.FOUTHERTREACTmenTnofSuchproblems, TheAuthorhasintroducedDedEtailinthearticle "ComputerFailurefRequencyReductionDiagnosis" („mikropočítač“ 2003issue17).ItsHouwddedHeretTatiftHecpufailStostartDuetoverclockingFailure, dischargethecMoSandtheBIOSWillStartintEtheSafeModeof100Mzfsb, který bude chtít.