Dinastia Zhou

Countryname

TheZhoupeoplelivedintheJishuiareaintheearlydays.WhenGongLiu,theZhoutribehadmovedtoBin.TheclanstookthesettledBinasthecountry,andthecountrywasthecity.Itwaspasseddownbytheninthgeneration.WhenGuGongfuwastheleaderofthetribe,ZhoupeoplewereinvadedandpersecutedbytheXunyuRong,andhadtoleavetheirhometowns.Afterallthehardships,theycrossedQi,Ju,andLiangshan,andmovedtoQishanintheWeiheRiverBasin.SouthernZhouyuan.

History

TheoriginofZhoupeople

TheZhounationalityisanancienttribelivingintheLoessPlateauandWeishuiValleyofShaanxi,Gansu,anditissaidtobederivedfrom"JiShui"ThelastnameisJi.Zhou'sfirstancestor,Mingqi,wasborntoJiangYan,adaughteroftheTaifamily."TheBookofSongs·Daya·Shengmin"describesthemythsandlegendsofabandoningbirth.JiangYanprayedforachild,butbecausehesteppedonahugefootprint,hebecamepregnantandgavebirthtoYi.TheZhouclanwasstillinthematrilinealclansocietyduringtheperiodwhenJiangChanglived,butbythetimeZisuilived,ithadalreadytransitionedtothepatrilinealclansocialstage,soQiistheancestoroftheZhouclan.Accordingtothe"BookofSongs",thefirstgrandmotheroftheZhouclanwasnamedJiangChang.JiangandQiangareconnected,andtheancestorsofZhoupeopleareprobablyabranchfromtheQiangpeople.SomepeoplealsothinkthattheZhouethnicgroupshouldcomefromtheBaidiethnicgroupintheLoessPlateauofnorthernShaanxi,thatis,theHuangdiethnicgroupinancienttimes.IntheearlyyearsoftheShangDynasty,thedescendantofHouji,GongLiu,ledthetribefromTaitoCi.TheZhoupeoplelivedintheWugongareaof​​Shaanxiintheearlydays.WhentheycametoGongliu,theZhoutribehadmovedtoBin.Fromthefarmingandanimalhusbandrytribetoafarmingcity.FromGongliutotheninthgeneration,whenGuGongfuwastheleaderofthetribe,ZhoupeoplewereinvadedandpersecutedbyXunyuRongandhadtomove.TheycrossedQi,Ju,andLiangshan,andmovedtoZhouyuan,southofQishanintheWeiheRiverBasin.

Zhouyuanisrichinproducts,fertileland,convenientirrigation,superiorfarmingconditions,andrapideconomicdevelopment.GuGongandhisfatherbuiltfieldsandcamps,builttownsandcities,andthenationalpowerquicklyrecoveredandstrengthened.AftermovingtoZhouyuan,thepeopleofZhoubecamesubjectsoftheGreatShangDynasty,whichwastheco-lordoftheYellowRiverrealm.UndertheprotectionoftheShangDynasty,WuYi,thebusinessking,gatheredhisstrengthandacceptedtheculturalsystemoftheShangDynasty,especiallytheconceptofdestiny.AftertheestablishmentoftheZhouDynasty,thisconceptofdestinywasre-organizedbyZhouGongdan(JiDan)andbecamethepoliticalandlegalbasisforrulingtheworldandbuildingacountry,andthenformedtheconceptofmonarchyanddivineentrustmentthatinfluencedfuturedynastiesforthousandsofyears.

Atthetimeoftheoldmanandhisfather,theZhoutribewasalreadyquitelarge.Andtherearethreesonswhopreferthechildren'scalendar.Theeldestson,TaiBoandsecondson,ZhongYong,werepasseddownbythefather'swillandJiLi.TheyfledtoJingmanbythemselves,combinedwiththelocalclan,andlaterbecametheStateofWu.Accordingtothe"ZhuShuJiNian"andtheopinionsofGuJiegang,theskepticalschoolaftertheRepublicofChina,theideaof​​"Jianshang"wasalreadyinmindinZhouduringthisperiod.

TheriseofZhoupeople

Atthetimeoftheseasoncalendar,therelationshipbetweenShangandZhoubegantobeclose.MarriagewiththeDashangDynasty,marriedawifetothemerchanthouse,andwasalsonameda"pastor"bytheShangWangWending,andbecamethemostimportantFangBooftheShangDynastyintheWest.Therefore,thecalendarissometimescalledGongjiintheoracleboneinscriptions.ZhouwasalreadyapowerfulstateundertheShangDynasty.Althoughtherelationshipwasclose,YinandShangwerealwaysonguardagainstthisnewforce.Zhoualsograduallyannexedothersmallcountries,especiallythepro-businessprinces.Intheend,theShangWangWendingkilledthenolongerobedientJiliinordertocurbthedevelopmentoftheZhouclan'spowerandprotectthestatusoftheShangdynasty.However,hestillregardedtheZhoupeopleastheXibo.TherelationshipbetweentheShangDynastyandtheZhoupeoplecanrefertotheZhouDynastyandChu.Humanrelations.

AfterXiboJichangsucceededtothethrone,hisnationalpowerwasinsufficienttofightagainstShang,sohecontinuedtosurrendertoShangandbecameShangXibo.ButYinandShangwerenotateasewithZhou.ShangZhouonceimprisonedJiChangYuyi,andkilledhissonasabrothforKingWentodrink.ZhoupeoplebribedDiXinwithBMWandbeautifulwomentogetthereleaseofKingWen.AfterWangWenreturnedtothecountry,hisdesiretoseekbusinessdidnotrelax.Ontheonehand,hestrengthenedtheZhouclan'sstrengthandbroughtsometribesaroundtheZhoukingdomtobeattached.Ontheotherhand,itcarriedoutmilitaryexpansion.AccordingtotherecordsofShangShu,ZhoufirstattackedthesmallwesterncountriessuchasKenRongandMixu,toconsolidatetherear,andthenattackedQiState(inthesouthwestofChangzhi,Shanxi)andHan(thatis,Meng,(InQinyang,Henan),hefinallydefeatedChongguoandpenetratedintothesphereofinfluenceoftheShangDynasty.Atthistime,ZhouDynastyhad“one-thirdoftheworld”,andKingWenmovedhiscapitaltoFengdu(nowwestbankofFengheRiver,HuCounty,Xi'anCity,ShaanxiProvince),readytoentertheShangDynasty.

AnnihilationofShangDynastyandEstablishmentofZhouDynasty

WhenZhouWenwangchangwastheleader,thestateofZhouprosperedunderhisrule.KingWendiedandthesecondsonJiFaascendedthethrone.HaoJingwasbuiltontheeastbankoftheriver.FengHaoandFengHaoJingwereconnectedbyabridgeacrossthewater,andtheywerecalledFengHaoCity.JiFaledtheBinghuialliesinMengjin(nowMengjin,Henan).Inthe11thcenturyBC,heledthreehundredmilitarychariotsandthreethousandtigers.County).ZhouJunhadagreatvictory,andKingZhousethimselfablazebyjewelleryandjade.TheShangdynastydiedbecausetheZhoutribemovedtoZhouyuanwhenthefatherofGuGongandhisfather,aftertheEmperorWudestroyedYin,thedynastynamewas"Zhou",andtheZhoudynastywasestablished.TaigongJiangplayedahugeroleintheZhoupeople'sbusinesseradication.HisfamilynamewasJiang,andhecamefromtheLuclanoftheQiangpeople.

ZhougongRegent

AfterZhouWuwangdestroyedtheShangDynasty,in1045BC,thesystemofentrustingtheprinceswasimplemented,andtheroyalfamilyandheroesweresealed,suchasFengTaigongWangYuQi,ZhaoGongSunYuYan,etc.Inaddition,WuGeng,sonofZidiXin,YuChaoge,andShuxian,Shudu,andShuchuweredesignatedasthe"ThreeSupervisors"tomonitorWuGeng’sactions.ZhouChengwangwasassistedbyZhouGongdan.In1041BC,thethreeprisonguards(CaiShudu,GuanShuxian,andHuoShuchu)couldnotunderstandZhouGongdan'sauxiliaryadministration,andGuanShuxianresentedZhouGongdan'sadministrationwhenhewasyoungerthanhimself,soheunitedwithWuGengtorebelInhistory,knownasthe"ThreePrisonsRebellion",ZhouGongdanputdownthechaos,WuGengandGuanShuxianwerekilled,CaiShuduwasexiled,andHuoShuchuwasdeposedasacommoncitizen.ZhouGongdanbuiltLuoyiintheYiandLuoErshuiareasoftheLuoyangBasinforthepurposeofChengZhou.

TheRuleofChengkang

In1021BC,thekingofZhouChengcollapsed,andhissonJiZhaocametothethrone.HewasthekingofZhouKang.In996BC,thekingofZhouKangcollapsed.Duringtheforty-sixyearsfrom1042BCto996BC,theworldwaspeaceful,andthepunishmentwasnotusedformorethan40years.ZhouGongreturnedtopowerandZhoubecameking.TheZhouDynastyenteredaperiodofconsolidation.]Thehistorysaid"TheGovernanceofChengkang".

HeZun-theinscription"ZhaiZiChina"(3photos)

AfterthedeathofKingZhouKang,hissonJiXiasucceededasKingZhouZhao.InthesixteenthyearofKingZhouZhao,KingZhaopersonallyconqueredJingchu,andNanguoZhenguoZengguoEguoandothervassalssenttroopstogodeepintotheareasouthofJianghan.Therewereatotalof3southernexpeditions.ThelasttimewhenKingZhouZhaoreturnedtocrosstheHanRiver,hedrownedinanaturaldisaster,andthethreearmieswerewipedout.Hisson,JiMan,succeededtothethroneasKingMu,whowasfiftyyearsoldwhenhesucceeded.KingMudevelopedtowardstheQuartet,theWesternExpeditionDogRong,andtheSouthernExpeditionJingchu.Butitwasagoodparade,sothatthegovernmentwasslack.EasternXuGuotookadvantageofZhouMu'swestwardjourneyandledtheJiuyitorebelagainstZhou,ZhouMu'seastconquest,EasternQiKingdomLuandothervassalstatessenttroopstoquellthechaos.DuringthereignofKingZhouMu,heconqueredtheeastandthewest,andtheterritoryofthedynastycontinuedtoexpand,whicheffectivelyconsolidatedtheruleoftheZhoudynasty.

ThereisaviewthatthereisacontroversyregardingthetransferofthecapitaltoNanzheng(thelaterZhengCounty)duringthereignofKingZhouMu.

Fromprosperitytodecline

TheThreeTreasuresofChina(3photos)

AftertheZhaomuera,theZhouDynastygraduallylostitsstrength.Duringthisperiod,thenorthwesternRongdigraduallyprospered.InthereignofZhouYi,RongDiinvadedandabusedChina.ZhoupeoplesuffereddeeplyandmovedtheircapitaltoDogHill(Xi'an,Shaanxi).

DuringtheperiodofKingZhouLi,therewereyearsofwarandchaos,andthepeopleweremiserable.Atthesametime,KingZhouLiregardedRongYiGongashisservant,monopolizingsocialwealthandresources.Inordertosuppressthedissatisfactionofthepeople,KingZhouLiorderedWeiwutomonitorandkillanyonewhoslanderedtheking.Asaresult,everyonewasindanger,andfinallycausedariotamongtheChinesepeople.In841BC,duringtheZhouriots,KingLiwentoutandrushedtoXu(nowHuoCounty,Shanxi).IntheDPRK,twoministers,ZhaoMuGonghuandZhouDinggong,wereundertheadministration,andtheywerecalledtheRepublic(onesaidthattheprincesGongbohetookadministrativeaffairs).

InthefourteenthyearoftheRepublicofChina(828BC),KingLidiedinXun,andtheprinceascendedtothethrone.HewasKingZhouXuanandreignedfor46years.KingXuanmovedhiscapitaltoGaojing,triedhisbesttogovern,politicallyandharmoniously,andtheprincescametothedynasty.KingZhouXuansuccessivelyputdowntherebellionsinthenorth,Rongdiinthewest,Huaiyiintheeast,andChuinthesouth.Heopenedupavastterritoryandrevivedtheprosperousscene.Itwascalled"XuanwangZhongxing"inhistory.Inhislateryears,KingXuaninterferedwiththesuccessionoftheLuKingdomandestablishedLuXiaogongbyforce,whichcausedunhappinessamongtheprinces.Inthirty-sixyears,theyconqueredTiaoRongandBenRong,butfailedmiserably.Thirty-nineyears,hefoughtthebattleofJiangClanofXirongBiezhiinQianmu,andthendefeatedmiserably.

TheBaneofDogRong

In781BC,KingZhouYousucceededtothethroneandhelovedPraiseSi.ForthethirdyearofKingYou(779BC),defeatingtheArmyoftheSixErafailed,andatthesametimeNaturaldisastersarestillfrequent,andthedaughterofShenhouandtheprinceYijiuaftertheresignationofthekingofYou,changedtopraiseSiasthequeen,andhissonBofubecametheprince.YijiufledtoShenState,andShenHousoughtjusticeforhisnephewanddaughter,andjoinedZhuanStateandDogRongtoattackHaojing(nowXi'an,Shaanxi).BothZhouYouwangandBofuwerekilledbythedogRongintheplay.In771BC,theWesternZhouDynastyperished.

PingWangmovedtotheeast

EasternZhouculturalrelics(3photos)

TheWesternZhousocietymaintainedbythethreesystemsofenfeoffment,patriarchyandwell-fieldsystemOrder,aftermorethan270yearsoftimeeroding,bytheendofthe8thcenturyBC,itwasalreadyriddledwithtearsandfragments,anditwasmaintainedonlybytheinertiaofhistory.Variouscontradictionscoexistinthesociety,andthewholesocietyisinturmoil.AlthoughKingZhouXuanlearnedlessons,changedpolicies,andrealized"Zhongxing"afterhesucceededtothethrone,thedeclineoftheZhouDynastyreappearedinhislateryears,andthedemiseoftheWesternZhouDynastywasirreversible.

AfterKingZhouYouwaskilled,ShenHou,ZhangHouandZheng,Wei,JinandotherprincesdefeatedDogRong,andDogRongretreated.TheprincesofZheng,Wei,JinandotherprincesmadeZhouyou,theprinceYijiu,astheking.HewasthekingofZhouping.ThekingofPingmovedeast,andthecapitalwasLuoyi(nowLuoyang,Henan),whichwascalledtheEasternZhouDynasty.Atthesametime,GuoGonghanandotherdynastyministersappointedtheprinceYuchenastheking,knowninhistoryas"carryingtheking",sotherewasasituationof"twokingsstandingsidebyside".ButtheoverwhelmingmajorityoftheprincesonlyrecognizedKingZhouPinganddidnotrecognizeKingZhouXie.Inthe21styearofKingZhouPing(750BC),JinWenhoukilledZhouandtheking,endingthesituationoftwokingsstandingsidebyside.

TheSpringandAutumnPeriod

DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodfrom770BCto476BC,someofthelargervassalstatescompetedforland,population,anddominanceoverothervassalstatesRight,andcontinuetoengageinmergerwars.Whoeverprevailswillconveneaparliamentaryallianceoftheprincestoforcetheprincestorecognizetheir"hegemony"status.Intheprocessofprinces'struggleforhegemony,bigcountriesmergedwithsmallcountries,andthenumberofprincesgraduallydecreased.TheactivitiesoftheHuaxianationalityaremainlyinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYellowRiver.ThereareBeidiandHuanghuinthenorth,Diqianginthenorthwest,BaandShuinSichuan,ChuinHunan,Hubei,andAnhui,andWuinJiangsuandZhejiang.,Yueethnicgroup.Withthelongstruggleforhegemonyamongtheprinces,variousethnicgroupscontinuetomergetogether.DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,somearistocratsturnedpubliclandintoprivateland,andgraduallyadoptednewmethodsofexploitation,allowinglaborerswhofarmedtosurrendermostoftheirproductswhileretainingsomeoftheirproducts.

  • ZhengZhuanggongdominates

JiuLi(RitualInstrumentsofZhengKingdom)(3photos)

AfterthebeginningoftheEasternZhouDynasty,thefatherandsonsofZhengWuandZhengZhuangcontrolledthedynasty.Theytookadvantageoftheadvantagesofservingasofficialsofthedynastyandoftenusedtheking'scommandtoexpandviolently,makingZhengapowerfulcountryintheearlySpringandAutumnPeriodandknownasasmallhegemon.DuetothefactthatZhengZhuanggong'spowerwastoogreat,itcauseddissatisfactionwithKingZhouPing.SoZhouPingWanggraduallyusedGuoGongtoweakenZhengZhuangGong'spower,whicharousedstrongdissatisfactionwithZhengZhuangGong.However,KingZhouPinghadtorelyonZhengZhuanggongformanythings,sohehadtoexplaintoZhengZhuanggong,sotheincidentofZhouZheng'sintercourseoccurred.

In720BC,ZhouPingWangcollapsed,andtheZhoucourtpreparedtoappointGuoGongtogoverntoreplaceZhengZhuangGong.Duringthisyear,ZhengGuosuccessivelyharvestedthewheatinthewarmlandandthewheatintheZhoudynasty.TherelationshipbetweenZhouandZhengfurtherdeteriorated.In717BC,DukeZhengZhuangenteredthedynasty,andKingZhouHuandidnotreceiveDukeZhengZhuangwithcourtesybecauseZhengGuoledthearmytotakeWangJi'swheatwithoutauthorization.ZhengZhuanggongwasdissatisfiedwithZhouWang'spractice,andin716BCheexchangedterritorywithLuKingdomwithoutreportingtoZhouWang(theagreementwasimplementedin711BC).

In706BC,ZhouHuanregainedthepowerofZhengZhuanggongintheZhouDynasty.ZhengZhuanggongdidnotseeZhouHuaninfrontofhim,soZhouHuanorganizedacoalitionarmytoattackZhengGuo,butwasdefeatedbyZhengGuo.It'sthebattleofJiange.

Overlordcontendsforhegemony

  • QihuanShouba

TheritualvesselsoftheEasternZhouDynasty(7photos)

In685BC,QiHuangongtookthethroneashisprimeminister,rectifiedstateaffairs,abolishedtheminefieldsystem,anddeterminedtaxesaccordingtothefertilityoftheland.Theestablishmentofsalt,ironofficials,andmoney,increasedfiscalrevenue,incorporatedsoldiersinagriculture,integratedgrassrootsadministrativeorganizationsandmilitaryorganizations,increasedthesourceoftroopsandcombatcapabilities,andquicklybecametherichestandstrongestcountryinChina.Thenheslogan"respectthekingandfightagainstthebarbarians",heldmeetingswiththeprincesmanytimes,helpedorinterferedwithothercountries,andfoughtagainstthebarbarians,andfinallybecametheoverlordinthethirdyearofZhouXi(679BC).Inthetwenty-firstyearofKingZhouHui(656BC),QiHuangongledacoalitionofeightvassalstatestoforceChuStatetoyieldwithsuperiorforces,andformedtheZhaolingAlliance,becomingtheheadoftheSpringandAutumnFiveHegemonies.QiHuangongestablishedanagreementsystemforthehegemonyalliance.

AfterQiHuan'sdeath,therewaschaosinthegangandYifang.Thefivesonsseizedtheposition,andQi'sdomesticchaoscontinued.ItissaidthatQiHuangong'sfivesonsfoughtwitheachother,andthearrowwasshotonQiHuangong'scorpse,andnoonecaredaboutit.TheKingdomofChuinthesouthrose,andKingChuChengdestroyedseveralsmallcountriesinthenorthandthenpointedhisfingerattheCentralPlains.

SongXianggong,adescendantoftheShangDynasty,triedtoreconciletheprincestobecometheoverlordbysupportingQiXiaogongandquellingthechaos.However,theSongDynastywasinsufficientinstrengthandhadaseriousaristocratictemperament.InsultingtothebarbariansofChu,SongXianggongfifteenyears(638BC),thetwoarmiesofSongandChufoughtinHongshui(nowShangqiu,Henan),knownasthebattleofHongshuiinhistory.WhentheChuarmycrossedtheriver,SongDaSimaZiyusuggestedthatSongXianggong"half-crossandhitit."SongXiangdeclaredthatattackingwhiletheenemycrossedtheriverwasunjustandrejectedthesuggestion;aftertheChuarmycrossedtheriver,ZiyusuggestedtakingadvantageofthechaosoftheChuarmy.Toattack,SongXianggongrefusedagainonthegroundsofinjustice.AftertheChuarmylinedup,theyattacked.TheSongarmywasdefeated.SongXianggongwashitbyanarrowinhisthigh.Hediedofseriousinjuriesthefollowingyear.AlthoughKingChuChengruledtheroostforawhile,heranintoQiHuanGongandJinWengongsuccessively,andChuwassuppressedbyQiandJinsuccessively.

  • JinWenzhiba

InthenorthernJinKingdom,hewasinthesameclanastheZhouclan.JinXiangongfavoredAiJi,causinggreatchaosinnationalpolitics.In636BC,Chong'er,thesonofJinXian,inheritedthethroneofJinDynastyundertheescortofthearmysentbyQinMugong,andhewasJinWengong.Hereformedpolitics,developedtheeconomy,consolidatedthemilitaryandmilitary,gainedthetrustofthepeople,stabilizedtheroyalfamily,madefriendshipwiththeQincountry,andhadhighprestigeamongtheprinces.Inthe20thyearofKingZhouXiang(633BC),theChuarmysurroundedShangqiu,thecapitalofSongDynasty.Atthebeginningofthenextyear,JinWengongledhistroopstosavetheSongDynasty,defeatingtheChuarmyintheBattleofChengpuandbecametheoverlord.

AfterthedeathofJinWengong,hissonJinXianggongsucceededtothethroneandbecamethenewkingofJinandtheoverlordofthevassals.In628BC,QinMugongtookadvantageofWenGong'snewfuneralandsenttroopstoattackZheng.JinXianggongdispatchedtroopstodefeatQinintheBattleofWeiandcapturedthethreegeneralsofQin.Afterthat,QinrepeatedlyattackedJin.StillunabletobreakthestrategicblockadeoftheJinKingdom,DukeJinxiangtookthepositionoftheoverlord.

  • QinBaXirong

AfterthedeathofJinWengong,QinMugongsoughttodevelopeastward,WasblockedbyJin.TheQinarmywasdefeatedinthebattleofWeiandPengYa.QinMugongdecisivelyadjustedthenationalpolicy,turnedwestward,annexedsomeRongditribes,anddominatedXirong.

  • Chuziwinsthetitle

AfterthebattleofChengpu,ChuStatekeptalowprofileandkeptalowprofile.Theeastdeveloped,andmanysmallcountrieswerewipedout.Thepowerreachedpresent-dayYunnaninthesouthandtheYellowRiverinthenorth.ThekingofChuzhuangreformedhisinternalaffairs,calmedtheriots,builtwaterconservancyprojects,andmadehiscountrystronger.HeaskedthemessengerofKingZhouDingaboutthesizeofthetripodsacrificingtotheworld,revealinghisambitiontocovettheworld.InthetenthyearofKingZhouDynasty(597BC),ChuandJinfoughtatPiandwonagreatvictory.SoonaftertheyenteredthearmytoencircletheSongDynasty,thepeopleofJindidnotdaretorescuethem,sothesmallcountriesoftheCentralPlainsreturnedtoChuoneafteranother,andtheChupeopledominatedtheCentralPlains.

  • Jinchusawing

VariousdragonearrecipesPot(4photos)

AfterthedeathofKingChuzhuangin591BC,thehegemonyofChugraduallydeclined.JinStatehasexperiencedtwogenerationsofmanagementbyJinJingGongandJinLiGong,andgraduallysurpassedChuState.IntheBattleofSaddlein589BCandtheBattleofMatunin578BC,theJinStatedefeatedQiandQinrespectively,andthecountryrecovered.Later,thethirdgreatbattlebetweenJinandChubrokeoutagain-theYanlingBattle.Jinendedinvictory,andChu'shegemonywasmoreseverelyweakened.ButsoonaftercivilstrifebrokeoutinJin,DukeJinLiwaskilled.Atthisstage,JinwasgenerallydominantinthestruggleforhegemonybetweentheCentralPlainsandChu,butbecauseJinhadtofacethepressureofQin,QiandthenorthernRongditribeatthesametime,theCentralPlainstug-of-warwasformed.

  • JinMourningDomination

AfterJinLi’sdeath,JinMourninghissuccession,Reformpoliticsinternally,appointtalentsandusetheirpower,controltheofficials,joinforceswithSongandWu,frightenQinwithQi,dividetheJinarmyintothreeparts,fightforZhengandweakenChu,completelymasterthestrategicinitiative,overwhelminglystrongerthanChu,andallprincesAttachedtotheJinDynasty,thenineprincesofJinMourningGongwithineightyears.TherejuvenationofJin'shegemony.TheKingdomofChuwasforcedbyJin'sre-emergenceandhadtogiveupthestruggleforhegemonyintheCentralPlains.

  • MibingLeague

AfterJinmournedthedeathofhisfather,themonarchymoveddownagain,ThesixofficialsoftheJinStatewereexpertinnationalpolitics,prosperedininternalfriction,andintendedtomakeallianceswiththeChuState.Continuouswarshavebroughthugedisasterstothepeople,andhavealsocausedtheboredomofsmallandmedium-sizedcountries.GiventhatthetwopowersofJinandChuareevenlymatched,noonecaneateachother.SoinitiatedbytheHuaYuanandXiangXuoftheSongDynasty,inthe7thyearofKingZhouJian(579BC)andthe26thyearofKingZhouLing(546BC),twoallianceswereheldfor"MissingSoldiers".Sincethen,thewarhasbeengreatlyreduced.

  • TheHegemonyofWuyue

WhenthedustoftheCentralPlainsprinces'battleforhegemonysettled,itwaslocatedWuandYueinJiangsuandZhejiangbegantodevelop.WuWangHelureusedSunWu,WuZixuandothers.InthefourteenthyearofKingZhouJing(506BC),KingWutookWuZixuashisgeneralandruledtheChuarmy.WuJuninvadedChuDuYing,WuZixuavengedhisfatherandbrother,excavatedthetombofKingChuping,whipthreehundredcorpses.Inthetwenty-fourthyearofKingZhouJing(496yearsago),WuJunsenthisarmytothesouthandexpeditiontoYue.TheYueKingGoujianledhistroopstofight,andtheoldermanLinggufuhitHeluwithonego,andHeludiedofinjury.

Inthetwenty-sixthyearofKingZhouJing(494BC),KingWuFuchaiavengedhisfatheranddefeatedhim.GouJianseekspeace.KingWurejectedWuZixu'ssuggestiontojoinforcestodestroyYue,acceptingtheYuecountry'srequestforpeace,andforcingKingGoujiantoclaimhimasacourtier.Continuetotransfertroopstoattacknorth,defeatQiJunandbecomeasmalltyrant.GouJianwasacourage,tenyearsoflife,tenyearsoflessons,andfinallyinthethirdyearofZhouYuanwang(473BC),GoujianwipedoutthestateofWuintheemptinessoftheCentralPlainsUnionprinces,andthehusbandcommittedsuicideinembarrassment.GouJianwentnorthandjoinedQiJintojoinXuandbecamethelastoverlord.

TheWarringStatesPeriod

From475BCto221BC,China’sWarringStatesPeriod.AfteralongandfiercewarforhegemonyintheSpringandAutumnPeriod,untilthebeginningoftheWarringStatesperiod,themainprincesThesevencountriesofChu,Yan,Han,Zhao,Wei,andQinwerecalled"SevenHeroesoftheWarringStatesPeriod"inhistory.

  • Threepointsofpromotion

AfterJinWengongreturnedtothethrone,thereweremanyfollowersFollowinghisreturntoChina,thedescendantsofthesepeoplegraduallybecamearistocratsintheJincountryafterbeingbaptizedbylong-termbattles.From550BCto497BC,JinGuozhengwascontrolledbytheFanfamily,Zhongxingfamily,Zhaofamily,Hanfamily,Zhifamily,Weifamilyandothernobles.

In455BC,therewereonlyfourclansoftheJinDynastynobles:Zhi,Zhao,Wei,andHan.TheZhiclansenttroopstoattacktheZhaoclan,andforcedtheWeiandHanclantosendtroops.Thewarlastedfortwoyears,andtheZhaofamilypersuadedtheWeiandHanfamiliestoturnagainsteachother,destroytheZhifamily,dividethewiselyandcontrolthestateaffairsofJin.In438BC,theHan,Zhao,andWeifamiliesweredividedintoJin,andJinYougonghadonlyYujiangandQuwo.In403BC,thekingofZhouWeiliesetupHan,Zhao,andWeiaslords,andenteredtheWarringStatesPeriodfromthistime.

  • Weiruledthehegemony

Weiwasthefirsttwomonarchs,WeiWenhouandWeiWuhouThroughthereformandreform,thenationalpowergraduallybecamestrongerandbecamethestrongestvassalstateintheearlyyearsoftheWarringStatesPeriod.IntheSevenHeroesoftheWarringStatesPeriod,WeiWenhoufirstcarriedoutreforms,reformedpolitics,rewardedfarmingwars,builtwaterconservancy,developedfeudaleconomy,destroyedZhongshanKingdominthenorth(nowPingshanandLingshouinthewestofHebei),andtookQinxiRiverinthewest(betweentheYellowRiverandLuoshuiintoday)ThelandbecamethemostpowerfulcountryintheearlyWarringStatesperiod.WeiWenhouappointedLiLi,WuQi,Leyang,SimonLeopard,Zixia,ZhaiHuang,WeiChengandotherstomakethecountryrichandstrong,restrainZhao,destroyZhongshan,defeatQin,Qi,andChucountriesinarow,andopenuplargeareasofterritory.MakeWeiGuothehegemonoftheCentralPlains.

AfterWeiWenhou'sdeath,hissonWeiWuhoucametothethrone.DuringWeiWuhou'sreign,heappointedmilitarystrategistWuQitocarryoutreforms,andthenationalpowercontinuedtorise.BythetimeWeiHui,thesonofWeiWuhou,reigned,theStateofWeihaddominatedtheCentralPlainsforahundredyears.In343BC,KingWeiHuiledtheprincestomeetwithEmperorZhou,whichofficiallymarkedthatWeibecametheoverlordofthenewgeneration.

  • QinQinisking

Theswordsoftheprinces(8photos)

WhenQiStatepassedtoKingQiWei,KingWeiappointedZouJiastheministertoreformpolitics,andTianJiandSunBinasgenerals,andQibecamepowerful.In353BC,theStateofQidefeatedtheStateofWeiinGuiling.In341BC,QidefeatedWeiJunagainatMaling.In334BC,KingWeiandKingWeiHui"willmeetthekingofXuzhou"andofficiallybecamekings.Inhislateryears,theprimeministerZouJicompetedwiththegeneralTianJi.In322BC,TianJiattackedLinziandsoughtZouJi.Afterlosingthewar,TianJifledtoChuState.ItwasnotuntilKingXuancametothethronethathewascalledbacktothecountrytoresumehisoldpost.

In338BC,QinXiaogongdied,andthecrownprincewasstandingasthekingofQinHuiwen.Atthistime,theoldaristocratswhowere"persecuted"byShangYang'snewlawanddeprivedoftheirpoliticalprivilegesattackedtogetherandlaunchedacounterattackagainstShangYang.Inordertoeasethecontradiction,KingQinHuiwentookoutShangYangasascapegoatandchasedShangYang.AlthoughShangYangdied,"QinFawasnotdefeated."KingQinHuiwencontinuedtopursuethestatepolicysinceShangYang'sreforms,anddevelopexternally.In325BC,KingHuiwenQinbecameking.TheQinarmyunitedwithHanandWeiattackedQiChu,defeatedYiquKingdom,annexedBashu,andtookcontrolofthestrategicinitiativetofightagainsttheprincesofShandong.

  • RenaissanceofChuKingdom

IntheWarringStatesPeriod,thesixmajorpowershaveallcarriedoutOne-sidedorcomprehensivepoliticalandeconomicreforms,onlytheStateofChu,whichlivesinthesouth,hasstoodstillandhasnotchangedabit.In400BC,thethreekingdomsofHan,Zhao,andWeiwhoseparatedfromtheJinDynastyrepeatedlyattackedChubyalliedforces.Inordertomakethecountryrichandstrong,thereigningkingofChuMourningappointedWuQiandbegantoreformandrevitalizethecountry,sothatthenationalpowerofChuquicklybecamestronger.DuetotheuntimelydeathofKingChuMourning,WuQilosthisstrongbackingandwasbrutallykilledbytheoldnobles.Duetotheshortperiodoftimeforthereform,theresultsofthereformhavenotbeenfullyconsolidated.

BythetimeofKingChuWei,Chu'sterritoryhadexpandedtoPakistan,approachingYue,andprosperedforawhile.In306BC,theMinisterofChuhuai,ZhaoHua,ledhisarmytoattack,conqueredthearearuledbytheformerWuKingdom,andestablishedJiangdongCounty.

  • Hufuridingandshooting

ZhaoWuling,atalentedandcourageousandaspiringTheloftymonarch.Duringhisreign,hecarriedoutthefar-reaching"Huclothingcavalryandshooting".SoldiersacrossthecountrychangedthetraditionalwidewaruniformstocompactHuuniforms,andchangedthetraditionalinfantry-basedarmystructuretocavalryandcrossbowsoldiers.Asthemainbodyofthearmy.

Imagineinrealitytodayifthenationalarmychangestoaclothingandservicetyperegardedasabordertribe,theresistancewillbegreat.ButZhaoWulingdidit.

Thepolicyof"Huclothingridingandshooting",abandoningtheCentralPlains'wide-clothesbeltandchariottactics,replacedwithshort-shirts,tightsleeves,beltties,leatherboots,andsingle-mancavalrytactics.Strongnationalpower.ZhaoYudongdefeatedZhongshanState,andNorthwestdefeatedLinHuandLoufan.ThreecountiesofYunzhong,Yanmen,andDaiweresetupinthenewlyopenedareainthenorth,andthe"ZhaoGreatWall"wasbuiltfromZhangjiakou,HebeitodaytoWuyuanCounty,BayannaoerCity,InnerMongolia.

  • Koreanweapons

SouthKoreabordersWeiandZhaointhenorth,Qiintheeast,andChuinthesouth.,Qinisinthewest,andenemiesareonallsides.Fortunately,SouthKoreaisfearedbyallcountrieswithitsfamousweapon-thecrossbow.Theso-called"theworld'smostpowerfulcrossbowscomefromKorea."SouthKoreancrossbowscanshoot800metersaway.Inaddition,SouthKorea’sswordsarealsoextremelysharp.Theyare"thelandcutsthecattleandhorses,andthewatercutsthegeese."

In375BC,HanusedhismilitaryforcetodestroytheancientCentralPlainscountryZheng.ThestrongestSouthKoreawaswhenHanZhaohouwasinpower.Hislegalist'sapplicationwasnotharmful,hisinternalaffairswereclear,andSouthKoreabecameawell-offrule.BecauseitislocatedintheCentralPlains,SouthKoreaissurroundedbyWei,Qi,Chu,andQin,sothereisnoroomfordevelopmentatall,andthecountryisalsothesmallestofthesevencountries.

  • TheYanKingdomcutsdowntheHu

WhentheYanzhaoKing,therewastheYanZhaoQinKai,inAsthehostageofthecountryofYan,Donghupeopletrusthimverymuch.AfterQinKaireturnedtoChina,heattackedDonghuwithtroops,"EastHuwasmorethanathousandmilesaway."Asaresult,theborderofYanStatemovedeastwardformorethanathousandmiles,greatlyexpandingtheterritoryofYanState,andYanStateimmediatelybegantobuildtheNorthGreatWall.

ThefalloftheZhouDynasty

In440BC,KingZhouKaoassignedhisbrotherJitothecityandestablishedtheKingdomofZhou(thePrincipalityoftheWesternZhouDynasty).In367BC,GongZigenrebelled,andZhaoandSouthKoreasupportedGongZigenandforcedZhouXianwangtosealJigenYugong.Sofar,theZhouDynastyWangJibelongedtotheWesternandEasternZhouPrincipalities,andtheZhouprinceswereleftinthepalaceoftheEasternZhouPrincipality.In307yearsago,theQinarmyleftthepalaceafterthekingofZhouDynasty,andthekingofZhouDynastymovedtotheroyalcityoftheWesternZhouDynasty.In256yearsago,QindestroyedthePrincipalityoftheWesternZhouDynasty,theKingofZhouZhediedofillness,andtheWesternZhouDynastywasdestroyed.Inthefirst249years,QindestroyedthePrincipalityofEasternZhouDynasty.

In256BC,KingZhouZhe(nǎn)believedinKingChuKaolieandsummonedthesixnationstofightagainstQininthenameoftheemperor,butfailedbecausethesixnationsdidnotcooperate.In246BC,thekingofQinYingzhengcametothethrone.HeappointedWeiLiao,LiSiandotherstospeedupthepaceofreunification,usedmoneytobuytheofficialsofthesixcountries,disruptedthedeploymentofthesixcountries,andsenttroopstotheeastforyears.Aftermanyyearsofwar,fromtheQinState'sdestructionofKoreain230BCtothedestructionofQiin221BC,thesixeasterncountrieshaveunifiedforQinandestablishedacentralizedstate.

Territory

Territoryarea

ThenorthernterritoryofthevassalkingdomunderthejurisdictionoftheemperoroftheZhouDynastyhasreachedtheareaof​​KazuoandChaoyangintoday’sLiaoning,andtheWeiheRiverinGansutothewest.Upstream,thenorthwestreachestheHuoshanareaof​​theFenheRiverBasin,theprincesQiluintheeastreachestheShandongPeninsula,thesouthreachestheHanRiver,andthesoutheastreachesthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverandtheTaihuLake.

Thebiggestperiod

DuringthereignofChengkang,theZhouDynastyenteredaperiodofearlyprosperity,andJizialsowenttotheNorthKoreaarea,whichwasforJiziKorea.

Atthistime,theHuaiyiintheHuaishuiareasurrendered,andtherestoftheShangDynastysurvivorsarestayingintheSuiyangDistrictofShangqiu,Henantoday.ItistheSongState.Duringthisperiod,SushenfromthenortheastofourcountryheardabouttheheroicfigureofKingZhouCheng'seastwardmarch,andspeciallycametopaytribute.

Atthistime,theterritoryoftheZhouDynastyreachedtheLiaodongPeninsulainthenortheast,thesouthernShaanxiareainthenorthwest,andtheYangtzeRiverinthesouth.Atthistime,theterritoryoftheZhouDynastywasthemostextensive.

Administrativedivisions

ZhouWuWangJifadividedthechildrenandheroesofthefamilysurnameJiastheprincesofthecountries,thefifthclass:Gong,Hou,uncle,son,male,whichislessthanthefifthclass.Asavassal.

Inthe"Xunzi·Ruxiao"chapter:"Establishedintheseventy-onecountry,Jisurnamed53peoplealone."

"ZuoZhuan"Zhaogong28yearsagainsaid"Therearefiveoutoftenpeopleinthecountryofbrothers,andfortypeopleinthecountryofthesurnameJi",thisistheoriginofthe"feudal"ofChina'sfeudallordswiththesamesurname.

Lookattheentry"ListofZhouDynastyPrinces"indetail.

Politics

CentralSystem

Accordingtotheweeklysystem,theprincesofgreatpowerscansometimesalsoserveasofficialsoftheroyalfamily.example.Theofficialsystemsetupbytheprincesinhisfeudalcountrywasroughlyequaltothatoftheroyalfamily,andthearmyeachbecamethemasterofoneside.

TheemperorofZhouhasgreaterauthorityovertheprinces,andtheprincescanstillobeyorderstopaytribute.Inthethirteenthyearof"ZuoZhuan"Zhaogongsaid:"Inthepast,theemperor'stributeisinorderofmagnitude,andthetributeoftheprincesisheavy,andthesystemoftheweekisalso."ZhouTianzihadtherighttointerfereintheinternalaffairsoftheprinces,andsometimessentenvoystotheprincestosupervisethecountry,andtheywerecalled"princesandprisons"togetherwiththeprinces.

DuringtheWesternZhouDynasty,theEmperorZhouwasstillabletoordertheprincestoentertheEasternZhouDynasty,andtheauthorityoftheZhouroyalfamilydeclined,andmostoftheprincesdidnotfulfilltheirobligationstotheroyalfamily.TheroyalfamilyitselfalsodependedonthegreatpowersofJinandZhengYuweiatthattime,nottomentionthematteroforderingtheprinces.ZhouZheng'sintercoursewith"ShootingKingShoulder"alsolosttheonlyremainingmajestyofZhou'semperor.

However,theprincesofthecountriesarestillthesubjectsoftheZhoukinginname.ExceptfortheKingdomofChu,thereisnoslanderousactofproclaimingtheking.QiHuangongproposedtorespectthekingandfightagainstthebarbarian,moretoservehisownnationalinterests,butitalsoincreasedtheprestigeoftheZhoukingslightly.Mostofthefivetyrantsalsoactedunderthisslogan,thatis,superficiallyrespecttheking,butactuallyexpandandmerge.

AfterenteringtheWarringStatesPeriod,mostofthecountry'smergershavebeencompleted.Thereareonlymorethan20vassalstatesleftintheZhouDynasty.IntheWarringStatesperiod,exceptforWeiHuiandQiWei,whohadactedinthedynastyandZhouDynasty,theywerealsoactingasashow.ThemonarchsoftheothervassalstatesnolongeractedinthedynastyandZhoudynasty.

  • ShiqingandShilu

TheKingofZhouisthesupremerulerofthecountry.SecondtothetwobureaucratsofZhouWangyouandBao.ThedivisionandBaoaretheTaishiandTaibao.Theycontrolthemilitaryandpoliticalpoweroftheimperialcourtandaretheguardiansoftheyouthandmonarchs.Thispoliticalelderguardianshipsystemdevelopedfromtheritualsystemofchildcareandguardianshipinaristocratichomesandformedanofficialposition.

Thecentralgovernmenthastwomajorbureaucraticsystems,namelyQingshiliaoandTaishiliao.

  • Qingshiliao

The"Qingshi"inBronzeisthe"QingShi"."Shuowen"says:"Skills,thingsarealso."Botharecalled"Liao",indicatingthattheywerethetwomajorgovernmentofficesatthattime.TheQingShiliwasinchargeofthe"threethingsandfourdirections"ofthedynasty.Theso-called"threethings"refertothethreemajorpoliticalaffairswithinWangJi;the"quartet"referstotheaffairsofprincesoutsideWangJi.ThechiefofQingshiliaowasTaibaoandTaishiintheearlyperiod,andTaishiafterthemiddleperiod.

Officialsaremainlythe"ThreeYousi",namelySima,Situ(Apprentice),andSigong(Empty).Situistheofficialwhoisinchargeoflandandapprenticeship;Simaistheofficialwhoisinchargeofmilitarygifts;Sikongistheofficialwhoisinchargeofconstructionprojectsandsoon.Inadditiontothethreedivisions,thereisSiKou,anofficerinchargeofprisonpoliceandothermatters,andhisstatusislow.Therearealso"Shishi","AsianBrigade",and"TigerGiant",whoareofficersinchargeofthemilitarybrigade.Thereare"funhorses",theofficialswhoshovehorses,andthe"dinners",theofficialswhoadministertheking'sfoodandtelltheking'sorders.

"Inancienttimes,thereisnodistinctionbetweenmilitaryandpunishment.ThechiefsofQingshiliao,bothTaishiandTaibao,havethepowerofmilitaryandpoliticalpower,sobothShaoGongandZhouGonghavegonetowar.

  • Taishiliao

ThechiefofficerofTaishiliaoisTaishi,whoisinchargeofordering,makingstatutes,sacrifices,seasons,picturesandbooks,etc.,bothasacivilianTheleaderofanofficialisalsotheleaderofaclergyofficial,whosestatusissecondonlytoQingshiliao.Accordingtothe"BookofRites·Qulixia",therearemainly"sixmajors",namely:Dazai,Dazong,Dashi,Dazhu,DaShi,DaBu.The"sixmajors"arealsoknownas"heavenofficials."Theseofficialpositionsmayberelativelyprimitive,andtheymayberegardedaspriests.Amongthesix,Taishiisthelongest.TaishiandTaishi,LiketheTaibao,theycanallbecalled"gong".Forexample,whenthepublicofficialiscalledtheTaibao,theZhouGongguanistheTaishi,theBiGongguanhastheTaishi,andtheyareallrespectedas"gong".

ZhouDynasty,"Themajoreventsofthecountrylieinworshipandbattle",somostofthesixofficials’dutiesarecloselyrelatedtoreligiousaffairs.Afterthemid-term,religiousfunctionsgraduallyweakenedinthepoliticalinstitutions,"thereforeMingBao,MingGong,HuangTianYinDaBao,DaBao,etc.Theofficialpositionofthegovernmenthasdisappeared,whichmeanstheexpansionofgovernmentofficialpositionsandthedevelopmentofthebureaucracyoftheWesternZhouKingdom.

Feudalsystem

ZhoupracticedgreatfeudalismandestablishedapatriarchalfeudalsystemwithZhouemperorasthesuzerain.Zhoureferredtothesevassalsas"ZhuXia",andcollectivelyreferredtotheplaceswherethevassalsweredistributed,includingtheoriginalXiaandShangruledareas,asthe"ZhuXia",whichwasalsoregardedasthecreationofYuDaYu.Theplaceiscalled"Yuji"or"YuJi".AtthebeginningoftheWesternZhouDynasty,thelandofthecapitalwascalled"China",andlaterthetermwasextendedtotheentire"ZhuXia",oftenreferredtoas"ZhuXia"as"China".DuringtheWesternZhouDynasty,thethreetribesoftheoriginalXiapeople,merchants,andZhoupeoplemergedintooneandabsorbedtheelementsofothertribalgroups.Thepolitical,economic,andculturalaspectsweremoreunified,andtheChinesenationalcommunitywasbasicallyformed.Feudalismisalsocalledenfeoffment,whichistheoriginalmeaningof"feudalism"inancientChinese;"feudalism"inancientdocumentsmeans"feudalism".DuringtheZhouDynasty,thefeudalsystemwasasocialsysteminwhichtheZhouroyalfamilydividedtheterritoryintoprinces.Underthefeudalsystem,thecountry’slandwasnotentirelyownedbytheZhouroyalfamily,butwasownedbytheprinceswhoobtainedthefeudalland.Theyhadalltheresourcesofthefeudalland.AndthebenefitscanbefulfilledbypayingacertaintributetotheZhouroyalfamily,whichisequivalenttotherelationshipbetweentheEuropeankingdomsintheMiddleAgesandtheHolySee,whichisthebasisofthefederationinthemodernsense.KingZhouisaco-owner(theco-lordisaleadermodelleftoverfromtheclansociety,andYuisthelastclanco-lord).Intheory,thelandoftheprincescanberecoveredandredistributedbytheZhouroyalfamilyaftertheirdeath,butitisgenerallyhereditary.

Thepatriarchalsystem

ThissystemwasestablishedintheXiaDynasty,developedintheShangDynasty,completedintheZhouDynasty,andinfluencedthelaterfeudaldynasties.AccordingtothepatriarchalsystemoftheZhouDynasty,theclansweredividedintomajorclansandminorclans.ThekingofZhoucalledhimselftheSonofHeaven,andhewascalledthegreatmasteroftheworld.Theemperor’ssonsotherthantheeldestsonweremadeprinces.Theprincesareminorstotheemperor,buttheyarebigonesinhisfeudalcountry.Theothersonsoftheprincesweredividedintodoctors.DoctorQingisasmallclantotheprinces,butitisabigclaninhisbenefice.Thesameistruefromdoctorstoscholars.Therefore,theeldestsonsofthenoblesarealwaysbigsects(zongzi)ofdifferentranks.Dazongnotonlyenjoystherighttoruleoverclanmembers,butalsoenjoyspoliticalprivileges.Later,therulersofvariousdynastiesreformedthepatriarchalsystemandgraduallyestablishedafeudalpatriarchalsystemcomposedofpoliticalpower,clanpower,divinepower,andhusbandpower.

Thewell-fieldsystem

Thewell-fieldsystemisthelandstate-ownedsysteminancientChinesesociety.IthaswrittenrecordsduringtheShangDynastyandprevailedintheWesternZhouDynasty.Atthattime,roadsandchannelscriss-crossed,dividingthelandintosquares,shapedlikethe"well",soitwascalledthe"wellfieldsystem."TheminefieldbelongedtothekingofZhouandwasallocatedtothecommonpeople.Lordsarenotallowedtobuy,sellortransferminefields,butalsopaycertaintributes.Thelordforcedthecommonpeopletocollectivelycultivatewellfields,withprivatefieldssurroundingthem,andpublicfieldsinthemiddle.Anditsessenceisalandprivatesystem.(Xia,ShangandWesternZhou,alllandbelongstothecountry).

Thesystemofetiquetteandmusic

Chimes(2photos)

Thecustomsandhabitsoftheclansystemweredevelopedandtransformed,andusedasameanstorulethepeopleandconsolidatetheinternalrelationsofthenobility.Thepurposeistomaintainitspatriarchalsystemandmonarchy,clanpower,husbandpower,andtheocracy.Ithasthefunctionofmaintainingthehereditaryandhierarchicalsystemofthenobilityandstrengtheningtherule.Atthattime,manyeconomicandpoliticalrulesandregulationswereoftenrunthroughtheholdingofvariousrituals,andtheywereestablishedandmaintainedbytheholdingofvariousrituals.

InthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod,therewasasituationof"disintegrationofritualsandmusic."Whentheseofficialsseizedthepowerofthemonarch,theynotonlyarrogantlyusedtheprinces'rituals,butalsoarrogantlyusedtheritesoftheemperor.Accordingtotheceremony,theemperor’sdanceuses"eight佾"("佾"means"column",eachcolumnhaseightpeople,andeight佾64people).Atthistime,JiSunalsoused"eight佾danceinthecourt",Confuciusreprimanded:"Itistolerable,andwhichisunbearable!"Accordingtotheceremony,theemperorsacrificedhisancestorsandsangthepoem"Yong"toremovethesacrifices.Atthistime,allthreeofLu'sfamilies"retreatedwith"Yong","KongQiubelievedThiskindofthingshouldn'tcomefromthe"houseofthreefamilies."Accordingtotheceremony,onlytheemperorcan"travel"(sacrifice)toMountTai.Atthistime,JiSun"traveledtoMountTai",andKongQiuaccusedhimofnotknowingetiquette.Dr.Qing's"arrogance"isessentiallyamanifestationoftheseizureofpoliticalpower.

Accordingtorecords,intheWesternZhouDynasty,emperorsusedJiuding,princesusedQiding,ShijiaSandingorYiding.IntheEasternZhouDynasty,theemperorandtheprincesusedJiuding,QingusedQiding,doctorsusedWuding,ShijiaSandingorYiding.Theemperor’sfirstheydaycattle,called"Tailao",thefollowingShengsheep,hog,fish,fat,stomach,fat,freshfish,freshwax;theprincesuseQiding,alsoknownas"DaLao",reducefreshmeat,freshwaxTwoflavors;DoctorQingusesfivetripods,called"ShaoLao",whichisthebestforsheep,hog,fish,wax,andskin;scholarsusethreetripodstoprosperhog,fish,andwax,andscholarsalsouseatripodforprosperoushog.Theritualandmusicsystemismainlyusedtomaintainthepatriarchalsystemandmonarchy,clanpower,husbandpower,anddivinepower."XunziRitualTheoryChapter"says:"Therearethreebooksofritual:hewhoistheheavenandtheearthisthebasisoflife;theancestoristhebasisofclass(ethnic);theruleristhebasisofgovernance."Theearth,respectingtheancestorsandtheemperor,arethethreebooksofrituals."Asthe"threebooksofrituals",theheavenandtheearthrepresentthepowerofthegods,theancestorsrepresentthepoweroftheclan,andtheemperorrepresentsthepoweroftheemperor.Later,therulersusedheaven,earth,princes,relatives,andteachersasthemainobjectsofworship,basedonthistheory.

Nationalandoppositionsystem

IntheShangDynasty,thesystemofnationaloppositionisgenerallydifficulttodetermine.ThesystemofstateandwildnessintheWesternZhouDynastywasthemosttypical.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriod,thesystemofstateandwildnessbegantodisintegrate,andintheWarringStatesperiod,itwasgenerallyprefecturesandcounties.Atthebeginningoftheweek,ZhouGong'sconquestandarmedcolonization.

TheZhouDynastywasdevelopedfromthe"LittleBangZhou"betweenQi,WeiandHeluo.Aftersuccessfullyreplacingthe"GreatStateYin"andhavingtheworld,theforcescouldnoteffectivelycontrolalltheterritoryoftheShangDynasty.InmostareasoftheoriginalShangDynasty,thepeopleandZhoupeoplewereverydifferentincultureandotheraspects.InordertofurtherstabilizethecontroloftheEasternLand,ZhouGongconqueredtheeasttodestroytheforcesofShangYinandhisallianceHuaiyi.AfterthevictoryoftheEasternExpedition,afterthecountrywantedtogivethesamesurname,differentsurnames,andancientemperorstothenewlyoccupiedEast,the"FanPingZhou"wasused.ThiskindofenfeoffmentatthebeginningoftheZhouDynastywasactuallyakindofarmedcolonization.Theseimportantarmedcolonialstrongholdsmainlyinclude:Qi,Lu,Yan,Yi(Wu),Jiangandotherprinces.Stateandopposition.

AfterthenoblesentrustedbytheZhouDynastyandthecommunefarmersledbythementeredthenewlyoccupiedarea,theyfirstestablishedamilitarystronghold.Suchstrongholdswerecalled"city"and"state".".Thevastareaoutsidethe"state"iscalled"wildness".Boththedynasty'sGuineiandthevassalstateshavesuchadistinctionbetweenthecountryandthewild,thatis,thedifferencebetweenthevillages.

WangJiregardedahundredmilesawayfromthecityasthesuburbs,thesuburbsasthetownships,andtheoutskirtsasthesuccesses.Thedynastyhassixtownshipsandsixsui,andthebigcountryhasthreetownsandthreesui.The"country"oftheZhouDynastywasdifferentfromthelatercommercialcitiesinthatithadnofunctionofregulatingproductionfor"wildness".Theirlivelihoodsgenerallydependonthesupplyof"wildness",sotheZhoupeople'scolonialstateisalsountamed.

Thedistinctionbetweenthenationalandthewildalsodrivesthedifferentpoliticalstatusofthenationalsandthewilds.TheChineseandthesavagesbelongtothecivilianclass.

Theso-calledShiQingreferstothoseundertheemperororprinceswhohaveinheritedthestatusofaprinceandholdpower.Forexample,thepostofZhouGongwasinheritedbyZhouGongdan'sfamilyuntilthemiddleofEasternZhouDynasty,andtherewasalsothepostofZhaoGong.Thiskindofempiresystemandethnicgroupsarebothexternalandexternal.Theruleofgenerationsisbasedonthehabitofco-governancebytheclan,andtheexistenceoftheclanalsodependsonthecontrolofthegovernmentfromgenerationtogeneration.

Theclaninchargemusttrytocontroltheirvestedinterests,andmembersofthesameclanarenoteasilyexcludedfromthecircleofrightsandinterests.Therefore,LuYouSanhuanandZhengYouQimuwereallbrothers.SongHua'sfamilywasmoreinpower.Theso-called"politicsbytheNingclan"referstotheclan.

Theidentityandstatusofthefamilyisnotdeterminedbytheemperorandthemonarch,butbyhereditary.AristocraticclanshavethesamesurnameasthekingofZhoubutdifferentsurnames,andtheirformationhastheirowncharacteristics.MostoftheShiqinggiantsoftheZhouroyalfamilywerethenoblesoftheEasternExpeditionintheearlyZhouDynasty.DuringtheEasternExpeditionintheearlyZhouDynasty,somesonsoftencolonizedtheforeigncountriestoestablishthecountry,andsomesonsstayedbehindtheroyalfamilytoassistthegovernment.ThisiswhatWuzisaidintheSpringandAutumnPeriod,"theinnersurnameischosenbytherelatives,andtheforeignsurnameischosenbytheold..

Military

Itisverylikelythataroundthesametime,theChineseinventedthecrossbow,whichhasbeenamajorweaponformostofthehistoryofChina.Otheradvancesinmilitarytechnologyincludethosetacticalimprovementsrelatedtoattackinganddefendingwalledcities.

Economy

InthelateZhouDynasty,industryandcommerceundoubtedlydevelopedconsiderably,althoughlikemanyothersituations,itisimpossibletoaccuratelyestimatewhathappened.Animportantsignistheappearanceofdifferentfixed-valuemetalcurrenciesindifferentcountries,especiallyinthe5thand4thcenturiesBC."HistoricalRecords"andotherhistoricalrecordsalsorecordseveralwell-knownbusinessmen,firstofall,Confucius'discipleZiGong,untiltheprimeministerLuBuweishortlybeforeQinunifiedthecountry.Largemerchantsdonotdealinmajorcommodities.Theyarelargeinquantityandeasilybroken,andonlyprofitablewhentheyareinshortsupply;theyprefertoconcentrateonluxurygoodsorbenefitfromthemountains.Thegovernmentdoesnotdirectlycareaboutthesecommoditieslikethemaincommoditiesofthecollectionanddistribution.

Culture

Ahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend

Confucius,therepresentativefigureofConfucianism(2photos)

1.Confucianism,representativefigure:Confucius,Mencius,Xunzi.Works:"SpringandAutumn","Mencius","Xunzi".Proposition:ConfucianismisoneoftheimportantschoolsintheWarringStatesPeriod.ItisrepresentedbyConfuciusintheSpringandAutumnPeriod,anditadvocates"benevolenceandrighteousness",advocates"loyaltyandforgiveness"andtheimpartial"moderate",andadvocates"benevolentgovernance"andharmony."Benevolentgovernance"isanacademicschoolthatvalues​​moralandethicaleducationandhumanself-cultivation.

Confucianismemphasizesthefunctionofenlightenmentandbelievesthatpeopleregardlessofcategorycanbeenlightened.Advocating"thereisnokindofeducation",boththerulerandtheruledshouldbeeducated,sothatthewholecountrywillbecomeaneducatedperson.

Inpolitics,healsoadvocatesrulingthecountrywithbenevolenceandpersuadingpeoplewithvirtue,callingfortherestorationof"benevolenceandjustice",andbelievesthat"benevolenceandjustice"istheidealroadtoachieveidealpolitics.AtthetimeoftheWarringStatesPeriod,therewereeightschoolsofConfucianism,thetwoimportantonesbeingMenciusandXunzi.

2.Taoism,representativefigures:Laozi,Zhuangzi,andYangZhu.Works:"TaoDeJing","Zhuangzi".Proposition:TaoismisoneoftheimportantschoolsduringtheWarringStatesPeriod,alsoknownas"moralists".ThisschoolusesLaoTzu'stheoryof"Tao"asitstheoreticalbasis,anduses"Tao"toexplainthenature,origin,compositionandchangesofallthingsintheuniverse.Hebelievesthatheavendoesnothing,andallthingsarenaturallytransformed,deniesthatgodsandghostsdominateeverything,advocatesthewaytobenatural,letitbenatural,advocatesquietnessandinaction,keepsthefemaleandthesoft,andusesthesofttoovercometherigid.Thepoliticalidealis"asmallcountrywithfewpeople"and"rulebydoingnothing."AfterLaozi,Taoismdividedintodifferentschools.Therearefourfamousschools:ZhuangziSchool,YangZhuSchool,SongYinSchoolandHuangLaoSchool.

3.Mohist,representativefigure:Mozi.Work:"Mozi".Proposition:MohistschoolisoneoftheimportantschoolsintheWarringStatesPeriod,anditsfounderisMoDi.Thisschoolisbasedonthedoctrineof“toloveeachotherandbenefiteachother”asthebasisofthedoctrine:Harmony,treatothersasyourself;Harmoniouslove,thatis,loveyourneighborasyourself."Loveintheworld"canachievethepurposeof"benefiteachother".Politically,headvocatesrespectingthevirtuous,thesameandnon-attack;economically,headvocatestheuseofthissection;ideologically,headvocatesrespectingtheheavensandtheghosts.Atthesametime,healsoputforwardthepropositionof"non-fate",emphasizingtorelyonone'sownstrengthtodoit.

TheMofamilyhasastrictorganization,andmostofitsmemberscomefromthelowerclassesofsociety.Accordingtolegend,allofthemcangothroughfireandswordstoinspirethemselves.Thedisciplesarethosewhoengageindebates,called"Mobian";thosewhoengageinmartialarts,arecalled"Moxia";theleaderiscalled"Ju(ju)son".Hisdisciplinewasstrict.Accordingtolegend,"ThelawoftheMohist,themurdererdied,andthewoundedpersonwastortured","LvShichunqiu·GoingtoPrivate",afterMoDidied,hesplitintothreefactions.InthelateWarringStatesperiod,itmergedintotwobranches:onefocusedonepistemology,logic,mathematics,optics,mechanicsandotherdisciplines,calledthe"Mohistschool"(alsoknownas"lateMohistschool"),andtheotherbranchwastransformedintotheQinandHandynasties.Therangerofsociety.

4.Legalists,representatives:HanFei,LiSi,ShangYang.Works:"HanFeizi","ShangJunshu","Guanzi".Proposition:LegalismwasoneoftheimportantschoolsintheWarringStatesPeriod.ItwascalledLegalismbecauseitadvocatedthatthecountryshouldbegovernedbylaw.DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,GuanZhongandZiChanwerethepioneersofLegalists.AtthebeginningoftheWarringStatesPeriod,LiLi,ShangYang,ShenBuhui,ShenDaoandothersfoundedtheSchoolofLegalism.BytheendoftheWarringStatesPeriod,HanFeiintegratedShangYang's"law",ShenDao's"power"andShenBuhui's"technique"tointegratethegreatachievementsoflegalistthoughtsanddoctrines.

Intermsofeconomy,thisschooladvocatestheabolitionofminefields,emphasizesagricultureandbusiness,andrewardsfarmingwars;politically,itadvocatestheabolitionoffeudalization,theestablishmentofcounties,themonarchy,theuseoftechniques,andtheruleofseverepenalties;Intermsofideologyandeducation,headvocatesbanningthedoctrinesofallscholars,teachingthelawandtheofficialsasteachers.Hisdoctrineprovidedtheoreticalbasisandactionstrategyfortheestablishmentofaunifiedmonarchydynasty.The"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"recorded217worksoflegalists,andnearlyhalfofthemareinexistence.Themostimportantoneis"ShangjunBook"and"HanFeizi".

5.Militarystrategists,representativefigures:SunWu,SunBin.Works:"SunTzu'sArtofWar","SunBin'sArtofWar".

6.Famousartistsandrepresentativefigures:DengXi,HuiShi,GongsunLong,HuanTuan.Work:"GongsunLongzi".MasterswereoneoftheimportantschoolsoftheWarringStatesPeriod.TheywerecalledMastersbylatergenerationsbecausetheywereengagedindebatingnames(names,concepts)andreality(facts,reality)astheirmainacademicactivities.Atthattime,peoplewerecalled"debtors","chats"or"Xing(form)masters".RepresentativesareHuiShiandGongsunLong.

7.FamilyofYinandYang,representative:ZouYan.Proposition:TheYin-YangfamilywasoneoftheimportantschoolsoftheWarringStatesPeriod,namedforitsadvocacyofthetheoryofYin-YangandFiveElementsandusingittoexplainsocialandhumanaffairs.Thisschoolshouldoriginatefromtherulingclassinchargeofastronomicalcalendarsinancienttimes.Theyin-yangschoolbelievesthatyinandyangarethetwoopposingandtransformingpowersofthingsthemselves,whichcanbeusedtoexplainthelawofdevelopmentandchangeofthings.TheFiveElementsTheorybelievesthateverythingiscomposedoffiveelements:wood,fire,earth,gold,andwater.Therearetwolawsofmutualgrowthandmutualvictory(葜),whichcanbeusedtoexplaintheoriginandchangeofallthingsintheuniverse.ZouYanintegratedthetwo,basedonthetheoryofthefiveelementsintergrowthandwineachother,interpretedtheattributesofthefiveelementsas"fivevirtues",createdthe"fivevirtuestheory",anduseditasthelawoftheriseandfallofsuccessivedynasties,whichisanewunifieddynasty.Theestablishmentofthisprovidesatheoreticalbasis.Twenty-onekindsofworksofthisschoolwererecordedin"HanShu·YiWenZhi",allofwhichhavebeenscatteredandlost.The"BookofRites·Yueling",whichwascompletedinthelaterperiodoftheWarringStatesPeriod,issaidtobetheworkoftheYin-Yangfamily.SomeofthearticlesinGuanZibelongtotheworksoftheYin-Yangfamily,andsomematerialsfromtheYin-Yangfamilyareretainedin"LuShiChunQiu·YingTong","HuaiNanZi·QiSuXun",and"HistoricalRecords·TheBookofEmperorQinShiHuang".

8.Strategists,representativefigures:Guiguzi,ZhangYi,GongsunYan,SuQin.Themainremarksarepassedonin"WarringStatesPolicy"and"GhostValleyClassic".Proposition:StrategistsarecounsellorswhousedthestrategyofpersuadingtheprincesandengagedinpoliticalanddiplomaticactivitiesduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.Listedasoneofthehundredsofscholars.ThemainrepresentativesareZhangYi,GongsunYan,SuQinandsoon.

DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,thesouthandthenorthwereunitedvertically,andthewestandeastwereconnectedhorizontally.SuandQinforceYan,Zhao,Han,Wei,Qi,andChutouniteverticallytorejectQin,whileZhangYitriedtobreaktheunitedverticalandconnected.ThehorizontalsixkingdomsweredividedintoQin,andthepoliticalstrategistgotitsname.TheiractivitieshadanimportantimpactonthechangesinthepoliticalandmilitarystructureduringtheWarringStatesPeriod."WarringStatesPolicy"hasalotofrecordsofitsactivities.Accordingtothe"Hanshu·ArtandLiteratureHistory",thepoliticalstrategistoncewrote"SixteenHundredandSevenChapters".

9.Miscellaneousfamily,representative:LuBuweiWork:"LuShichunqiu".Proposition:ZajiaisacomprehensiveschoolattheendoftheWarringStatesperiod.Itisnamedafter"consolidationofConfucianismandMohism,combinednamingmethod","TheTaoismoftheHundredSchoolsisallincompatibility"("HanShu.YiWenZhi"andYanShiGuAnnotation).The"LüShiChunQiu"compiledbyQinXiangLuBuweigatheredtogethertheguests,isatypicalcollectionofworksbymiscellaneousartists.

10.Farmer,representative:XuXing.Proposition:ThepeasantfamilyisoneoftheimportantschoolsintheWarringStatesPeriod.Namedbecauseofitsemphasisonagriculturalproduction.Thisdispatchcomesfromanofficialwhomanagesagriculturalproductioninancienttimes.Theybelievethatagricultureisthefoundationoffoodandclothingandshouldbeplacedfirstinallwork."Mencius."TengWengong"recordsXuXingqi,"forShennong'swords",andproposesthatsagesshould"farmingandeatingwiththepeople,andgoverningbyfood",whichshowsthesocialandpoliticalidealsofthepeasantfamily.Thispartyalsopaysattentiontorecordingandsummarizingagriculturalproductiontechnologyandexperience.The"ShangNong","RenDi","BianTu"and"ShenShi"in"LuShiChunQiu"areconsideredtobeimportantmaterialsforthestudyofpre-Qinpeasanthouseholds.

11.Novelist,representative:YuChu.Work:"YuChuZhouShuo".Proposition:Novelist,oneofthetopteninthepre-Qinperiod,collectsfolklegendsandcommentsinordertoinvestigatefolkcustomsandcustoms."Thenovelistsarebornoutofbarnyardofficials.Thestreettalksandalleytalk,andthewordsaremadebythosewholistentothem."

Painting

ZhouDynastypaintings(4photos)

TheZhouDynastyliteraturerecordsarequiterich,especiallythemurals.Fromthecontentsreflectedinthe"ShanHaiJing"writtenintheWarringStatesPeriodandtheChuYuan's"TianWen"bythepoetQuYuan,wecanseethehugescaleofthemuralpaintingsatthattime,butunfortunatelytheyhavenotbeenpasseddowntothisday.Thepaintingsofthetimecanonlybeunderstoodfromthebronzewarepicture,thelacquerpictureandthetworemainingsilkpaintings.Throughthehugeandcomplexbronzepictures:mulberrypicking,hunting,shooting,feasting,waterandlandwarfare,etc.,itcanbeseenthatthecraftsmenoftheZhouDynastyhavequitehighabilitiesincompositionandimageshaping,andhaveinitiallymasteredbalanceandsymmetry,Thelawsofartsuchascontrast.Althoughduetoconditions,thecharactersinthepictureshavenofacialexpressions,buttheyhavevividmannersandproperproportions,whichindirectlyexpressthementalityofthecharacters,justasXunzisaidthattheshapesandtoolsareborn.Thelacquerunearthedfromthetombsareallpaintedwithpatternsandcolors.Simpleandlively,thecharactersonitarealsodynamic,thefacialexpressionsarerelativelysimple,thepaintingisstillintheearlyage,andtheinnocentandlivelycharacteristicsofchildhoodarefullyexpressed.Somelacquercoffinswerepaintedwithpaint,whichcanberegardedastheearliestoilpaintings.ThefoursilkpaintingsoftheWarringStatesthathavebeenhandeddowntothisday,especiallythe"CharacterDragonandPhoenixPicture"and"CharacterRoyalDragonPicture",representthehighestlevelofpaintingatthattime.Forexample,therearechangesincomposition,balance,dynamicratioofimage,linestrength,etc.,allhaveachievedcertainachievements.Especiallyinthe"CharacterRoyalDragon",thelinesarestrongandflexible.Thedepictionoftheimageofthemanwiththeswordandtheexpressivenessofthelinesaremoremature.ThecharacteristicsofChinesepaintingwithlinemodelinghavealreadyemerged.Thewidelydistributedandcolorfulrockpaintingsenrichthepaintingcontentfromanotherside.

Carving

ThecarvingskillsoftheZhouDynastyarefarfromtheleveloftheGreekcarvingsoftheperiod.Large-scalecarvingswithindependentsignificancehavenotbeendiscovered.Thecarvingsatthattimeweremainlyburiedmudandwoodfigurinesandjadecarvings.Products,madeintoanimal-shaped,human-shapedbronzeandlacquerware,andotherartsandcrafts.Intermsofthecomplexityofthetypeandtherichnessofthematerialtechnique,itisbeyondthereachofGreeksculpture.ThesculpturesthathavebeendiscoveredduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodaremadeoflacquerware,bronze,jade,mud,woodandothermaterials.Theimagesincludeanimals,figures,godsandmonsters,birds,dragonsandphoenixes,andthetechniquesincluderoundcarving,reliefsculpture,paintedpainting,andinlay.Theportrayalofcharacterscannotonlydistinguishthedifferencesinranks,genderandagecharacteristicsofmen,women,andchildren,butalsocharacterizeindividualcharacteristics.Thedecorative,painterly,andsymbolicfeaturesoftraditionalChinesesculptureshavealreadytakenshapeatthistime,andthistraditionalinfluenceisextremelyfar-reaching.

Calligraphy

Bronzeinscriptions(11photos)

ZhouDynastycalligraphyoccupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryofChinesecalligraphy.TheHeZuninscriptions(BronzeInscriptions)andStoneDrumInscriptionsrepresentthefirstclimaxofthedevelopmentofChinesecalligraphy.Theirstylesmaybevigorousandsimple,ordelicateandelegant.Theyhaveaspecialsenseofbeautyandaretreasuredbylatergenerations.ThefontsofMengshuandShortBook,whetheritisDanshuorZhushu,haveuniquecharm.Forexample,thebookofHoumaLeaguehasobviousmarksontheblade,strongturningandfrustration,andslightchangesinthethicknessofthelines.Thesealwritingprovidedtheearliestmodelforlatersealcarvingart.

Musicanddance

Musicanddancehavebeenvaluedbyrulersofthepastdynastiesandlovedbypeoplefromallwalksoflife,anditssocialroleisconsiderable.Fortheupperclass,musicanddancewerefirstusedformajorceremoniessuchassacrificesandbanquets,andforthepeople,itwasmainlyentertainmentandrest.Atfirst,courtmusicanddanceandfolkmusicanddancewerestrictlyseparated.IntheWarringStatesperiod,courtmusicanddanceabsorbedmanyfolkmusicanddanceelements,andproducedZhengsheng,Chudance,Chuyin,Songyin,Weiyin,Qiyinandothermusicanddance.Thesecourtmusicanddanceswithastrongfolkmusicanddancecolorarehistorical.Theinevitablephenomenonintheprogresshascausedpanicandoppositionfromsomeconservativepeople,butthechangesinmusicanddancearethesameasthehistoricalprogressandareirreversible.Judgingfromdocumentaryrecordsandunearthedobjects,thescaleofcourtmusicanddanceactivitiesduringtheWarringStatesPeriodwasverylarge.JudgingfromthedozensofsetsofbellsandchimesunearthedfromthetombofZenghouYi,itisnotonlylargeinscale,butalsotheinstrumentalfunctionsarequiteadvanced.Manyunresolvedissuesinthehistoryofmusic.Atthattime,inadditiontothemusicanddanceusedforsacrifices,religiousdancesusedforprayingforblessingsandremovingevilspiritswereverydeveloped,suchaswaxsacrificesandNuorites,whichwerepopularfromthecourttothefolk.ChuYinandChuWuarerepresentedbyQuYuan's"NineSongs".Intermsofmusictheory,allpre-Qinscholarshavetheirownmusicviews.Taoism,Mohism,andLegalismholdanegativeattitudetowardsmusicanddance,butthestartingpointofoppositionandthedegreeofnegationaredifferent:Confucianismaffirmsmusicanddance,whileConfucianism,Mencius,andXunhavetheirownemphasiswhileaffirming.Whetheritisaffirmativeornegative,theyallexpoundedtheirownreasons,andtheyallprovidedenlightenmentfromacertainaspect,whichareworthyoffutureresearch.

Technology

BronzeArt

TheZhouDynastywastheheydayofbronzesinChinesehistory.TheBronzeAgeincludedtheXia,Shang,andWednesdaydynasties,lastingaboutonethousandsixteen.Morethanahundredyears.Bronzewaresofthisperiodaremainlydividedintoritualinstruments,weaponsandmiscellaneousobjects.Musicalinstrumentsarealsomainlyusedinancestraltemplesacrificialactivities.Theritualvesselswereusedinancientrituals,orwereusedintemples,banquetsandtoilets,andsomewerespeciallymadeforburial.Amongallthebronzewares,theritualvesselsarethemostnumerousandthemostexquisitelycrafted.RitualmusicalinstrumentscanrepresentthehighestlevelofChinesebronzecraftsmanship.Thetypesofritualutensilsincludecookingutensils,foodutensils,wineutensils,waterutensilsandidols.TheZhouDynastybronzesarethemostexquisitelydecorated,andtherearemanytypesofculturalornaments.IntheZhouDynasty,thereappearedextremelyexquisiteandadvancedbronzes,usingmudcasting,investmentcasting(lostwaxmethod),brazing,inlaying,rivetingandotherbronzemakingtechniques,aswellasflatcarving,reliefcarving,roundcarving,opencarving,wronggold,Avarietyofdecorativetechniquessuchasinlays,combinedwiththepre-Qinbronzemanufacturingtechnology,reflecttheadvancedlevelofbronzesmeltingandcastinginmycountryatthattime.DuringtheEasternZhouDynasty,duetotherefinementofbronzecastingtechniques,unusuallyrichdecorativepatternsappeared,andsomewereinlaidwithgold,silverorjadematerials,whichmadethebronzesformamulti-colorperformanceeffect.

ChouDynastyCulturalRelics

WesternZhouDynastyBronze(2photos)

ZhouDynastyDoubleBeastBronze(4pieces)

TheThreeTreasuresofChina-DaKeDing(2photos)

TheculturalrelicsunearthedfromtheTomboftheEmperoroftheEasternZhouDynasty(LuoyangJincun)(2photos)

RelicsunearthedfromtheTomboftheEmperoroftheEasternZhouDynasty(7photos)

JadeCrafts

Duetosocial,economicandpoliticalchanges,theconceptofritualsystemoftheprinceshasbeenupdated.Giftjadeanddecoratedjade,whicharecloselyrelatedtotherulingclass,alsochanged,andthetypesofdecoratedjadeincreased.ThemaintypesofjadeintheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodare:Bi,Cong,Pipe,Bead,Wear,Cong,StringOrnaments,Le,Yuan,Ring,Jiu,Gui,Zhang,Handle,Ge,Hook,Frame,Dagger,etc.,Mostofthemareritualvessels,andafewaretoolsoflife.

TypicaljadearticlesoftheZhouDynasty(6photos)

Jadeisusedasadecorationtoshowtheidentityofthenobility.Goaway.Jadesymbolizesthevirtuesofagentleman,andtherearesevenvirtues,ninevirtues,andelevenvirtues.Intheevolutionofjade,comparedwiththemorethree-dimensionaljadecarvingsintheShangDynasty,therearestilltracesleftintheWesternZhouDynasty,andthejadeintheSpringandAutumnPeriodisbecomingmoreandmoreflat,withfewervarieties,butmorerefinedproduction.MostofthetombsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriodthathavebeenexcavatedhavejadeartifacts,andtheyarelargeinnumberandexquisitelymade.Forexample,morethan3,000piecesofjadewereunearthedfromtheChuTombinthemiddleoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodinXichuan,Nanyang,Henan.Therearealsoonetotwohundredjadeartifactsunearthedfromgeneraltombs.Someofthecraftsmanshipmakespeopleamazedtoday,suchasthe16-sectiondragonjadependantunearthedfromthetombofZenghouyiinSuixianCounty,Hubei;thehumanoidjadependantunearthedfromtheHantombinJincun,Luoyang,thecapitalcity,isexcellentinselectingmaterialsandcutting.

Lacquerwarecraftsmanship

Chinawasthefirstcountryintheworldtousenaturallacquer.LacquerwarecraftsmanshipwasverydevelopedduringtheShangandZhouDynasties.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod,theuseoflacquerwarewaswider,thetechniquewasgreatlyimproved,andlocalstylesappeared.TheWarringStateslacquerwarewasaperiodofgreatdevelopmentinthehistoryofChineselacquerware,withawiderangeofdistribution,ahugeincreaseinvarieties,anunprecedentedincreaseinproductionlevel,andnewimprovementsinmanyaspects.Firstofall,thefetalbonesarerelativelydiverse.Inadditiontothewoodentyres,therearealsotyres,leathertyres,bambootyres,etc.;thecolorsusedarealsoricherthanthepreviousones,includingred,black,white,purple,brown,green,blue,yellow,Gold,silver,etc.,withblackandredasthemaintones;patternsandpatternsarecomplicatedandregular.Inaddition,thecombinationofpaintedlacquerwithsculpture,painting,andevenwithinlayisalsoamajorfeatureofEasternZhoulacquerware.

Metallurgicaltechnology

IntheWesternZhouDynasty,large-scaleironsmeltingandcastingbegantoappearinChina,andironsmeltingsitesinthelateWesternZhouDynastyhavebeendiscovered.

IntheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriod,asthelastBronzeAgeinChina,duetotheuseofironandthepromotionofcattlefarming,bronzesgraduallywithdrewfromthestageofhistory.Theuseofironandthepromotionofironplowsandcattlefarmingalsomarkedasignificantincreaseinsocialproductivity.improve.

Zhoudynastygoldware(16photos)

Chinabegantouseironnolaterthanthe7thcenturyBC,orevennolaterthanthe6thcenturyBC.Intheliterature,theearliestmaterialcanbefoundinZuoZhuan,whichrecordsthattheJinState'scriminallawwascastonasetofironcauldronsin513BC.Theweapons,farmtoolsandutensilsunearthedfromthetombsoftheWarringStatesPeriodareallmadeofiron.

AconsiderablenumberofgoldwareswereunearthedfromthetombsoftheZhouDynasty.Theshapesareeitherancientoringenious,orexquisiteandelegant,reflectingthesmeltingandproductionofgoldinthebuddingperiodinChinaatthattime,andreachingacertainlevel.

Weavingandembroiderycrafts

IntheEasternZhouDynasty,theSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod,greatachievementshavebeenmadeintheweavingandembroiderycrafts.Forexample,itwasfoundinasmalltombinMashan,Jiangling,Hubeiin1982.35piecesofclothing.Unearthedtextilesaredividedintotwocategories:silkandlinen.Silkfabricsincludeeightcategoriesofsilk,silk,yarn,Luo,Qi,brocade,silk,andgroup,andtheprecisionofproductionisalsounprecedented.

MonarchLineage

See:MonarchofZhouDynasty,Inthistable,themonarchofQueenZhouYoustillhasZhouandWangJiYuchen,"TsinghuaJane·XianNian"astheKingHuiandKingHui.The"TsinghuaBambooSlipsSeries"records"...youkingandBopanaredestroyed,Zhouisdead.BangjunZhuzhengistheyoungerbrotherofLiYouWangYuchenYuguo,isthekingofXiuhui.LiTwentyandanotheryear,JinwenHouQiuItistokilltheHuiKingYugu.InthenineyearssincetheEmperorofZhouDynastydied,theprincesoftheprincesandprincesdidnotreignintheZhouDynasty..

LiuGuozhong,ChenJian,DongShan,HuangRener,ZhuFenghan,andMr.ChaoFulinalladvocatedthat"thenineyearsofthekingoftheZhouDynasty"shouldbe"thenineyearsoftheZhouWuwang".Thereisnokingintime."Nineyearsaftercarryingthekingtodeath"saidthatitactuallyadmittedthattherewasagapwithoutthekingofZhouontheweekend,whichisequivalenttotreatingthekingasthesonoftheemperorofZhouwhohaslegallysucceededtothethrone.ScholarssuchasWangHongliangbelievethatthistheorycannotbeestablished.

p>p>

p>

p>
ThepedigreetableofthemonarchsoftheZhouDynasty

Serialnumber

Posthumousname

Name

Introduction

Reigntime

The21stcenturybeforethefirstweek-themid-11thcenturybeforetheweek

HouJi

JiQi

TheancestorofZhoupeople

EmperorShun,theearlyXiaDynasty

——

JiBuyu

TheabandonedsonofHouJiji

XiaDynastyTaikangPeriod

——

JiJu

SonofJiBuyu

——

——

JiLiu

SonofJiju

Theendofthe"NinthRebellion"oftheShangDynasty,theearlystageof"PangengmovedtoYin"

——

JiQingFestival

JiGongLiu'sSon

——

——

JiHuangPu

SonofJiQingjie

——

——

JiChafu

SonofJiHuangPu

——

——

JiRuijun

SonofJichafu

——

——

GongfeiJi

SonofJiRuijun

——

Yuhou

JiGaoyu

ThesonofJiGongfei

ShangDynastyZuyiPeriod

——

JiYaqun

HouJiSonofGaoYu

PangengPeriodofShangDynasty

——

UncleJi'sgrandfatherclass

ThesonofJiYazhen

——

ZhouTaiwang

JiSub

SonofUncleJi'sancestors

ShangDynastyWuyiPeriod

——

JiLi

SonofZhouTaiwangJiTu

ShangDynastyDingperiod

ZhouWenwang

JiChang

SonofZhouWangJili

ShangDynastyEmperorYi,EmperorXinPeriod

11thcenturybeforetheWesternZhouDynasty-771beforetheWesternZhouDynasty

01

TheKingofZhouWu

JiFa

ThesonofZhouwenWangJichang

former1046-former1043

02

ZhouChengwang

JiSong

ThesonofZhouWuWangJifa

former1042-former1021

03

KangZhou

JiZhao

SonofZhouChengWangJi'schanting

Before1020-Before996

04

ZhouZhaowang

JiXia

ThesonofZhouKangandWangJizhao

former995-former977

05

ZhouMuwang

JiMan

ZhouZhaoWangJiXian'sson

former976-former922

06

ZhouGongwang

JiYanhu

ThesonofZhouMuWangJiman

former922-former900

07

ZhouYiWang

JiLao

ZhouGongSonofWangJiyanhu

former899-former892

08

ZhouXiaowang

JiPifang

ZhouMuWangJiman'sson

Former892-former886

09

ZhouYiWang

JiXie

ZhouYiWangJi'sson

Former885-former878

10

ZhouLiWang

Jihu

SonofZhouyiWangJixie

former877-former841

RepublicAdministration

former841-former828

11

ZhouXuanwang

JiJing

ZhouLiWangJiHu'sson

former827-former782

12

ZhouYouwang

JiGongluan

ThesonofZhouXuanWangJijing

Former781-former771

EasternZhou770-256

13

ZhouPingwang

JiYijiu

ThesonofZhouYouWangJiGongLuan

Theformer770-Theformer720

14

ZhouXieWang

JiYuchen

ZhouSonofXuanWangJijing

Former771-former750

15

KingZhouHuan

JiLin

ThegrandsonofZhouPingWangJiYijiu

p>

former719-former697

16

TheKingofZhouzhuang

Jituo

ZhouHuanWangJilin'sson

Former696-former682

17

ZhouXiwang

JiHuqi

ThesonofZhouzhuangWangJituo

former681-First677

18

ZhouHuiwang

JiLang

ZhouXiWangJiHuQi'sson

former676-former652

19

——

JiSu

ThesonofZhouzhuangWangJituo

former675-former673

20

KingZhouXiang

JiZheng

SonofZhouHuiWangJiLang

Former651-Former619

21

——

JiBelt

ZhouHuiSonofWangJilang

former636-former635

22

ZhouQingwang

姬壬臣

周襄王姬郑之子

前618-前613

23

周匡王

姬班

周顷王姬壬臣之子

前612-前607

24

周定王

姬瑜

周顷王姬壬臣之子

前606-前586

25

周简王

姬夷

周定王姬瑜之子

前585-前572

26

周灵王

姬泄心

周简王姬夷之子

前571-前545

27

周景王

姬贵

周灵王姬泄心之子

前544-前520

28

周悼王

姬猛

周景王姬贵之子

前520

29

——

姬朝

周景王姬贵之子

前520-前516

30

周敬王

姬匄

周景王姬贵之子

前519-前476

31

周元王

姬仁

周敬王姬匄之子

前475-前469

32

周贞定王

姬介

周元王姬仁之子

前468-前441

33

周哀王

姬去疾

周贞定王姬介之子

前441

34

周思王

姬叔

周贞定王姬介之子

前441

35

周考王

姬嵬

周贞定王姬介之子

前440-前426

36

周威烈王

姬午

周考王姬嵬之子

前425-前402

37

周安王

姬骄

周威烈王姬午之子

前401-前376

38

周烈王

姬喜

周安王姬骄之子

前375-前369

39

周显王

姬扁

周安王姬骄之子

前368-前321

40

周慎靓王

姬定

周显王姬扁之子

前320-前315

41

周赧王

姬延

周慎靓王姬定之子

前314-前256

Related Articles
TOP