Veicolo elettrico puro

Mainstructure

Compositio

Thecompositionofelectricvehiclesincludes:electricdriveandcontrolsystem,drivingforcetransmissionandothermechanicalsystems,andworkingdevicestocompleteestablishedtasks.Theelectricdriveandcontrolsystemisthecoreofelectricvehicles,anditisalsothebiggestdifferencefromvehicleswithinternalcombustionengines.Theelectricdriveandcontrolsystemconsistsofadrivemotor,apowersupply,andaspeedcontroldeviceforthemotor.Theotherdevicesofelectricvehiclesarebasicallythesameasthoseofinternalcombustionenginevehicles.

Powersupply

Provideelectricenergyforthedrivingmotorofelectricvehicles,andtheelectricmotorconvertstheelectricenergyofthepowersupplyintomechanicalenergy.Themostwidelyusedpowersupplyislead-acidbatteries,butwiththedevelopmentofelectricvehicletechnology,lead-acidbatteriesaregraduallyreplacedbyotherbatteriesduetotheirlowenergy,slowchargingspeed,andshortlifespan.Thepowersourcesunderdevelopmentmainlyincludesodium-sulfurbatteries,nickel-cadmiumbatteries,lithiumbatteries,fuelcells,etc.Theapplicationofthesenewpowersourceshasopenedupbroadprospectsforthedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.

Drivemotor

Thefunctionofthedrivemotoristoconverttheelectricalenergyofthepowersupplyintomechanicalenergy,throughatransmissiondeviceoraworkingdevicethatdirectlydrivesthewheels.However,duetothepresenceofcommutationsparks,DCmotorshavelowpower,lowefficiencyandheavymaintenanceworkload.Withthedevelopmentofmotorcontroltechnology,itisboundtobegraduallyusedbybrushlessDCmotors(BLDCM),switchedreluctancemotors(SRM)andACasynchronousmotors.Replacedbyelectricmotors,suchasshell-lessdisctypeaxialmagneticfieldDCseriesmotors.

Speed​​controldevice

Themotorspeedcontroldeviceissetforthespeedchangeanddirectionchangeofelectricvehicles,anditsfunctionistocontrolthevoltageorcurrentofthemotortocompletethedriveofthemotorControloftorqueanddirectionofrotation.

Inearlyelectricvehicles,thespeedregulationofDCmotorswasrealizedbyconnectingresistorsinseriesorchangingthenumberofturnsofthemotor'sfieldcoil.Becauseitsspeedregulationisstepped,andwillproduceadditionalenergyconsumptionorusethestructureofthemotoriscomplicated,itisrarelyusednow.Themostwidelyusedisthethyristorchoppingspeedregulation,whichrealizesthesteplessspeedregulationofthemotorbyuniformlychangingtheterminalvoltageofthemotorandcontrollingthecurrentofthemotor.Inthecontinuousdevelopmentofelectronicpowertechnology,ithasgraduallybeenreplacedbyotherpowertransistors(includingGTO,MOSFET,BTRandIGBT,etc.)chopperspeedregulationdevices.Fromtheperspectiveoftechnologicaldevelopment,withtheapplicationofnewdrivemotors,itwillbecomeaninevitabletrendthatthespeedcontrolofelectricvehicleswillbetransformedintotheapplicationofDCinvertertechnology.

Intherotationconversioncontrolofthedrivemotor,theDCmotorreliesonthecontactortochangethecurrentdirectionofthearmatureormagneticfieldtorealizetherotationconversionofthemotor,whichmakesthecircuitcomplexandreducesthereliability.WhenanACasynchronousmotorisusedfordriving,onlythephasesequenceofthethree-phasecurrentofthemagneticfieldcanbechangedtochangetherotationdirectionofthemotor,whichcansimplifythecontrolcircuit.Inaddition,theuseofACmotoranditsvariablefrequencyspeedregulationcontroltechnologymakesthebrakingenergyrecoverycontrolofelectricvehiclesmoreconvenientandthecontrolcircuitsimpler.

Transmissiondevice

Theroleoftheelectricvehicletransmissiondeviceistotransmitthedrivingtorqueoftheelectricmotortothedriveshaftoftheautomobile.Whentheelectricwheelisusedfordriving,mostpartsofthetransmissiondevicecanoftenbeneglect.Becausetheelectricmotorcanbestartedwithaload,theclutchofatraditionalinternalcombustionenginevehicleisnotneededonanelectricvehicle.Becausetherotationofthedrivemotorcanbechangedthroughcircuitcontrol,theelectricvehicledoesnotneedthereversegearintheinternalcombustionenginevehicletransmission.Whenthesteplessspeedregulationcontroloftheelectricmotorisadopted,theelectricvehiclecanignorethetransmissionofthetraditionalvehicle.Whenusingelectricwheeldrive,theelectricvehiclecanalsoomitthedifferentialofthetraditionalinternalcombustionenginevehicletransmissionsystem.

Traveldevice

Thefunctionofthetraveldeviceistoturnthedrivingtorqueoftheelectricmotorintoaforceonthegroundthroughthewheels,drivingthewheelstowalk.Ithasthesamecompositionasothercars,consistingofwheels,tiresandsuspension.

Steeringdevice

Thesteeringdeviceissetuptorealizetheturningofthecarandconsistsofasteeringgear,asteeringwheel,asteeringmechanism,andasteeringwheel.Thecontrolforceactingonthesteeringwheeldeflectsthesteeringwheeltoacertainanglethroughthesteeringgearandsteeringmechanismtorealizethesteeringofthecar.Mostelectricvehiclesusefront-wheelsteering,andelectricforkliftsusedinindustryoftenuserear-wheelsteering.Thesteeringdevicesofelectricvehiclesincludemechanicalsteering,hydraulicsteeringandhydraulicpowersteering.

Brakingdevice

Thebrakingdeviceofanelectriccaristhesameasothercars.Itissetforthecartoslowdownorstop,usuallyconsistingofabrakeanditsoperatingdevice.Inelectricvehicles,thereisgenerallyanelectromagneticbrakingdevice,whichcanusethecontrolcircuitofthedrivemotortorealizethegeneratingoperationofthemotor,sothattheenergyduringdecelerationandbrakingcanbeconvertedintothecurrentforchargingthebattery,sothatitcanberecycled.Atpresent,domesticelectricvehiclesinhigh-powerpassengercarsprovideairbrakeequipmentwithenduranceNAILIslidingvaneaircompressors,mainlycompressedairbrakingmethods.

Workingdevices

Workingdevicesarespeciallysetupforindustrialelectricvehiclestocompletetheworkrequirements,suchastheliftingdevices,masts,forks,etc.ofelectricforklifts.Theliftingoftheforkandthetiltingofthemastareusuallycompletedbyahydraulicsystemdrivenbyanelectricmotor.

NationalPolicy

InaccordancewiththeoveralldeploymentofthestandardizationofelectricvehiclechargingfacilitiesinChina,underthecoordinationandsupportoftheNationalStandardsCommittee,organizedbytheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyandtheNationalEnergyAdministration,theNationalAutomobileStandardsThecommitteetookthelead,theAutomobileResearchCenter,theFederationofElectricPowerEnterprisesandtheElectricApparatusResearchInstitutejointlydrafted"ConnectingDevicesforConductivepraecipiensofElectricVehiclesPart1:GeneralRequirements"and"ConnectingDevicesforConductivepraecipiensofElectricVehiclesPart2:ACpraecipiensInterface”,“ConnectingDevicesforConductivepraecipiensofElectricVehiclesPart3:DCpraecipiensInterface”threenationalstandards;organizedbytheNationalEnergyAdministration,theMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology,theElectricityEnterpriseFederationandtheAutomobileResearchCenterjointlydraftedtheThecommunicationprotocolbetweenthevehicle-mountedconductivechargerandthebatterymanagementsystem"nationalstandard.ThefourstandardswereapprovedforreleaseonDecember22,2011withthe"People'sRepublicofChinaNationalStandardsAnnouncementNo.21,2011"andwillbeimplementedonMarch1,2012.

Anewpureelectricminibusonlyneeds20minutestochargeonce,butthemaximumrangeexceeds300kilometers.Thisnewpureelectricvehiclehasbeenputintoproductioninmycountry'sJilinProvince,andthefirstbatchofproductsisexpectedtogoonline.

FromJune1,2015,Beijing'spureelectricvehiclesarenotrestricted.Comparedwithordinaryvehicles,theuseefficiencyofpureelectricvehicleswillbeincreasedby20%.Inaddition,Beijingwillalsointroducereductionandexemptionmeasuressuchaselectricvehicleparkingfeesandtollfeesinthefuture,andthenumberofnewenergyvehicleapplicantsiscurrentlyincreasingrapidly.

TherelevantpersoninchargeoftheMunicipalScienceandTechnologyCommissionsaidthatJuneusheredinasmallpeakoflicensingthathasneverbeenseenbefore,whichshowsthatthecity'snewenergyvehiclesareshowingasignificantgrowthtrend.

Morefavorablepolicieswillbereleasedinthenearfuture

Inthefirsthalfof2015,thecitysuccessivelyintroducedfinancialsupportfortheconstructionofpublicchargingpilesbysocialcapital,unlimitednumberofpureelectricvehicles,etc.Favorablepolicies.

Intermsofchargingpilesthatcitizenscareabout,thecityhasatotalof225publicchargingpoints,atotalof1,700chargingpiles,andnearly3,000chargingpilesforpersonaluse.

AccordingtotheMunicipalScienceandTechnologyCommission,inthesecondhalfoftheyear,publicchargingpileswillalsobeexpandedinkeyareasofpublicdemand.Inviewoftheproblemthatsomepublicchargingpilescannotbechargedincommon,theMunicipalScienceandTechnologyCommissioniscoordinatingandisexpectedtobeunifiedinthefuture.Therearetwoways:thechargingcardofthepowercompanyortheETCcard.

Inaddition,theMunicipalScienceandTechnologyCommissionalsoencouragesoperatorstousemobilepaymentandotherInternetpaymentmethods.

TherelevantpersoninchargeoftheMunicipalScienceandTechnologyCommissionstatedthatthecurrentfavorablepoliciessuchastheexemptionoftollsandparkingfeesforpureelectricvehicleshavealreadyhadapreliminarydraft,whichisexpectedtobereleasedbytheendof2015.

praecipiens

Duringthedevelopmentofpureelectricvehicles,theproblemofcharginghasalwaysbeena"worry"forconsumers.Forelectriccarconsumerslivingincities,itisnoteasytobuildaprivatechargingpile.Firstofall,parkingdifficultyhaslongbecomeamajorprobleminurbandevelopment.In2014,thenumberofmotorvehiclesinBeijingexceeded5million,butlessthan50%ofthecarshavefixedparkingspaces.Parkingisstilldifficult.Itisevenmoredifficulttoestablishprivatechargingpiles.Itisluxury.Secondly,thepowerconsumptionofchargingpileswhenusedatfullpowerisveryalarming.Itisdifficultformostresidentialgridstowithstandthesimultaneouschargingofalargenumberofelectricvehicles.Thisisalsothemainreasonwhymanycommunitiesrefusetoinstallchargingpilesprivately.

Therefore,atatimewhenthefullpopularityofprivatechargingpilesisstilldifficult,thepopularizationofelectricvehiclesmustrelyontheestablishmentofalargenumberofpublicchargingpiles.Thepopularityofpublicchargingpileswilldirectlyaffectthepurchaseofpureelectricvehicles.Thepassionofthecar.

However,whentherearestillmanydifficultiesinthepopularizationandpromotionofthepureelectricvehiclemarket,chargingservicecompaniesalsohavesomescrupleswheninvestingintheconstructionofchargingpiles.DatashowsthatBeijingcurrentlyhas225chargingstations,withatotalofmorethan1,700chargingpiles,ofwhich70%arefirstputintoconstructionbythegovernmentandtheStateGrid.However,thesebuiltchargingstationsgenerallyhavetheproblemofdifficultyinprofitability.Thereporterlearnedthatalmostallofthemorethan400chargingstationsthathavebeenbuiltbytheStateGridarelosingmoney,andthelackofaprofitmechanismisthemostimportantreason.

Somepeopleintheindustrybelievethatthechargingservicechargingpolicycanattractsocialcapitaltoenterthechargingservicemarkettoacertainextent.Inthelongrun,theincreaseinservicesupplywillalsohelpbalancethechargingservicemarketandpromotenewPopularizationandpromotionofenergyvehicles.

Theworriesaboutchargingstationsincludebothconsumers'worriesabouttheinconvenienceofcharging,andchargingservicecompanies'worriesaboutsurvivalandprofitability.Inthedevelopmentofpureelectricvehicles,such"worries"areinevitable.Theintroductionofchargingservicefeesisnotabadthing.Withtransparentchargingservicefees,consumerscanhaveabasicpsychologicalexpectationonthecostofusingelectricvehiclesandmakeconsumptiondecisions;forchargingservicecompanies,theycanbestimulatedtoinvestinchargingstationsConstruction.Ijusthopethatafterchargingthechargingservicefee,thechargingstationcanreallyimprovethechargingservice,sothatconsumersofelectricvehicleswillnolongerhavetoworryaboutthefuture.

Basicclassification

Sincethedevelopmentofpureelectricvehicles,therearemanytypes,whichareusuallyclassifiedaccordingtothepurposeofthevehicle,thenumberofon-boardpowersupplies,andthecompositionofthedrivesystem.Accordingtodifferentpurposes,pureelectricvehiclescanbedividedintothreetypes:electriccars,electrictrucksandelectricbuses.

(1)Electriccarsarecurrentlythemostcommonpureelectriccars.Inadditiontosomeconceptcars,pureelectriccarshavebeenproducedinsmallbatchesandhaveenteredtheautomotivemarket.

(2)Electrictrucksareusedforpowertransportation.Therearerelativelyfewelectrictrucks.Inmines,constructionsitesandsomespecialsites,somepureelectrictruckswithlargetonnagehavealreadyappeared.

(3)Electricbusesandpureelectricminibusesarealsorare;pureelectricbusesareusedasbuses,andtheyhavebeenwellestablishedinsomecities’busroutes,WorldExpos,andworldsportsmeets.Performance.

Developmenthistory

Asearlyas1873inthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,BritishRobertDavidson(RobertDavidson)producedtheworld'sfirstpracticalelectriccar.Thisismorethan10yearsbeforetheinventionofgasolineenginecarsbyGermansGottliebDaimlerandKarlBenz.

TheelectriccarinventedbyDavidsonisatruckwithalengthof4800mmandawidthof1800mm.Itusesaprimarybatterythatreactsiron,zinc,amalgamandsulfuricacid.Afterthat,startingin1880,rechargeablesecondarybatterieswereused.Thedevelopmentfromprimarybatteriestosecondarybatterieswasamajortechnologicalchangeforelectricvehiclesatthattime,andthusthedemandforelectricvehicleshasgreatlyincreased.Inthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,itbecameanimportantproductoftransportationandwroteagloriouspageinthehistoryofhumantransportation.In1890,electricbusesdroveonthestreetsofFranceandEngland.Atthattime,theinternalcombustionenginetechnologyforvehicleswasstillquitebackward,withshortmileage,manybreakdowns,anddifficultmaintenance,whileelectricvehicleswereeasytomaintain.

InEuropeandAmerica,theydayofelectricvehicles eratattheendofthe 19th century.In1899,Gallicus ComenGinadrovea44kWdual-motor-poweredrear-rota-driveelectriccar,settingarecordof106km/h.

AmongthecarsmanufacturedintheUnitedStatesin1900,therewere15,755electriccars,1,684steam-enginecars,andonly936gasoline-enginecars.Afterenteringthe20thcentury,duetothecontinuousadvancementofinternalcombustionenginetechnology,theAmericanFordMotorCompanyT-carcameoutin1908.Massproductionofcarsbymassproductioninassemblylinemadegasoline-poweredcarspopularized,resultingintheexistenceofsteamenginecarsandelectriccarsinmarketcompetition.Duetothelackoftechnicalandeconomicperformance,theformerwaseliminatedbyruthlessyears,whilethelatterwasinastateofshrinking.

Developmentbackground

Developmentofelectricvehiclebatteries

Batteriesaretheprimarykeytothedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.Thedifficultyofvehiclepowerbatteriesisthe"low-costrequirements"and"high-capacity"Threerequirementsincluding"requirements"and"highsafetyrequirements".Nickel-hydrogenbatteriescanstoretwiceasmuchenergyperunitweightaslead-acidbatteries,andotherpropertiesarealsosuperiortolead-acidbatteries.Thepriceis4-5timesthatoflead-acidbatteries,andeffortsarebeingmadetobringitdown.Theironbatteryusestheironelementmaterialwithabundantresourcesandlowprice,thecosthasbeengreatlyreduced,andsomemanufacturershaveadoptedit.Lithiumisthelightestmetalwithveryactivechemicalcharacteristics.Theenergystorageperunitweightoflithium-ionbatteriesis3timesthatoflead-acidbatteries,andthatoflithiumpolymerbatteriesis4times.Lithiumresourcesareabundantandthepriceisnotveryexpensive.Hopethebattery.mycountryhasachievedrapiddevelopmentintheindustrialdevelopmentofnickel-hydrogenbatteriesandlithium-ionbatteries.Otherrelatedtechnologiesofelectricvehicleshavemadegreatprogress,suchas:ACinductionmotoranditscontrol,rareearthpermanentmagnetbrushlessmotoranditscontrol,batteryandvehicleenergymanagementsystem,smartandfastchargingtechnology,low-resistancetires,lightweightTheadvancementofthesetechnologieshasmadeelectricvehiclesmoreperfectandpractical.Airpollutioninmycountry'slargecitiescannotbeignored.Automobileemissionsareoneofthemainsourcesofpollution.16citiesinmycountryhavebeenlistedamongthe20mostseverelypollutedcitiesintheworld.Thecurrentpercapitacarinmycountryis10carsper1,000people.Thecarownershipinourcountrywillincreasetenfold,andoilimportswillbecomeabigproblem.Therefore,theresearchanddevelopmentofelectricvehiclesinourcountryisnotatemporaryshort-termmeasure,butasignificantandlong-termstrategicconsideration.

Developmentoftheelectricvehicleindustry

TheUnitedStateshassold7,931electricvehiclesworldwide,whichisaheadofallothermarkets,withsalesrising28%fromthepreviousmonth.Thefiguresforothermarketsare4240inJapan,2056inFrance,and1284inGermany.InChina,only235electricvehiclesweresold,adecreaseof31%from343inthepreviousquarter.

Pure electric vehicle

Iaponia willbetheleaderintisindustry.By2017, Iaponia producet 779, 000 electricum electricum, ratione 9.7%ofitstotalautomobileproduction.Germany and the UnitedStates are alsosolikelytopushtheproduction of electrici vehiclesto218, 300 et362, 300, ratiocinandi causa 9.7%ofitstotalautomobileproduction.Germany and the UnitedStates are alsoolikelytopushtheproduction of electrici vehiclesto218, 300 et362, 300, ratiocinandi causa 9.7% ofitstotalautomobileproduction.Germany and the UnitedStates are alsoolikelytopushtheproduction of electrici vehiclesto218, 300 et362, 300, ratiocinatio pro9.7%ofitstotalautomobileproduction.Germany and the UnitedStates are alsosolikelytopushtheproduction of electrici vehiclesto218, 300 et362, 300, ratiocinatio est causa 9.7% ofitstotalautomobileproduction.

Ascompetitionintheelectricvehicleindustrycontinuestointensify,mergersandacquisitionsandcapitaloperationsamonglarge-scaleelectricvehiclecompanieshavebecomemorefrequent.Excellentdomesticelectricvehiclecompanieshavepaidmoreandmoreattentiontotheresearchoftheindustrymarket,especiallyforenterprises.In-depthstudyofdevelopmentenvironmentandchangesincustomerdemandtrends.Becauseofthis,alargenumberofoutstandingdomesticelectricvehiclebrandshaverisenrapidlyandhavegraduallybecomeleadersintheelectricvehicleindustry!

Chinesecarsareenteringthe "oleum libero" era

Therearemanydevelopmentdirectionsfornewenergyvehicles,butoneofthemishydrogenfuelcelltechnology.Matureandcostly,itisatechnology20yearslater.InJanuary2007,Dr.MenahemAnderman,anautomotiveandpowerbatteryexpert,madethisconclusionwhenhetestifiedbeforetheUSSenateEnergyandResourcesCommittee.Chinaalsodoesnothavetheplatinumnecessaryforhydrogenfuelcellreactions.Althoughthereisnopublicstatement,itisrumoredthatthecountry’sinternaldecision-makershaveclearlystatedthatChinaisnotsuitableforthedevelopmentofhydrogenfuelcellvehicles,onlyforscientificresearchtracking.

FromtheperspectiveoftechnologydevelopmentmaturityandChina'snationalconditions,pureelectricvehiclesshouldbethedevelopmentdirectiontobevigorouslypromoted,andhybridpowerasatransitionaltechnologybeforetheestablishmentofalarge-areachargingnetwork.

However,thehybridpowersystemiscomplexandexpensive.BYDF3DMhastwosetsofpowersystems,anditsannouncedpowersystemcosthasincreasedby50,000yuan,whichisequivalenttosaving8,000yuaninfuelperyeartobemoreeconomicalthantraditionalgasolinevehicles.

Theadvantageofhybridpoweristhatitretainsthelifestyleoftraditionalgasolinecars.Accordingtothedegreeofmixingofgasolineenginesandelectricmotors,thenumberofrechargesisequivalenttothatoftraditionalgasolinecars,orthereisnoneedtocharge.Thedrivingdistanceisalsounlimited.

Thepureelectricvehicleeliminatesthefueltank,engine,transmission,coolingsystemandexhaustsystem.Comparedwiththeinternalcombustiongasolineenginepowersystemofthetraditionalautomobile,thecostoftheelectricmotorandthecontrollerislower,andthepureelectricvehicleEnergyconversionefficiencyishigher.Becausetheenergysourceofelectricvehicles-electricity,comesfromlargegeneratorsets,itsefficiencyisunmatchedbysmallgasolineenginesorevenhybridengines.Asaresult,thecostofusingpureelectricvehiclesisdeclining.AccordingtothedatapublishedbyBYD'sF3epureelectricvehicle,itconsumes12kWhper100kilometers.Accordingtotheelectricitypriceof0.5yuan,theusecostper100kilometersisonly6yuan.AnditsprototypeF3gasolinecarconsumes7.6litersoffuelper100kilometers,andatafuelpriceof6.2yuan,thecostis46.5yuan.Incontrast,thecostofusingelectricvehiclesisonlyone-eighthoftraditionalgasolinevehicles.

Thedisadvantageofpureelectricvehiclesisthattheychangethelifestyleoftraditionalcarsandrequiredailycharging.Thetraditionalcarusehabitistorefuelaboutonetotwoweeks.Moreover,thereisadistancelimitofseveralhundredkilometerspertrip,althoughafamilymaytravellongdistancessomanytimesayear.

Advantagesofthecar

Nopollution, lownoise

Theelectricvehicledoesnothavetheexhaustgasgeneratedduringtheoperationoftheinternalcombustionengine,anddoesnotproduceexhaustpollution,whichisenvironmentallyfriendlyandairborne.Thecleanlinessisverybeneficial,almost"zeropollution".Asweallknow,pollutantssuchasCO,HC,NOX,particulates,andodorintheexhaustgasofinternalcombustionenginevehiclesformacidrain,acidmistandphotochemicalsmog.Electricvehicleshavenonoisegeneratedbyinternalcombustionengines,andthenoiseofelectricmotorsisalsosmallerthanthatofinternalcombustionengines.Noiseisalsoharmfultohumanhearing,nerves,cardiovascular,digestion,endocrine,andimmunesystems.

Singleelectricenergy

Comparedwithhybridelectricvehiclesandfuelcellvehicles,pureelectricvehiclesuseelectricmotorsinsteadoffuelengines,withlownoise,nopollution,andfewerelectricmotors,fuelsandtransmissionsystems.Theoccupiedspaceandweightcanbeusedtocompensatethebatterydemand;andbecauseoftheuseofasingleelectricenergy,theelectroniccontrolsystemisgreatlysimplifiedcomparedtohybridelectricvehicles,whichreducesthecostandcanalsocompensateforpartofthebatteryprice.

Simplestructureandconvenient sustentationem

Comparedwithinternalcombustionenginevehicles,electricvehicleshavesimplerstructures,fewerrunningandtransmissionparts,andlessmaintenancework.WhenanACinductionmotorisused,themotordoesnotrequiremaintenance,andmoreimportantly,theelectricvehicleiseasytomanipulate

Theenergyconversionefficiencyishigh

Atthesametime,theenergyduringbrakinganddownhillcanberecovered.Improveenergyutilizationefficiency;

Researchonelectricvehiclesshowsthattheirenergyefficiencyhassurpassedthatofgasoline-poweredvehicles.Especiallywhenrunningincities,wherecarsgoandstop,thespeedisnothigh,soelectriccarsaremoresuitable.Theelectricvehicledoesnotconsumeelectricitywhenitstops.Duringthebrakingprocess,theelectricmotorcanbeautomaticallyconvertedintoageneratortorealizethereuseofenergyduringbrakinganddeceleration.Somestudieshaveshownthatthesamecrudeoiliscrudelyrefined,senttothepowerplantforpowergeneration,chargedintothebattery,andthenthebatterydrivesthecar.Itsenergyefficiencyishigherthanthatoftherefinedgasolineandthenthegasolineenginetodrivethecar,soitisconducivetosavingenergy.Andreducecarbondioxideemissions.

Stabilizethepeak-vallisdifferenceofthepowergrid

Thelow-cost"valleypower"ofthepowergridcanbeusedforchargingatnighttosmooththepeak-valleydifferenceofthepowergrid.

Theapplicationofelectricvehiclescaneffectivelyreducedependenceonpetroleumresources,andcanuselimitedpetroleumformoreimportantaspects.Theelectricitychargedtothebatterycanbeconvertedfromcoal,naturalgas,waterpower,nuclearpower,solarpower,windpower,tidesandotherenergysources.Inaddition,ifyouchargethebatteryatnight,youcanalsoavoidpeakpowerconsumption,whichisbeneficialtothepowergridtobalancetheloadandreducecosts.

Basicstructure

Electricvehicleshaveavarietyofstructurallayoutsandarerelativelyflexible.Ingeneral,theycanbedividedintotwoformsofpureelectricvehiclemotorcentraldriveandelectricwheeldrive.Thecentraldrivingformoftheelectricmotorborrowsthedrivingschemeoftheinternalcombustionenginevehicle,replacingtheinternalcombustionenginewithanelectricmotorandrelatedcomponents,andusinganelectricmotortodrivethewheelsontheleftandrightsides.Thevolumeandmassofthemechanicaltransmissiondeviceintheformofelectricwheeldrivearegreatlyreducedcomparedwiththeformofcentraldriveoftheelectricmotor,andtheefficiencyissignificantlyimproved,atthecostofincreasingthecomplexityandcostofthecontrolsystem.

Pureelectricvehiclesadopttheformofelectricmotorcentraldrive,whichdirectlyborrowsthedriveschemeofinternalcombustionenginevehicles.Itisdevelopedfromthefrontenginefrontdriveandconsistsofanelectricmotor,aclutch,agearboxandadifferential.Theinternalcombustionengineisreplacedbyanelectricdrivedevice.Thepoweroftheelectricmotorisconnectedtothedrivingwheelthroughaclutchorthepoweriscutoff.Thegearboxprovidesdifferenttransmissionratiostochangetheneedsofspeed-powercurvematching.Thedifferentialrealizesthetwowheelsatdifferentspeedswhenturning.Driving.

Pureelectricvehiclesusedual-motorelectric-wheeldrive.Themechanicaldifferentialisreplacedbytwotractionmotors.Thetwomotorsdrivetheirownwheels.Whenturning,theyaredrivenatdifferentspeedsthroughelectronicdifferentialcontrol.Eliminatestheneedformechanicaltransmissions.

Astructureuniquetopureelectricvehiclesthatusesbatteriesastheenergysource.Thebatteriescanbearrangedaroundthetop,orconcentratedattherearofthecarorunderthechassis.Thebatteryselectedshouldbeabletoprovidesufficientlyhighspecificenergyandspecificpower,andcanrecoverregenerativebrakingenergywhenthevehicleisbraking.Thepowerbatterywithhighspecificenergyandhighspecificpowerhastheaccelerationandclimbingabilityofpureelectricvehicles.

Inordertosolvetheproblemthatabatterycannotmeettherequirementsofcontrastenergyandspecificpoweratthesametime,twodifferentbatteriescanbeusedinpureelectricvehiclesatthesametime,oneofwhichcanprovidehighspecificenergy,theotherProvidehighspecificpower.Twokindsofbatteriesareusedasthebasicstructureofthehybridenergysource.Thesetwostructuresnotonlyseparatetherequirementsofthecontrastenergyandthespecificpower,butalsocanusethebatterytorecoverenergywhenthecarisgoingdownhillorbraking.

Thehydrogenrequiredbythefuelcellcannotonlybestoredintheformofcompressedhydrogen,liquidhydrogenormetalhydride,butalsocanbeproducedonthecarfromliquidfuelssuchasmethanolorgasolineatroomtemperature.Thestructureofapureelectricvehiclewithasmallreformer.Thehydrogenrequiredbythefuelcellisproducedbyreformingthevehicle.

Pugnamanagement

ThepureelectricvehiclebatterymanagementsystemisusedasthebatterysystemAnimportantpartofthebattery,hasimportantfunctionssuchasreal-timemonitoringofbatterystatus,optimizingtheuseofbatteryenergy,extendingbatterylifeandensuringbatterysafety.Thebatterymanagementsystemhasagreatinfluenceonthesafeoperationofthevehicle,thechoiceofvehiclecontrolstrategy,thechoiceofchargingmode,andtheoperatingcost.Thebatterymanagementsystemmustreliablycompletethereal-timemonitoringandfaultdiagnosisofthebatterystatusduringtheoperationofthevehicleorduringthechargingprocess,andinformthevehicleintegratedcontrollerorchargerthroughthebus,soastoadoptamorereasonablecontrolstrategy.Toachievethepurposeofeffectiveandefficientuseofbatteries.

Thebatterymanagementsystemadoptsadistributedsystemstructure.Eachbatterymanagementsystemconsistsofacentralcontrolmodule(ormaster)and10batterymeasurementandcontrolmodules(orslaves).Thedetectionmoduleofthebatterymanagementsystemisinstalledinthefrontpanelofthebatterybox;themaincontrolmoduleofthebatterymanagementsystemisinstalledinthehigh-voltageequipmentcompartmentattherearofthevehicle.

Thefunctionsofthebatterymanagementsystemareasfollows:

1.Detectionofbatteryvoltage

2.Detectionofbatterytemperature

3.Detectionofbatterypackworkingcurrent

4.Insulationresistancedetection

5.Coolingfancontrol

6.Recordofchargeanddischargetimes

7.EstimationofbatterypackSoC

8.BatteryfailureanalysisandOnlinealarm

9.Recordofbatterychargeanddischargetimesforeachbox

10.Evaluationofdiscretenessofeachboxbattery

11.Communicatewithon-boardequipmentfortheentirevehicleControlandprovidenecessarybatterydataCAN1

12.CommunicatewithvehiclemonitoringequipmentandsendbatteryinformationtothepaneltodisplayCAN2

13.CommunicatewithchargertosafelyrealizebatterychargingRS—485

14.Therearesimpleequipmenttorealizetheinitializationfunctionofthebatterymanagementsystemofpureelectricvehicles,whichcanmeettheneedsofrapidbatteryreplacementandregroupingofbatteryboxes.

praecipiens

Edit

Inthedevelopmentofpureelectricvehicles,theproblemofcharginghasalwaysbeena"worry"forconsumers.Forelectriccarconsumerslivingincities,itisnoteasytobuildaprivatechargingpile.Firstofall,parkingdifficultyhaslongbecomeamajorprobleminurbandevelopment.In2014,thenumberofmotorvehiclesinBeijingexceeded5million,butlessthan50%ofthecarshavefixedparkingspaces.Parkingisstilldifficult.Itisevenmoredifficulttoestablishprivatechargingpiles.Itisluxury.Secondly,thepowerconsumptionofchargingpileswhenusedatfullpowerisveryalarming.Itisdifficultformostresidentialgridstowithstandthesimultaneouschargingofalargenumberofelectricvehicles.Thisisalsothemainreasonwhymanycommunitiesrefusetoinstallchargingpilesprivately.

Therefore,whenthefullpopularityofprivatechargingpilesisstilldifficult,thepopularizationofelectricvehiclesmustrelyontheestablishmentofalargenumberofpublicchargingpiles.Thepopularityofpublicchargingpileswilldirectlyaffectthepurchaseofpureelectricvehiclesbyconsumers.Passion.

However,whentherearestillmanydifficultiesinthepopularizationandpromotionofthepureelectricvehiclemarket,chargingservicecompaniesalsohavesomescrupleswheninvestingintheconstructionofchargingpiles.DatashowsthatBeijingcurrentlyhas225chargingstations,withatotalofmorethan1,700chargingpiles,ofwhich70%arefirstputintoconstructionbythegovernmentandtheStateGrid.However,thesebuiltchargingstationsgenerallyhavetheproblemofdifficultyinprofitability.Thereporterlearnedthatalmostallofthemorethan400chargingstationsthathavebeenbuiltbytheStateGridarelosingmoney,andthelackofaprofitmechanismisthemostimportantreason.

Somepeopleintheindustrybelievethatthechargingservicechargingpolicycanattractsocialcapitaltoenterthechargingservicemarkettoacertainextent.Inthelongrun,theincreaseinservicesupplywillalsohelpbalancethechargingservicemarketandpromotenewPopularizationandpromotionofenergyvehicles.

Theworriesaboutchargingstationsincludebothconsumers'worriesabouttheinconvenienceofcharging,andchargingservicecompanies'worriesaboutsurvivalandprofitability.Inthedevelopmentofpureelectricvehicles,such"worries"areinevitable.Theintroductionofchargingservicefeesisnotabadthing.Withtransparentchargingservicefees,consumerscanhaveabasicpsychologicalexpectationonthecostofusingelectricvehiclesandmakeconsumptiondecisions;forchargingservicecompanies,theycanbestimulatedtoinvestinchargingstationsConstruction.Ijusthopethatafterchargingthechargingservicefee,thechargingstationcanreallyimprovethechargingservice,sothatconsumersofelectricvehicleswillnolongerhavetoworryaboutthefuture.

Applicationdirection

Pureelectricvehiclesarevehiclesthatarepoweredentirelybysecondarybatteries(suchaslead-acidbatteries,nickel-cadmiumbatteries,nickel-hydrogenbatteriesorlithium-ionbatteries,etc.).BothpureelectriccarsandpureelectricbuseshavepassedthetypecertificationtestoftheNationalQualityInspectionCenter,andallindicatorsmeettherequirementsofrelevantnationalstandardsandcorporatestandards.,Itsvehicle'spower,economy,drivingrange,noiseandotherindicatorshavereachedorexceededforeignmodelsofthesamelevel,andtheresearchanddevelopmentcapabilitiesofkeytechnologieshavebeeninitiallyformed.Thereareseveralcitieswherepureelectricvehicledemonstrationsoperate,butthescaleisrelativelysmall.InJanuary2005,thedemonstrationoperationof22carsand1businTianjinpassedthenationalinspectionandacceptance.InDecemberofthesameyear,thethree-yeardemonstrationoperationof95pureelectricsmallbuses(another20hybridbusesand3hybridcars)conductedbyWuhanCityalsopassedthenationalacceptance.Becausepureelectricvehiclesareconstrainedbytheircontinueddrivingability,pureelectricvehicletrialsaremainlyconcentratedonsmallbuses.Accordingtothe"ChinaElectricVehicleNetwork"report,inJanuary2006,therewere50smallelectricvehiclesoperatinginthecommunityinZhuzhouCity,HunanProvince,andseveralelectricbusesinthecitywerealsoinoperation.InAprilofthesameyear,HangzhouCity,ZhejiangProvincelaunchedanelectricvehicledemonstrationproject,with6carsand5busesindemonstrationoperationinthecity.

Technicaldifficulties

Thedifficultyofelectricvehiclesisthattheenergystoredperunitweightofbatteriesiscurrentlytoolittle.Also,becausethebatteriesofelectricvehiclesaremoreexpensiveandhavenotformedaneconomicscale,thepurchasepriceisrelativelyhigh.Expensive.Asforthecostofuse,someusecostsaremoreexpensivethancars,andsomeareonly1/3ofthecostofacar,whichmainlydependsonthelifeofthebatteryandthelocalpriceofoilandelectricity.Atthisstage,thecapacityofthebatteryisnotuptotherequirement,andtheenduranceisnotuptotheall-weatherapplication.

Developmentstatus

Statusquoofdevelopedcountries

Famousforeignautomobilecompaniesattachgreatimportancetotheresearchanddevelopmentofelectricvehicles,anddevelopedcountriesintheworldhaveinvestedheavilyinresearchanddevelopment,andSomerelevantpoliciesandregulationshavebeenformulatedtopromotethedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.

TheUnitedStatesisvigorouslydevelopingandpromotingtheuseoffuelcellelectricvehiclesandpureelectricvehicles.TheMinistryofEnergyofthegovernmentandthethreemajorautomakersofGeneralMotors,FordandDai-Kejointlydevelopfuelcellelectricvehicles.SevenstatesintheUnitedStateshavejoinedthezero-emissionplan.Afterthespecifiednumberofyears,carssoldintheseareasmustbezero-emissions,thatis,onlypureelectricvehiclesandfuelcellelectricvehicles.

TensofthousandsofelectricvehiclesarealreadyinuseintheUK;

Franceisoneofthemostsuccessfulcountriesintheworldtopromotetheapplicationofpureelectricvehicles.Thecoordinationcommittee,ParisandLaRochellehaveestablishedarelativelycompleteinfrastructureofpureelectricvehiclechargingstations,formulatedpreferentialpoliciestosupportandencouragetheuseofelectricvehicles,andhaveinitiallyformedapureelectricvehicleoperationsystem.

Atinternationallarge-scalesportsgames,electricvehicleshavealsobecomeoneofthetoolsforcountriestodemonstratetheirscientificandtechnologicalstrengthandenvironmentalawareness.TheAtlantaOlympicsusedpureelectricbusesasofficialandtelevisionrelayvehicles,andtheSydneyOlympicspurchasednearly400electricbusesfromtheUKasshuttlevehiclesforathletes.Inthefieldofhybridelectricvehicles,

ThemajorEuropeanautomakersarescramblingtolaunchthehybridelectricvehiclesdevelopedbythecompany.Poweredelectricvehicletechnology.Nearly20citiesintheUnitedStateshavetestedtheuseofhybridelectricbuses.Sweden,France,Germany,Italy,Belgiumandothercountriesplantoopenhybridelectricbuslinesin9Europeancities.Fuelcellelectricvehicleshavecometothefore,andforeignbusinesscircleshaveformedpowerfulmultinationalalliancesinordertoachievethepurposeofcomplementingeachother'sadvantages.

CurrentsituationinChina

AlthoughChina'selectricvehicleshavenotstartedasearlyasEuropeandtheUnitedStatesandothercountries,thecountryhasmaintainedenergysecurity,improvedtheatmosphericenvironment,andenhancedthecompetitivenessoftheautomotiveindustrytoachievealeapinmycountry'sautomotiveindustry.Consideringthestrategicdevelopmentofthenewtypeofdevelopment,electricvehicleresearchhasalwaysbeenanationalplannedproject,andin2001,the“ElectricVehicleMajorScienceandTechnologyProject”wasestablished.Byorganizingenterprises,collegesanduniversities,andscientificresearchinstitutions,andconcentratingallforcestoconductjointresearch,wearenowinastageofstrongR&Dmomentum,andsometechnologieshavecaughtupwithorevensurpassedtheworld'sadvancedlevel.Sincetheimplementationofthe“ElectricVehicleMajorScienceandTechnologyProject”,fuelcellvehicleprototypeshavebeensuccessfullydeveloped,withatotalofthousandsofkilometersinoperation;hybridelectricbuseshavebeentestedonpublictransportationroutesinWuhanandotherplacesformorethanonemillionkilometers;pureelectricvehicleshavepassedthestateRelatedcertificationtests.

InDecember2017,theofficialwebsiteoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionannouncedthatthethreecompaniesofHenanSenyuan,JiangsuGuoxin,andKangdihavereceivedapprovalsfornewpureelectricpassengervehicleprojects.Thisalsomeansthatafterhalfayear,TheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionrestartedthequalificationreviewfortheproductionofpureelectricpassengervehicles.

Developmenthistory

Batteriesarethemostimportantkeytothedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.Thedifficultyofautomotivepowerbatteriesisthe"low-costrequirements","high-capacityrequirements"and"high-safetyrequirements".Onrequest.lithiumpolymerbattery.Theenergystorageperunitweightofnickel-hydrogenbatteriesistwicethatoflead-acidbatteries.Chinahasmaderapiddevelopmentintheindustrialdevelopmentofnickel-hydrogenbatteriesandlithium-ionbatteries.10citiesinChinahavebeenincludedinthe20mostseverelypollutedcitiesintheworld.China’scurrentpercapitacarownershipisanaverageof10carsper1,000people,butoilresourcesareinsufficient,andtensofmillionsoftonsofoilhavebeenimportedeveryyear.Withthedevelopmentoftheeconomy,China’spercapitacarownershiphasreachedthecurrentgloballevel---per1,000peopleWith110cars,China’scarownershipwillincreasetenfold,andoilimportswillbecomeamajorproblem.Therefore,theresearchanddevelopmentofelectricvehiclesinChinaisnotatemporaryshort-termmeasure,butasignificantandlong-termstrategicconsideration.

Afterlong-termdevelopment,pureelectricvehicletechnologyhasgraduallymaturedandhasbeencommercializedandappliedintheUnitedStates,Japan,Europeandothercountries.Therearenearly40,000pureelectricvehiclesinoperationintheworld,including8,000inFrance,7,000intheUnitedStates,and7,400inJapan.Mainlyusedinpublictransportationsystems.

Coretechnology

Thedevelopmentofelectricvehiclesmustsolvefourkeytechnologies:batterytechnology,motordriveandcontroltechnology,electricvehicletechnologyandenergymanagementtechnology.

Batterytechnology

Batteriesarethesourceofpowerforelectricvehicles,andtheyarealsoakeyfactorthathasalwaysrestrictedthedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.Themainperformanceindicatorsofbatteriesforelectricvehiclesarespecificenergy(E),energydensity(Ed),specificpower(P),cyclelife(L)andcost(C).Forelectricvehiclestocompetewithfuelvehicles,thekeyistodevelophigh-efficiencybatterieswithhighspecificenergy,highspecificpowerandlongservicelife.

Sofar,batteriesforelectricvehicleshaveundergonethreegenerationsofdevelopment,andbreakthroughshavebeenmade.Thefirstgenerationislead-acidbatteries,mainlyvalve-regulatedlead-acidbatteries(VRLA).Duetotheirhighspecificenergy,lowpriceandhigh-ratedischarge,theyaretheonlybatteriesforelectricvehiclesthatcanbemass-produced.Thesecondgenerationisalkalinebatteries,mainlynickelcadmium(NJ-Cd),nickelhydrogen(Ni-MH),sodiumsulfur(Na/S),lithiumion(Li-ion)andzincair(Zn/Air),etc.Avarietyofbatterieshavehigherspecificenergyandspecificpowerthanlead-acidbatteries,thusgreatlyimprovingthepowerperformanceanddrivingrangeofelectricvehicles,buttheirpricesarehigherthanthoseoflead-acidbatteries.Thethirdgenerationisafuelcell-basedbattery.Thefuelcelldirectlyconvertsthechemicalenergyofthefuelintoelectricenergy.Theenergyconversionefficiencyishigh,thespecificenergyandspecificpowerarehigh,andthereactionprocesscanbecontrolled,andtheenergyconversionprocesscanbeperformedcontinuously.Therefore,itisanidealautomobilebatteryandisstillinthedevelopmentstage.Somekeytechnologieshaveyettobebrokenthrough.

Electricdriveanditscontroltechnology

Motoranddrivesystemarethekeycomponentsofelectricvehicles.Forelectricvehiclestohavegoodperformance,thedrivemotorshouldhaveawiderangeofspeedregulation,Highspeed,largestartingtorque,smallsize,smallmass,highefficiency,strongdynamicbrakingandenergyfeedback.Electricmotorsforelectricvehiclesmainlyinclude4typesofDCmotors(DCM),inductionmotors(IM),permanentmagnetbrushlessmotors(PMBLM)andswitchedreluctancemotors(SRM).

Inrecentyears,almostallelectricvehiclesdrivenbyinductionmotorshaveadoptedvectorcontrolanddirecttorquecontrol.Becausethedirecttorquecontrolmethodisdirect,simpleinstructure,excellentincontrolperformanceandfastindynamicresponse,itisverysuitableforthecontrolofelectricvehicles.ElectricvehiclesdevelopedintheUnitedStatesandEuropemostlyusethistypeofmotor.PermanentmagnetbrushlessmotorscanbedividedintoabrushlessDCmotorsystem(BLDCM)drivenbyasquarewaveandabrushlessDCmotorsystem(PMSM)drivenbyasinewave,bothofwhichhaveahigherpowerdensity.Electricmotorsarebasicallythesame,sotheyarewidelyusedinelectricvehicles.PMSMmotorshavehighenergydensityandefficiency,smallsize,lowinertia,andfastresponse.Theyareverysuitableforthedrivesystemofelectricvehiclesandhaveexcellentapplicationprospects.ElectriccarsdevelopedbyJapanmainlyusethiskindofmotor.

Switchedreluctancemotor(SRM)hastheadvantagesofsimplicityandreliability,high-efficiencyoperationinawidespeedandtorquerange,flexiblecontrol,four-quadrantoperation,fastresponsespeedandlowcost.Inpracticalapplications,itisfoundthatSRMhasshortcomingssuchaslargetorquefluctuations,largenoise,andtheneedforapositiondetector,anditsapplicationislimited.

Withthedevelopmentofmotorsanddrivesystems,controlsystemstendtobeintelligentanddigital.Non-linearintelligentcontroltechnologiessuchasvariablestructurecontrol,fuzzycontrol,neuralnetwork,adaptivecontrol,expertcontrol,geneticalgorithm,etc.,willbeappliedtothemotorcontrolsystemofelectricvehiclesindividuallyorincombination.

Electricvehicletechnology

Electricvehiclesarehigh-techcomprehensiveproducts.Inadditiontobatteriesandelectricmotors,thecarbodyitselfalsocontainsmanyhigh-tech.Someenergy-savingmeasuresarebetterthanimprovingbatterystorage.Capabilityisalsoeasytoimplement.Theuseoflightweightmaterialssuchasmagnesium,aluminum,high-qualitysteelandcompositematerialstooptimizethestructurecanreducethecar'sownmassby30%-50%;realizeenergyrecoveryduringbraking,downhillandidling;madeofhigh-elasticmaterialsThehigh-pressureradialtirescanreducetherollingresistanceofthecarby50%;thecarbody,especiallythebottomofthecar,ismorestreamlined,whichcanreducetheairresistanceofthecarby50%.

Energymanagementtechnology

Batteryistheenergystoragepowersourceforelectricvehicles.Toobtainverygoodpowercharacteristics,anelectricvehiclemusthaveabatterywithhighspecificenergy,longservicelife,andhighspecificpowerasthepowersource.Tomakeelectricvehicleshavegoodworkingperformance,thestoragebatterymustbemanagedsystematically.

Theenergymanagementsystemistheintelligentcoreofelectricvehicles.Awell-designedelectricvehicleshouldnotonlyhavegoodmechanicalperformance,electricdriveperformance,andproperenergysourceselection(iebattery),butalsoasetofenergymanagementsystemthatcoordinatestheworkofeachfunctionalpart.ItsroleistodetectasingleThestateofchargeofthebatteryorbatterypack,andbasedonvarioussensorinformation,includingforce,accelerationanddecelerationcommands,drivingconditions,batteryoperatingconditions,ambienttemperature,etc.,reasonablydeployandusethelimitedvehicleenergy;itcanalsobebasedonthebatteryChoosethebestchargingmethodbasedontheusageandchargeanddischargehistoryofthegrouptoextendthebatterylifeasmuchaspossible.

Theresearchinstitutionsoftheworld'smajorautomobilemanufacturersareconductingresearchanddevelopmentontheenergymanagementsystemoftheelectricvehicleon-boardbattery.Howmuchelectricenergyanelectricvehiclebatterycurrentlystoresandhowmanykilometersitcantravelareimportantparametersthatmustbeknownduringthedrivingofanelectricvehicle,anditisalsoanimportantfunctionthattheelectricvehicleenergymanagementsystemshouldcomplete.Applyingtheon-boardenergymanagementsystemofelectricvehiclescanmoreaccuratelydesigntheelectricenergystoragesystemofelectricvehicles,determineanoptimalenergystorageandmanagementstructure,andimprovetheperformanceofelectricvehiclesthemselves.

Thedifficultyofrealizingenergymanagementinelectricvehiclesliesinhowtoestablishamethodtodeterminehowmuchenergyeachbatteryhasleftbasedonthecollectedhistoricaldataofthevoltage,temperature,andchargeanddischargecurrentofeachbattery.Moreprecisemathematicalmodel.

Developmentprospects

TheStateCouncilissuedanoticeonthe"Energy-savingandNewEnergyAutomobileIndustryDevelopmentPlan(2012-2020)"(hereinafterreferredtoasthe"DevelopmentPlan"),whichdeletedthesolicitationIntheopiniondraft,thewords“focusonhybridelectricvehiclesinthenearfuture”and“medium/heavyhybridpassengervehiclesaccountformorethan50%oftheannualproductionandsalesofpassengervehicles”.Inthisregard,industryexpertsbelievethatthiseffectivelyavoidsthedirectfocusonhybridelectricvehiclesandthepossiblenewenergydevelopmentroutedisputes,andavoidsthepreviouslysethightargetsthataredifficulttoachieve,andonceagainclarifiesthefuturedevelopmentofnewenergy.Target.

Hybrid "UnexplainedKeyPoints"

Accordingtothe"DevelopmentPlan",thenewenergyvehiclesreferredtointhisplanmainlyincludepureelectricvehicles,plug-inhybridvehiclesAndfuelcellvehicles.Hybridpower,whichhasbeenhighlyvocalbefore,isnotunderestimated,butthedevelopmentgoalsofthetwoaredifferent.Itisclearlymentionedinthe"DevelopmentPlan"thatthe"industrializationofpureelectricvehiclesandplug-inhybridelectricvehicles"shallbe"focusedonpromotion",andthe"non-plug-inhybridelectricvehiclesandenergy-savinginternalcombustionenginevehicles"shallbepromoted.universal".Thatistosay,"keypromotion"isbecausethetechnologyisimmatureanddifficult,sowemustfocusonpromotion;"promotionandpopularization"meansthattherearemoreready-madetechnologiesthatcanbepopularizedaslongastheyarepromoted.Accordingtotheinterpretationofindustryexperts,theimplicationisthathybridpowerhasbecomean"unexplainedfocus."Inaddition,the"DevelopmentPlan"requires,"By2015,theaveragefuelconsumptionofpassengercarsproducedinthatyearwillbereducedto6.9liters/100kilometers,andthefuelconsumptionofenergy-savingpassengercarswillbereducedto5.9liters/100kilometersorless.By2020In2009,theaveragefuelconsumptionofpassengercarsproducedthatyearfellto5.0liters/100kilometers,andthefuelconsumptionofenergy-savingpassengercarsfelltobelow4.5liters/100kilometers."Thepromotionandpopularizationofviablehybridvehiclesisimperative,andthemarketwilltakeoffquickly.

Inthefirsthalfof2012,automobilecompaniesproduced3,167newenergyvehicles,including3,021pureelectricvehiclesand146plug-inhybridvehicles;salesof3,525newenergyvehicles,ofwhich,pureelectricvehiclesThereare3444carsand81plug-inhybridvehicles.Thedevelopmentplanofthe"DevelopmentPlan"forthefutureofenergyis:By2015,thecumulativeproductionandsalesofpureelectricvehiclesandplug-inhybridvehicleswillstrivetoreach500,000,andby2020,thecumulativeproductionandsaleswillexceed5million.

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