tecnologia numerica

Basicconcepts

(1)Digitalcontrol.NumericalControl(NumericalControl,NC)isatechnologythatusesdigitalsignalstoautomaticallycontrolthecontrolobjects(suchasthemovementandprocessingofmachinetools),referredtoasnumericalcontrol.

(2)CNCtechnology.Numericalcontroltechnologyreferstotheautomaticcontroltechnologythatusesnumbers,lettersandsymbolstoprogramacertainworkingprocess.

(3)Numericalcontrolsystem.Numericalcontrolsystemreferstotheorganicintegratedsystemofsoftwareandhardwaremodulesthatrealizetherelatedfunctionsofnumericalcontroltechnology,anditisthecarrierofnumericalcontroltechnology.

(4)Computernumericalcontrolsystem.ComputerNumericalControl(CNC)referstoanumericalcontrolsystemwithacomputerasthecore.

(5)CNCmachinetools.Numericalcontrolmachine(NCMachine)referstoamachinetoolthatusesnumericalcontroltechnologytocontrolthemachiningprocess,oramachinetoolequippedwithanumericalcontrolsystem.

Overviewofdevelopment

1.OverviewofCNCtechnologyindevelopedcountries

Withmoderntechnology,especiallymicroelectronics,Computertechnologyadvancesandcontinuestodevelop.Developedcountriesgenerallyattachimportancetothemachinetoolindustry,continuetostudythedevelopmentdirectionofmachinetoolsandproposescientificresearchtasks,andforthispurpose,theyhaverecruitedworldwidetalentsandprovidedsufficientfunds.TheUnitedStates,Germany,andJapanarecountrieswithrelativelyadvancedtechnologyandrichexperienceinthescientificresearch,design,manufacturing,anduseofCNCmachinetoolsintheworldtoday.

TheUnitedStateshasdevelopedalargenumberofautomaticlinesrequiredformassproductionautomationduetoitsadvancedautomobileandothermanufacturingindustriesandtheworld'sleadingelectronicandcomputertechnology.Themainframedesign,manufacturingandnumericalcontrolsystemofitsCNCmachinetoolshaveasolidfoundation,andithasalwaysattachedimportancetoscientificresearchandinnovation.Itshigh-performanceCNCmachinetooltechnologyhasalsobeenleadingtheworld.TodaytheUnitedStatesnotonlyproduceshigh-performanceCNCmachinetoolsfortheprocessingofaerospaceproducts,butalsoproducescheapandpracticalCNCmachinetoolsforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.

Germanyattachesimportancetotheimportantstrategicpositionofthemachinetoolindustry.GermanCNCmachinetools,especiallylarge,heavy,precisionCNCmachinetools.Duetotheirgoodqualityandperformance,advancedandpractical,theyenjoyahighreputationintheworld.Germanyattachesgreatimportancetotheadvancedandhigh-qualityCNCmachinetoolsandaccessories.Itsmechanical,electrical,hydraulic,pneumatic,optical,cuttingtools,measurement,CNCsystemsandvariousfunctionalcomponentsareamongthetopintheworldintermsofqualityandperformance.Forexample,Siemens'CNCsystemandHeidenhain'sprecisiongratingareworld-famous.

JapanisalsosimilartotheUnitedStatesandGermany,fullydevelopingautomaticmassproductionlines,andthenfullydevelopingCNCmachinetoolsforsmallandmediumbatchflexibleproductionautomation.Intermsofmid-rangeCNCmachinetools,Japan'sexportvolumeranksfirstintheworld.Sincethe1980s,Japanhasfurtherstrengthenedscientificresearchanddevelopedhigh-performanceCNCmachinetools.Japanhighlightsthedevelopmentofnumericalcontrolsystems.ThenumericalcontrolsystemproducedbyJapan'sFANUCcompanyistechnologicallyadvancedandranksfirstintheworldintermsofoutput.

2.OverviewofCNCtechnologyinmycountry

ThefactoriesproducingCNCmachinetoolsinmycountryaccountforabout1/3ofthetotalnumberofmachinetoolfactories.TheoutputofCNCmachinetoolscontinuestogrow,butthedemandforCNCmachinetoolsisgrowingfaster.TheoutputofdomesticCNCmachinetoolscannotmeettheneedsofsocialdevelopment.AlargenumberofCNCmachinetoolsneedtobeimported.

FromthedevelopmentofthefirstCNCmachinetoolinmycountryin1958tothecurrentdevelopmentofCNCmachinetools,Chinacanberoughlydividedintotwomajorstages:

1958-1979isthefirststage,From1979tothepresentisthesecondstage.Inthefirststage,thestabilityandreliabilityoftheCNCsystemhavenotbeenwellresolved,whichlimitsthedevelopmentofdomesticCNCmachinetools.TheCNCwire-cuttingmachinetoolhasbeendevelopedrapidlyduetoitssimplestructure.Inthesecondstage,thereliabilityandstabilityofCNCmachinetoolsweresolvedthroughtheintroductionofadvancedCNCtechnologyandcooperativeproduction,andtheCNCmachinetoolsbegantobemass-producedandused.Afterthesecondstageofdevelopment,thedesignandmanufacturingtechnologyofCNCmachinetoolsinmycountryhasbeengreatlyimproved.Verticalmachiningcenters,horizontalmachiningcenters,andCNClathes,CNCmillingmachinesandotherCNCmachinetoolshavebeendeveloped;someCNCmachinetoolshavebeentrainedTalentsindesign,manufacturing,operationandmaintenance;throughtheuseofforeignadvancedcomponentsandnumericalcontrolsystems,wecandesignthesystembyourselves,andcandesignandmanufacturehigh-speed,high-performance,multi-faceted,multi-axislinkageCNCmachinetools.Onthebasisofthemachiningcenter,aflexiblemanufacturingunitwasdevelopedandaflexiblemanufacturingsystemwasbuilt.Bytheendofthe1980s,mycountryhadexploredandimplementedCIMS(ComputerIntegratedManufacturingSystem)withinacertainrange,gainedvaluableexperienceandmasteredcertaintechnologies.

Althoughmycountry'snumericalcontroltechnologyhasdevelopedtoacertainextent,comparedwithotheradvancedcountries,thereisstillabiggap.ThenumberandvarietyofCNCmachinetoolsinmycountrycannotfullymeetthedomesticmarketdemand,andtheexportvolumeissmall;thedesignandmanufacturinglevelisstillinthestageoflearning,copyingandself-development;thereisaseriousshortageofexpertsandskilledworkersinvariousfields;importantfunctionalcomponentsandautomatedtoolsThenumericalcontrolsystemneedsthesupportofforeigntechnology;italsoneedstoimprovethetest,digestion,masteryandinnovationcapabilitiesofkeytechnologies.

Withtheworld'sscientificandtechnologicalprogressandthedevelopmentofthemachinetoolindustry,CNCmachinetools,asthemainstreamproductofthemachinetoolindustry,havebecomethekeyequipmenttorealizethemodernizationoftheequipmentmanufacturingindustryandthestrategicmaterialforthedevelopmentofnationaldefenseandmilitaryequipment.China’saerospace,nationaldefenseandmilitaryindustriesneedlarge,high-speed,precise,multi-axis,andefficientCNCmachinetools;automobile,motorcycle,andhomeappliancemanufacturingindustriesneedefficient,highlyreliable,andhighlyautomatedCNCmachinetoolsandcompletesetsofflexibleproductionlines;powerstationequipment,Metallurgicalandpetrochemicalequipment,railtransitequipment,shipbuilding,andmanufacturingrequirehigh-precision,heavy-dutyCNCmachinetools;IT,bioengineeringandotherhigh-techindustriesrequirenano-andsub-micronsuper-precisionmachiningCNCmachinetools;industrialupgradingengineeringmachineryTraditionalmanufacturingindustriessuchas,agriculturalmachinery,especiallytheboomingprivateenterprises,requirealargenumberofCNCmachinetoolsforequipment.Therefore,acceleratingthedevelopmentoftheCNCmachinetoolindustryisalsoarealisticrequirementforthedevelopmentofmycountry'sequipmentmanufacturingindustry.

Technicalcomposition

Numericalcontroltechnologyiscomposedofthreeparts:machinetoolbody,numericalcontrolsystemandperipheraltechnology.

Machinetoolbodyismainlycomposedofbasicpartssuchasbed,column,guiderail,worktable,etc.,andsupportingpartssuchastoolrestandtoolmagazine.

Numericalcontrolsystemconsistsofinput/outputequipment,ComputerNumericalControl(CNC)device,ProgrammableLogicControl(PLC)andspindleservodrivedevice,Itiscomposedoffeedservodrivedeviceandmeasuringdevice.Amongthem,thecomputernumericalcontroldeviceisthecoreofthenumericalcontrolsystem.

Peripheraltechnologymainlyincludestooltechnology(mainlyreferstotoolsystem),programmingtechnologyandmanagementtechnology.

Features

1.Improvemachiningaccuracy

CNCmachinetoolsarehighlyintegratedmechatronicsproducts,whicharecomposedofprecisionmachineryandautomaticcontrolsystems.Ithashighpositioningaccuracyandrepeatpositioningaccuracy.Thetransmissionsystemofthemachinetoolandthestructureofthemachinetoolhavehighrigidityandthermalstability;measuresaretakentoreduceerrorswhenthetransmissionstructureisdesigned,andthenumericalcontrolsystemautomaticallycompensates.Therefore,CNCmachinetoolshavehighermachiningaccuracy,especiallyimprovingtheconsistencyofthesamebatchofpartsprocessing,sothattheproductqualityisstable,andthequalificationrateishigh.Thisisincomparablewithordinarymachinetools.

2.Improveproductionefficiency

CNCmachinetoolscanusealargercuttingamount,whicheffectivelysavesprocessingtime.TheCNCmachinetoolormachiningcenteralsohasautomaticspeedchange,automatictoolchangeandotherautomaticoperationfunctions,whichgreatlyshortenstheauxiliarytime,andonceastableprocessingprocessisformed,thereisnoneedforinspectionandmeasurementbetweenprocedures.Therefore,theproductivityofCNCmachiningis3-4timeshigherthanthatofordinarymachinetools,orevenmore.

3.Improveadaptability

TheCNCmachinetoolperformsautomaticprocessinginaccordancewiththeCNCprogramoftheprocessedpart.Whentheprocessingobjectischanged,onlytheCNCprogramneedstobechanged,withouttheneedforprofilingortemplateAndotherspecialprocessequipment,whichisconducivetoshortentheproductionpreparationcycleandpromotetheupgradingofproducts.

4.Improvethemachinabilityofparts

Somemechanicalpartsformedbycomplexcurvesandcurvedsurfacesaredifficulttoprocessorevenimpossibletocompletewithconventionalprocessmethodsandmanualoperations.Themachinetoolcanbeeasilyrealizedbyadoptingmulti-coordinateaxislinkage.

5.Improveeconomicbenefits

Numericalcontrolmachinetools(especiallymachiningcenters)mostlyuseprocessconcentration,onemachineismulti-purpose,inthecaseofoneclamping,mostofthepartscanbecompletedForprocessprocessing,oneCNCmachinetoolormachiningcentercanreplaceseveralordinarymachinetools.Thiscannotonlyreducetheinstallationerror,saveauxiliarytimesuchastransportation,measurement,andinstallationbetweenprocedures,butalsoreducethetypesofmachinetools,savetheareaof​​themachinetool,andbringhighereconomicbenefits.

Developmenttrend

Numericalcontroltechnologyhasnotonlybroughtrevolutionarychangestothetraditionalmanufacturingindustry,makingthemanufacturingindustryasymbolofindustrialization,butalsowiththecontinuousdevelopmentandapplicationofnumericalcontroltechnologyTheexpansionofthenationaleconomyandpeople’slivelihoodplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinthedevelopmentofsomeimportantindustries.Althoughthetrendofhighprecisionandhighspeedappearedmorethantenyearsago,thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyisendless.Theconnotationofhighprecisionandhighspeedisconstantlychanging,anditisdevelopingtowardsthelimitofprecisionandspeed.

Fromtheperspectiveofthedevelopmenttrendofnumericalcontroltechnologyintheworld,therearemainlythefollowingaspects:

1.Thedevelopmentofhigh-celeritate, accurata, intelligens, ac miniaturizedmachinetools

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Withthewideapplicationofindustriallightalloymaterialssuchasautomobilesandaerospace,high-speedmachininghasbecomeanimportantdevelopmenttrendinmanufacturingtechnology.High-speedmachininghastheadvantagesofshorteningmachiningtime,improvingmachiningaccuracyandsurfacequality,andisincreasinglyusedinmoldmanufacturingandotherfields.High-speedmachinetoolsrequirenewCNCsystems,high-speedelectricspindlesandhigh-speedservofeeddrives,aswellasoptimizationandlightweightmachinetoolstructures.High-speedmachiningisnotonlytheequipmentitself,butalsotheintegrationofmachinetools,cuttingtools,toolholders,fixturesandCNCprogrammingtechnology,aswellasthequalityofpersonnel.Theultimategoalofhighspeedistoincreaseefficiency.Machinetoolsareonlyoneofthekeystoachievinghighefficiency,notall.Productionefficiencyandbenefitsareonthe"tooltip".

2.Therapiddevelopmentoffive-axislinkagemachiningandcompoundprocessingmachinetools

Usingfive-axislinkagetoprocessthree-dimensionalsurfaceparts,itcanbecutwiththebestgeometryofthetool,whichnotonlyhashighfinish,butalsoAndtheefficiencyisgreatlyimproved.Itisgenerallybelievedthattheefficiencyofonefive-axislinkagemachinetoolcanbeequaltotwothree-axislinkagemachinetools,especiallywhenusingcubicboronnitrideandothersuperhardmaterialmillingcuttersforhigh-speedmillingofhardenedsteelparts,five-axislinkagemachiningiscomparabletothree-axislinkageProcessingtoplayahigherefficiency.However,inthepast,duetothecomplexstructureofthefive-axisCNCsystem,itspricewasseveraltimeshigherthanthatofthethree-axisCNCmachinetool.Inaddition,theprogrammingtechnologywasmoredifficult,whichrestrictedthedevelopmentofthefive-axisCNCmachinetool.Thecurrentdevelopmentofnumericalcontroltechnologyhasgreatlysimplifiedthestructureofthecompositespindleheadthatrealizesfive-axissimultaneousmachining,itsmanufacturingdifficultyandcosthavebeengreatlyreduced,andthepricegapofnumericalcontrolsystemshasnarrowed.Therefore,thefive-axislinkagetechnologypromotesthedevelopmentofcompoundspindleheadtypefive-axislinkagemachinetoolsandcompoundprocessingmachinetools.

3.Thedevelopmentofnewstructures,newmaterialsandnewdesignmethods

Thehigh-speedandprecisionofmachinetoolsrequirethesimplificationandlightweightofmachinetoolstoreducetheinertiaofmachinetoolcomponents.Thenegativeimpactofmachiningaccuracygreatlyimprovesthedynamicperformanceofthemachinetool.Forexample,topologicaloptimizationofmachinetoolcomponentswiththehelpoffiniteelementanalysis,thedesignofbox-in-boxstructures,theuseofhollowweldingstructuresandtheuseofleadalloymaterialshavebeguntomovefromthelaboratorytopracticaluse.

mycountry'smachinetooldesignanddevelopmentmethodsshouldtransitionfrom2DCADto3DCADassoonaspossible.Three-dimensionalmodelingandsimulationarethefoundationofmoderndesignandthesourceofenterprisetechnologicaladvantages.Onthebasisofthisthree-dimensionaldesign,theintegrationofCAD/CAM/CAE/PDMiscarriedouttospeedupthedevelopmentofnewproducts,ensurethesmoothproductionofnewproducts,andgraduallyrealizeproductlifecyclemanagement.

4.DevelopmentofopenCNCsystems

ManycountrieshaveconductedresearchonopenCNCsystems,andopenCNCsystemshavebecomethefutureroadofCNCsystems.Theso-calledopenCNCsystemmeansthattheCNCsystemcanbedevelopedonaunifiedoperatingplatform,facingmachinetoolmanufacturersandendusers,bychanging,adding,ortailoringstructuralobjects(numericalcontrolfunctions)toformaserialization,andcaneasilyintegratetheuser’sSpecialapplicationsandtechnicalknow-howareintegratedintothecontrolsystemtoquicklyrealizedifferentvarietiesanddifferentgradesofopenCNCsystems,formingbrand-nameproductswithdistinctivepersonality.TherearethreeformsofopenCNCsystem:

(1)Fullyopensystem,thatis,amicrocomputer-basedCNCsystem,usingamicrocomputerasaplatform,usingareal-timeoperatingsystem,anddevelopingvariousfunctionsoftheCNCsystemthroughaservocardTransferdatatocontrolthemovementofthecoordinateaxismotor.

(2) Ratio embedded, nempe CNC+PC, CNC moderatur motus rationis coordinationis mo- stri, et PC usus est cum machina interfaceto communicate cum retiaculis.

(3) Fusionsystem, addPCmotherboard in the basis ofCNC, provide keyboardoperation, emenda-machina interfacefunction.

Thearchitecturespecification,communicationspecification,configurationspecification,operatingplatform,numericalcontrolsystemfunctionlibraryandnumericalcontrolsystemfunctionsoftwaredevelopmenttoolsoftheopenCNCsystemarethecoreofcurrentresearch.

5.Developmentofreconfigurablemanufacturingsystems

Withtheaccelerationofproductupgrading,thereconfigurabilityofspecial-purposemachinetoolsandthereconfigurabilityofmanufacturingsystemshavebecomeincreasinglyimportant.ThroughthemodularizationofCNCmachiningunitsandfunctionalcomponents,themanufacturingsystemcanbequicklyreorganizedandconfiguredtomeettheproductionneedsofmodifiedproducts.Theinterfacestandardizationandstandardizationofmachinery,electricalandelectronic,liquidandgas,andcontrolsoftwarearethekeystorealizereconfigurability.

6.Thedevelopmentofvirtualmachinetoolsandvirtualmanufacturing

Inordertoacceleratethedevelopmentspeedandqualityofnewmachinetools,withthehelpofvirtualrealitytechnologyinthedesignstage,itcanbeusedbeforethemachinetoolsaremanufactured.Itcanevaluatethecorrectnessandperformanceofmachinetooldesign,findvariouserrorsinthedesignprocessatanearlystage,reducelosses,andimprovethequalityofnewmachinetooldevelopment.

Applicationem

Fromtheperspectiveoftheworld'snumericalcontroltechnologyanditsequipmentapplications,itsmainapplicationfieldsareasfollows:

1.Manufacturingindustry

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ThemachinerymanufacturingindustryisthefirstindustrytoapplyCNCtechnology,anditisresponsibleforprovidingadvancedequipmentforvariousindustriesinthenationaleconomy.Themainapplicationsincludethedevelopmentandproductionofhigh-performancefive-axishigh-speedverticalmachiningcenters,five-axishigh-speedverticalmachiningcenters,five-axismachiningcenters,largefive-axisgantrymills,etc.forthedevelopmentandproductionofmodernmilitaryequipment;CNCmachinetoolsusedinflexiblemanufacturinglinesforengines,gearboxes,andcrankshaftsintheautomotiveindustryAndhigh-speedmachiningcenters,aswellaswelding,assembly,paintingrobots,platelaserweldingmachinesandlasercuttingmachines,etc.;high-speedfive-axismachiningcentersforprocessingpropellers,engines,generators,andturbinebladesintheaviation,shipbuilding,andpowergenerationindustries,andheavy-dutyTurningandmillingcompoundmachiningcenter,etc.

2.Informationindustry

Intheinformationindustry,fromcomputerstonetworks,mobilecommunications,telemetry,remotecontrolandotherequipment,itisnecessarytoadoptmanufacturingequipmentbasedonultra-precisiontechnologyandnanotechnology.,Suchaschipmanufacturingwirebondingmachine,waferlithographymachine,etc.,thecontroloftheseequipmentrequirestheuseofnumericalcontroltechnology.

3.Medicalequipmentindustry

Inthemedicalindustry,manymodernmedicaldiagnosisandtreatmentequipmentadoptnumericalcontroltechnology,suchasCTdiagnosticapparatus,wholebodytreatmentmachineandvisualguidanceMinimallyinvasivesurgicalrobots,orthodonticsandtoothrestorationsinstomatologyallrequirehigh-precisionCNCmachinetoolstoprocessandproduceteeth.

4.Militaryequipment

Manymodernmilitaryequipmentusesalargenumberofservomotioncontroltechnologies,suchasautomaticaimingcontrolofartillery,trackingcontrolofradar,andautomatictrackingcontrolofmissiles.

5.Otherindustries

Inthelightindustry,thereareprintingmachinery,textilemachinery,packagingmachineryandwoodworkingmachinerythatusemulti-axisservocontrol;inthebuildingmaterialsindustry,itisusedforstoneProcessedCNCwaterjetcuttingmachines,CNCglassengravingmachinesforglassprocessing,CNCsewingmachinesforSimmonsprocessingandCNCembroiderymachinesforclothingprocessing;intheartindustry,moreandmorehandicraftsandartsProductswillbeproducedusinghigh-performancefive-axismachiningcenters.

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