Alfabeto fonetico internazionale

History

In1886,agroupofEnglishandFrenchlanguageteachersledbyFrenchlinguistPaulPassyformedasocietytocreateasetofThephonetictranscriptionsystemforwritingandrecordinghumanlanguages​​isthepredecessoroftheInternationalPhoneticSocietyafter1897.

Thephoneticalphabettheyoriginallyusedwasbasedonaspellingreform,thatis,theRomicalphabet.Inordertomakeitusableinotherlanguages,thephoneticvaluerepresentedbythesymbolisallowedtovarywiththelanguage.Thechangewillchange.Forexample,[ʃ]wasoriginallyexpressedas⟨sh⟩inEnglish,but⟨ch⟩inFrench.

Butin1888,thesephoneticletterswererevisedintosymbolsthatwereuniformineachlanguage,andtheywerepublishedon"PhoneticTeachers"(thepredecessorof"InternationalPhoneticAssociation"-"PhoneticTeachers"ThisisthefirstIPAlistinhistory,andithasalsobecomethebasisforallfuturerevisions.Theideaof​​formulatingtheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetwasoriginallyproposedbyOttoJesperseninalettertoPaulPass.ItwaslaterimplementedbyAlexanderJohnEllis,HenrySweet,DanielJonesandPassy.

ThisinternationalphoneticalphabetwascreatedbyscholarsinBritainandFrance.ItismainlysuitableformarkingIndo-Europeanlanguages,Africanlanguages​​andsomeminoritylanguages.Afteritwaspublished,itbecamemorepopularinEuropeanlinguisticscircles.MostAmericansstillusetheirownresearchonAmericanIndiansymbols.TherearesomesoundsinthedialectsofChinese,whichcannotbeincludedinthistable.Thereareonly8tonalsymbolsspecifiedintheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisnotenoughforthestudyoftonallanguages.ChineselinguistZhaoYuanrenproposedtheLatinalphabetoftones,whichwaspublishedin"TeacherofPhonetics"in1930.Itisapplicabletoalltonallanguages​​andhasbeenadoptedbymostscholarsintheworld.

Sinceitsformulation,theInternationalPhoneticAlphabethasundergonemanyrevisions.Aftermajorrevisionsandexpansionsin1900and1932,theIPAremainedunchangeduntiltheInternationalPhoneticAssociationKielConventionin1989.

Anotherminorrevisionwasmadein1993,addinghalf-opencentralunroundedvowelsanddeletingspecialsymbolsforunvoicedinnerbrokensounds.ArevisioninMay2005addedalip-toothflickerthatisverycommoninAfricanlanguages.Exceptfortheincreaseanddecreaseofsymbols,theInternationalPhoneticAlphabetismostlyconsistentinothersymbols,classificationsandfonts.

Afterseveralrevisions,theversionrevisedin2020isnowprevailing.

Description

ItisbasedontheLatinalphabet,butduetothelargedifferencesinhumanphonetics,thelimitedLatinalphabetisfarfromenough,sothemethodofchangingthefontandborrowingthelettersofotherlanguagesToadd.Intermsofpronunciation,inordertotakecareofthehabit,mostsymbolsarebasedontheprincipleofstillreadingtheoriginalsoundsofLatinorotherlanguages.

Therefore,intheformoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,thelowercaseprintoftheLatinalphabet(Romanalphabet)ismainlyused,forexample:[a,b,c,d,f,g,h,i,j,k,P]etc.Whenitisnotenough,thefollowingmethodsareusedtosupplement:

(1)Latincapitalprintingorwriting(cursive),forexample:smallcapitalprinting[ɴ,ʀ,ɢ,ʙ,ʜ]Etc.,[ɑ](handwrittena),[ʋ](cursivev);

(2)TransformationorinversionofLatinletters,forexample:[ə](invertede,anothersayyesCyrillicandnon-SlaviclettersSchwa),deformed[ɕ](curltailc),[ɖ](rightcurvedtaild),[ŋ](longrightlegn),[ʃ](extendeds),etc.

(3)Borrowotherlanguageletters,forexample:[ε](Greek),[θ](Greek),[ɫ](Polish),[ø](Danish),[ç](Catalan)andsoon.

(4)Newletters,forexample:[ɤ]etc.

(5)Addsymbolstotheletters,forexample:[ʉ](plusahorizontalu)andsoon.

TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetwascreatedbyscholarsinBritainandFrance.ItismainlyusedtoindicatetheIndo-Europeanlanguages,Africanlanguages​​andsomeminoritylanguages.Afteritwaspublished,itbecamemorepopularinEuropeanlinguistics.MostAmericansstillusetheirownresearchonAmericanIndiansymbols.

SomesoundsinChinesedialectscannotbeincludedinthistable.Forexample,theapexvowelsinMandarinwererevisedbySwedishSinologistGaoBenhan;mostofthepalatalizedconsonantsinWudialectwereproposedbyphoneticologistZhaoYuanren.

Thereareonly8tonalsymbolsspecifiedintheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisnotenoughforthestudyoftonallanguages.ZhaoYuanrenproposedtheLatinalphabetoftones,whichwaspublishedin"TeacherofPhonetics"in1930.Itwascalled"tonealphabet".Itisapplicabletoalltonallanguages​​andhasbeenadoptedbymostscholarsintheworld.

IntheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,squarebrackets[]ordoubleslashes//areusedtoindicate(seebelowfordetails)todistinguishthemfromordinaryletters.

Inaddition,fortheconvenienceofrecording,theInternationalPhoneticSocietyhasalsostipulatedasetof"diacritics(additionalsymbols)"forsomeimportantphonologicalaccompanyingphenomena.Forexample:"~"abovetheletterisnasalization(ẽ),forcedaspiration(smallhintheupperrightcorner),p'(weakaspiration),aː(fulllengtha),aˑ(halflength)a)Wait.Genericsymbolsandspecialsymbolsarenolongergivenexamples.

Note:DuetothefontlimitationofBaiduBaike,pleaserefertotheIPAofficialwebsiteorrelatedbooksforthespecificcharacterlist.Pleaserefertothewebsiteforallinternationalphoneticsymbols.

Advantages

TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetstrictlystipulatestheprincipleof"onenote,onenote,onenote,onenote",thatis,"onephoneme,onesymbol,andonephoneme,onesymbol."

Inlanguages​​usingpinyinschemes,thereareoftenseveralpronunciationsofthesameletterindifferentwords.Forexample:the"i"inEnglishlikeandlitaremarkedwithinternationalphoneticaccents,whichare[ai]and[ı]respectively.Anotherexample:theaofban(班)andbang(邦)inMandarinPinyinare[a]and[ɑ]intheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(fordetails,pleaserefertothe"HanyuPinyinLettersandInternationalPhoneticAlphabetComparisonTable""Entry).

Inaddition,indifferentlanguages,thesamesoundhasdifferentspellings.Forexample:Englishsh,Frenchch,Germansch,Polishsz,andCzechsareactuallythe[ʃ]soundoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.

ThesearethestrengthsoftheInternationalPhoneticSymbols,thatis,itcanrecordanddistinguishvoicesmorescientificallyandaccurately.Thevoiceisroughlyenough).ThearrangementoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetiseasytoanalyzeandmaster(consonantsareroughlydeterminedaccordingtothepronunciationpositionandpronunciationmethod,andthevowelsaredeterminedaccordingtotheheightofthetongue).

Transcriptionmethod

Themethodofusingphoneticsymbolstomarkspeechiscalledtranscriptionmethod.Generallydividedintotwotypes:stricttranscriptionandbroadtranscription.

Stricttranscription

Torecordavoice,theinitialmethodshouldbestricttranscription.Theso-calledstricttranscriptionmeansthatwhatphonemeappearsisrecordedasthephoneme,andifthereisanaccompanyingphenomenon,itisrecordedastheaccompanyingphenomenon.Nomatterwhatphonemeandanyaccompanyingphenomenaarenotletgo,thatis,themostfaithfulandmeticulousrecordingoftheoriginalappearanceofthevoice.Therefore,stricttranscriptionisalsocalled"phonemetranscription".Forexample:InmodernChinese,thelowerlingualvowelscanbesummarizedasaphoneme/a/.Ifstricttranscriptionisused,theymustbemarkedas[ε],[ᴀ],[a],[ɑ],[œ],[æ],etc.Itscharacteristicisthateveryphonemethatactuallyexistsinalanguageordialect(regardlessofwhethertheybelongtothesamephonemeornot)ismarkedwithaspecificphoneticsymbol.Therefore,strictphonetictranscriptionusesmanyphoneticsymbols,andthedescriptionofthephoneticdescriptionisverydetailed.Mostofthemareusedwheninvestigatingfirst-handmaterials,andonlyoccasionallyinotheroccasions.Strictphoneticsymbolsarerepresentedbysquarebrackets[].

Broad-styletranscription

Theso-calledwide-styletranscriptionistoorganizeaphoneticsystemofspeechonthebasisofstricttranscription,andthenmarkthespeechbyphoneme.Thatis,onlyphonemesarerecorded,notphonemevariantsandothernon-essentialaccompanyingphenomena.Therefore,thewide-styletranscriptionisalsocalled"phonemetranscription".Forexample:InmodernChinese,thereare[ε],[ᴀ],[a],[ɑ]andmanyotherlinguallowvowels,andonly/a/isenoughtousewide-styletranscription.Withwide-styletranscription,thenumberofphoneticsymbolscanbelimitedtoalimitedrange,sothatthephoneticsystemofalanguageordialectcanbereflectedconciselyandclearly.Broadphoneticsymbolsarerepresentedbydoubleslashes//.

PhoneticAlphabetFont

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(2sheets)

FontmadebySILInternational:

(1)DoulosSILinternationalphoneticalphabetfont

(2)CharisSILfont

OneVerycompleteinternationalfonts,includingLatin,GreekandCyrillicletters,looklikeRomanfonts(Roman,inWindowssystems,itis"TimesNewRoman"-TimesNewRoman),includingnormalfontsanditalicsAndbold.Inadditiontoincludingthecompleteinternationalphoneticsymbols,therearealsotonalsymbolsandthelatestlip-toothphoneticsymbols,aswellasthephoneticsymbolswithpre-combinedadditionalsymbols,andmanynon-standardphoneticsymbols.

Symboltable

Consonants

Mainarticle:Consonants

td>

Vibrato

ʙ

r

ɽ͡r̥

ɽ͡r

ʀ̥

ʀ

Lungairflowconsonants

Pulmonaryairflowsoundchart

Location→

Lip

TongueCrown

TongueBack

TongueBase

larynx/glottis

↓Method

Lips

Lipteeth

Teeth

Gum

Post-gingival

Tongueroll

Gingivalpalate

hardpalate

softpalate

uvula

Epiglottis

Pharynx

Nasal

m

ɱ

n

ɳ

ɳ

ɲ̊

ɲ

ŋ̊

ŋ

ɴ̥

ɴ

-

Stop(crack)

p

b

t

d

ʈ

ɖ

c

ɟ

k

ɡ

q

ɢ

ʡ

-

ʔ

--

Therearesibilants

-

ts

dz

ʈʂ

ɖʐ

-

Nosibilance

p̪f

b̪v

tθ̠

dð̠

t̠ɹ̠̊˔

d̠ɹ̠̝

ɟʝ

kx

ɡɣ

ɢʁ

ʡʜ

ʔh

Therearesibilants

-

s

z

ʃ

ʒ

ʂ

ʐ

ɕ

ʑ

--

Nofricatives

ɸ

β

f

v

θ

ð

θ̱

ð̠

ɹ̠̊˔

ɹ̠̝

ç

ʝ

x

ɣ

χ

ʁ

ʜ

ʢ

ħ

ʕ

h

ɦ

Closesound(Norubbingtone)

ʋ̥

ʋ

ɹ̥

ɹ

ɻ̊

ɻ

j

j

ɰ

ɰ

-

Flashsound(playingsound)

ⱱ̟

ɾ̥

ɾ

ɽ̊

ɽ

-

ɢ̆

ʡ̮

-

-

-

frontierfricative

-

ʈɭ̝̊

cʎ̥̝

kʟ̝̊

ɡʟ̝

-

sidefricative

-

ɬ

ɮ

ɭ̝̊

ʎ̥̝

ʎ̝

ʟ̝̊

ʟ̝

-

Edgeneartone

-

l

ɭ̊

ɭ

ʎ̥

ʎ

ʟ̥

ʟ

ʟ̠

-

Sideflashingsound

-

ɺ

ɭ̆

ʎ̯

ʟ̆

-

Note:Themark-isanimpossiblepronunciation;theblankspaceisthatthereisnosuchsoundinknownlanguages,andthefollowingsounds,implosion,Thesoundtableismarkedwiththis.

p>
Non-pulmonaryairflowconsonants

Non-pulmonaryairflowsoundmap

Singlemouth-talking

ʘ

ʘ̬

ʘ̃

ǀ

ǀ̬

ǀ̃

ǃ

ǃ̬

ǃ̃

ǂ

ǂ̬

ǂ̃

ǁ

ǁ̬

ǁ̃

ǃ˞

ǃ̬˞

ǃ̃˞

Otherchatteringsounds

ʘ̃ˀ

ʘˀ

ˀʘ̃

ʘ͡q

ʘ͡qχ

ʘ͡qʼ

ʘ͡qχʼ

¡

ʞ

implosion

ɓ

ɗ

ʄ

ɠ

ʛ

ɓ̥

ɗ̥

ᶑ̥

ʄ

ɠ

ʛ̥ 

Spraysound

ʈʼ

ʡʼ

ɸʼ

θʼ

ɬʼ

ʃʼ

ʂʼ

ɕʼ

çʼ

χʼ

tθʼ

tsʼ

tɬʼ

tʃʼ

ʈʂʼ

tɕʼ

cçʼ

cʎ̝̥ʼ

kxʼ

kʟ̝̊ʼ

qχʼ

Continuoustone

Letters

Meaning

ʍ

Clearlip-velarfricative

w

Voicelips-nearsoftpalate

ɥ

Clearlip-hardpalateclosesound

ɥ

Voicelip-hardpalateclosesound

ɫ

turbidSoftpalate-pharyngealnearsound

tr>
Closedsound

Letter

Meaning

k͡p

Clearlip-softpalateburstpronunciation

ɡ͡b

Turbidlips-softpalateExplosivepronunciation

ŋ͡m

Voicelips-softpalatalnasalsounds

ɧorʃ͡x

sjsound(iethecombinationofʃandx)

t͡p

Clearlip-gingivalburstpronunciation

d͡b

Turbidlips-gingivalburstpronunciation

n͡m

Voicelips-gingivalnasalsounds

q͡ʡ

Voiceuvula-epiglottispronunciation

ʩorx͡ħ

clearsoftpalate-pharyngealfricative

ʪ

cleargingivalfricative

ʫ

Voicegingivalfricative

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Sufficientscanberepresentedbyaddingatiebarabovetheletter.Amongthem,affricatescanalsobemarkedbyligatures,buttheInternationalPhoneticAssociationhasnolongeradoptedthismethod,becauseifthismethodisused,alargenumberofnewligaturesmustbecreatedtoexpressallaffricates.Inadditiontousingconnectingarcs,sometimesthesuperscriptmethodusedtoindicateconsonanteliminationcanbeusedtoindicateaffricates.Forexample,tˢcanmeant͡s,andkˣcanmeank͡x.Thecandɟ,whichwereoriginallyusedtodenotethehardpalate,cansometimesbeusedasconvenientwritingmethodsfort͡ʃandd͡ʒorothersimilaraffricates.EventheofficialjournalspublishedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationhavesuchwritingmethods,sotheyareinterpretedYoumustbeverycautiousaboutthemeaningof.

african

Tiebar

ligature

Description

t͡s

ʦ

Unvoicedgingivalaffrication

d͡z

ʣ

voicedgingivalaffrication

t͡ʃ

ʧ

Post-clearingaffricates

d͡ʒ

ʤ

Voicepost-gingivalaffrication

t͡ɕ

ʨ

Unvoicedgingivalpalatalplosives

d͡ʑ

ʥ

voicedgingivalpalatalfricative

t͡ɬ

Cleargingivalfricative

k͡p

Clearlipsandsoftpalatepronunciation

ɡ͡b

Turbidlipsandpalateburstpronunciation

ŋ͡m

LipovalarNasal

ɡ͡ɣ

voicedvelarfricatives

Note:WhenusingArialUnicodeMStorendertheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetinthebrowser,suchsymbolswillbewrongduetotheprogramerrorofthefontitself,sothedisplayeffectwillbebetter:ts͡,tʃ͡,tɕ͡,dz͡,dʒ͡,dʑ͡,tɬ͡,kp͡,ɡb͡,ŋm͡.

Non-pulmonaryairflowsound

Non-pulmonaryairflowsoundreferstothesoundmadewithoutthelungsexhalingair.Includingbabble(foundintheKhoisanlanguagefamilyinAfrica),implosion(foundinlanguages​​suchasAfrica,SoutheastAsia,etc.),andspray(foundinmostnativeAmericaninhabitantsandlanguages​​intheCaucasus).

Location

Doublelips

Lipteeth

Teeth

gingival

post-gingival

Tongueroll

Gingivalpalate

Hardpalate

softpalate

smalltongue

Pharynx/Epiglottis

Laryngeal/Glottis

Talkingsound

ʘ

ǀ

ǃ

ǃ̃

ǂ

ʞ

-

-

-

Singlevoice

ǁ

¡

implosion

ɓ

ɗ

ʄ

ɠ

ʛ

-

-

Squeezethethroatandburstpronunciation

p'

t'

ʈ'

c'

k'

q'

ʡʼ

-

squeezethroatfricative

ɸʼ

f'

θʼ

s'

ʃʼ

ʂʼ

tɕʼ

çʼ

x'

χʼ

-

-

Squeezethethroatplugfricative

pɸʼ

θʼ

ts'

tʃʼ

ʈʂʼ

tɕʼ

cçʼ

kx'

qχʼ

-

-

Squeezethethroatfricative

-

-

ɬʼ

ʎ̝̥ʼ

ʟ̝̊ʼ

-

-

Squeezethethroatsqueezefricatives

-

-

tɬʼ

cʎ̝̥ʼ

kʟ̝̊ʼ

td>

-

-

Non-pulmonaryairflowsoundtable

Speakingsoundsaregenerallyunvoiced,voicedsoundsareaddedbelow;implosionsoundsaregenerallyvoiced,andunvoicedsoundsareaddedbelow;spoutingsoundscanonlybeunvoiced.

Vowels

Thepictureontheleftsymbolicallyshowsthepronunciationofthemouthofapersonwhofacestheleftside.Themoreyougototheleft,themoreyourtonguesticksout,andthemoreyougo,thesmalleryourmouthopens.——Inapairofsymbols,thereareroundlipsandnon-roundlipsontheleftandrightsides.Theoneontherightisaroundvowel,andtheoneontheleftisanon-roundvowel.

The"vowelmap"isalsotheleftview.Generallyspeaking,todescribeavowelfromtheperspectiveofpronunciation,therearethreemainparameters:(1)theheightofthetongue.Fromtoptobottominthepicture,correspondingtothetonguepositionfromhightolow,thatis,thesizeoftheopeningdegree.

(2)Beforeandafterthetongueposition.Fromlefttorightinthepicture,thecorrespondingtonguepositionisfromfronttoback.

(3)Theroundnessofthelips.Thetwovowelsinthesamepositioninthepicturehavethesametongueposition.Thedifferenceliesintheshapeofthelips:theleftsideistheunroundedvowel,andtherightsideistheroundedvowel.

Forexample,[a],[i],[u]arethethreemostcommonvowelsinhumanlanguage.Checkingthevoweldiagramshowsthat[a]isthefrontlowvowelwithoutroundlips,[i]isthefronthighvowelwithoutroundlips,and[u]isthebackhighvowelwithroundlips.Readerscantrytopronouncethesethreevowelsandfeelthepositionofthetongueandtheshapeofthelips.Theconnectionofthesethreevowelsand[ɑ]constitutesthepronunciationrangeofhumanvowels.Thetrapezoidinthevoweltonguetableincludesallthevowelsthatcanbepronounced.

Inadditionto"consonanttable"and"voweldiagram",thereareseveralothersymboltablesintheinternationalphoneticalphabetplan,butthearrangementismessy,unlikethe"consonanttable"and"voweldiagram".Thesystemicnatureofvoicewillnotbeintroducedhere.

Thediphthongsareusuallyrepresentedbynon-syllablesymbols,suchas⟨aɪ̯⟩.However,tiebarisalsoused,especiallywhenitisdifficulttoaccuratelyindicatewhetherthevowelison-glideoroff-glide:⟨a͡ɪ⟩,⟨o͜e⟩.

voweltable

vowel

before

Yang

After

Notroundlips

Roundlips

Notroundlips

Roundlips

Notroundlips

Roundlips

Close

i

y

ɨ

ʉ

ɯ

u

Closelyclosed

ɪɩ

ʏ

ʊ

Semi-closed

e

ø

ɘ

ɵ

ɤ

o

o

ə

Halfopen

ɛ

œʚ

ɜ

ɞ

ʌ

ɔ

Closeopen

æ

ɐ

Open

a

ɶ

äᴀ

ɑ

ɒ

Note:Forvowelsthatappearinpairs,theleftisanunroundedvowel,andtherightisaroundedvowel.ThetwosymbolsinthesameoneareoneDifferentwritingstylesofpronunciation.

diacritics

diacritics,alsoknownasadditionalsymbols,aresmallmarksaddedaroundthephoneticsymboltoindicatethechangeinthepronunciationofthephoneticsymbol,ortomakeitmoreprecisedescriptionof.Ifthesubscriptdiacriticalmark(themarkusuallyplacedunderthephoneticsymbolorsymbol)istobeaddedtothephoneticsymbolofthedescendingpart,itcanbeplacedabovetheletter.

Wheniisaddedwithandiacriticalmark,thedotabovemaybeconfusedwiththeadditionalmark,i(ı)withoutdotshouldbeused.SomeIPAsymbolscanalsobeusedasadditionalsymbolstodescribephoneticdetails,suchas:tˢ(frictionremoval),bʱ(leaksound),ˀa(gutturalstart),ᵊ(placedinschwa),oᶷ(dualelementPhonetic).OtherdiacriticsareincludedintheIPAextension.

tr>
Additionalsymboltable

Syllable

◌̩

ɹ̩n̩

Intosyllable

◌̯

e̯ʊ̯

Notasyllable

Removalofresistance

◌ʰ

Aspiration

◌̚

Silentblockremoval

◌ʱ

◌ⁿ

dⁿ

Removalofnasalsound

◌ˡ

sideToneremoval

Pronunciation

◌̥

n̥d̥

ThanhHoa

◌̬

s̬t̬

turbidity

◌̤

b̤a̤

Bleaksound

◌̰

b̰a̰

squeaking

Pronunciationpart

◌̪

t̪d̪

dentification

◌̼

t̼d̼

Lipoftongue

◌̺

t̺d̺

TongueSharpening

◌̻

t̻d̻

Linguallobe

◌̟

u̟t̟

Previous

◌̠

i̠t̠

Last

◌̈

ëä

Rearer

◌̽

e̽ɯ̽

Centralization

◌̝

e̝ɹ̝

Higher(lift)(ɹ̝=cleargingivalfricative)

◌˔

ɭ˔

◌̞

e̞β̞

Lower(descending)(β̞=proximityofthelips)

◌˕

ɣ˕

Co-pronunciation

◌̹

ɔ̹x̹

Moreroundlips

◌̜

ɔ̜x̜ʷ

Expandyourlips

◌ʷ

tʷdʷ

Liporlip-softpalatalization

◌ʲ

tʲdʲ

Palatization

◌ˠ

tˠdˠ

Softpalatalization

◌ˤ

tˤaˤ

Laryngealmuralization

◌ᶣ

tᶣdᶣ

Lip-hardpalatalization

◌̴

ɫz̴

Softpalateorthroatmuralization

◌̘

e̘o̘

Thebaseofthetonguemovesforward

◌̙

e̙o̙

Thebaseofthetonguemovesback

◌̃

ẽz̃

nasalization

◌˞

ɚɝ

RSonication

  • Remarks

  • a^AspiratedvoicedconsonantsTheaspirationisalsosound.Manylinguistsprefertousediacriticsthatrepresentleakysounds.

  • b^Somelinguistsonlyusetheleakysoundsymbolforsound,andmarkthestopsoundas

bʱ.

Glottalstate

Thestateoftheglottiscanbewelldescribedwithdiacritics.Thefollowingisthepronunciationofgingivalburstfromopeningglottistoclosingglottis:

Openglottis

[t]

clearsound

[d̤]

Exhale

[d̥]

Relaxation

Bestlocation

[d]

Normalsound

[d̬]

ZhangSheng

[d̰]

Crack

Closetheglottis

[ʔ͡t]

Glottisisclosed

Supersegmentcomponent

Thefollowingsymbolsareusedtodescribethecharacteristicsofthelanguage’sindividualconsonantsandvowelsbeyondthelevel,suchasrhythm,tone,length,andstress.Theseareoftenusedtoindicatesyllables,vocabularyorphrases,suchasthestrengthofspeech,Thepitchandduration,aswellastherhythmandintonationinthespeech.Althoughmostofthesesymbolsareusedtoindicatephoneme-baseddistinctionsinspeechlevels,theyalsoshowthatintonationtranscendsitslevelinthevocabularyitself.

Pitch

Intonation

Length,stress,rhythm

ˈ

ˈa

Mainaccent

ˌ

ˌa

Secondaryaccent

ː

aːkː

Long

ˑ

Halflength

◌̆

ə̆

Ultrashort

.

aa

Syllableinterval

s‿a

Connect(idledoesnotappear)

|

Smallrhythmgroup/stepgroup

GreatProsodicGroup/IntonationGroup

Overallincrease

Overalldecrease

e̋˥

Superhigh

ě˩˥

rise

é˦

High

ê˥˩

Descend

ē˧

Medium

e᷄˧˥

Highrise

è˨

Low

e᷅˩˥

Lowrise

ȅ˩

Ultralow

e᷇˥˧

Highdrop

e᷆˧˩

Lowdrop

ꜛke

Upgrade

e᷉˧˩˧

Decreaseandrise

ꜜke

Degrade

e᷈˧˥˧

Raise

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Purpose

  • Usedindictionariesorforeignlanguagetextbookstoexpresspronunciation,tofacilitatetheacquisitionofasecondlanguage.

  • Thelanguageusedforfieldworkrecordsandformsthebasisofalanguagewritingsystem.

  • Annotatetheacousticorotherdisplaysofspeechanalysis.

  • Usedforpreparationbeforesinging.

Otherphoneticsymbols

Chinesephoneticsymbols

Thefollowing9phoneticsymbolsarecommonlyusedinChineselinguistics,buttheyarenotCanbeacceptedbytheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.ThereareexclusivesymbolsinUnicode,buttheyneedthesupportofUnicode4.0andabove.Theyarenotvisibleinsomefontswithinternationalphoneticsymbols(suchasLucidaSansUnicode).

NinephoneticsymbolsnotacceptedbytheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet:ɿ,ʅ,ʮ,ʯ,ȶ,ȡ,ȵ,ᴀ,ᴇ.

Phonetictranscription

Unicode

Characterdescription

Tonevalue

Name

ɿ

U+027F

LonglegsdownIota

ɹ̟̩(iez̞)

Syllabicneargingivalsound

ʅ

U+0285

Iotawithrighttailandlonglegs

ɻ̩

Syllabicsyllableclosesound

ʮ

U+02AE

Thelowercaseletterhwithhook

ɹ̟̩ʷ(iez̞ʷ)

Syllablegingivallabialnearsound

ʯ

U+02AF

Hookedcurlytailinvertedlowercaseletterh

ɻ̩ʷ

td>

Turnthetongueintosyllablesandturnthelipsintoclosesounds

ȶ

U+0236

Lowercaselettertwithcurlytail

t̠ʲ

Gingivalpalateclearpronunciation

ȡ

U+0221

Lowercaseletterdwithcurlytail

d̠ʲ

TurbidgumandpalateExplosivepronunciation

ȵ

U+0235

Lowercaseletternwithcurlytail

ṉʲorɲ̟

gingivalpalatalnasal

U+1D00

SmallcapitalTheletterA

ä

Opencentralnon-roundvowel

Between

Between[a]and[ɑ]

U+1D07

SmallcapitalletterE

e

Unroundedfrontvowels

Between

[e]and[ɛ]

  • ^1SomescholarshavetranslatedthePinyin⟨shi⟩and⟨si⟩ofmodernstandardChineseinto[ʂ͡ɨ]and[s͡ɯ].

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