Хангзхоу Баи

Геограпхицаловервиев

ThereisahugeerosiontroughontheseabedbetweenJinshanweiandZhapuonthenorthsideofHangzhouBay,withamaximumdepthofabout40meters.ThebottomshapeofHangzhouBay(HongzhouWan)isflatfromthemouthofthebaytoZhapu;fromZhapu,itriseswestwardataslopeof0.1-2‰,formingahugesandridgeatthemouthoftheQiantangRiver.ThenorthbankofHangzhouBayisthesouthernedgeoftheYangtzeRiverDelta,withdeeptroughsdevelopedalongthecoast;thesouthbankistheNingshaoPlain,withwidecoastalbeaches.

ХангзхоуБаиБридге

Thelandformatthebottomofthebayandthehorn-shapedcharacteristicsofthebayoftenmaketidesorsurgesappearhere.HangzhouBayisknownfortheHainingTide(QianjiangTide)andisthebaywiththelargesttidalrangealongthecoastofChina.Thelargesttidalrangeinhistorywas8.93meters(Shangpu).OutsidethebayistheZhoushanIslands.

Хисторицалформатион

ХангзхоуБаи (5 фотографија)

TheformationofHangzhouBayiscloselyrelatedtotheextensionoftheYangtzeRiverDeltaandtheformationoftheNingshaoPlain.Sedimentisdominatedbytheincomingsandfromthesea,andtheincomingsandfromtheYangtzeRiverplaysanimportantroleintheformationofHangzhouBay.Thematerialismainlyfinesiltwithuniformparticles,whichisextremelylooseandhaslowimpactresistance.Sincethepost-glacialtransgression,theNanshazuioftheYangtzeRiverDeltahasstretchedtoWangpanMountain.

Afterthe3rdto4thcenturiesAD,duetothemassivedevelopmentofmountainousareasintheYangtzeRiverBasin,solidrunoffincreased,causingthedeltatorapidlydevelopeastwardandthebaymouthtomoveeastward.Thechangeofthetopographyofthebaymouthmakesthetideoftheopenseamoreandmoreconstrained,andpromotestheincreaseoftheintensityofthetide,whichinturncausesthechangeofthetopographyofthebay.

InHangzhouBay,themainflowofhightidemostlypassesthroughthenorthofWangpanMountain,andthenorthshorelineslowlyrecedes;themainflowoflowtidegenerallypassesthroughthesouthofWangpanMountain,andsiltationoccursonthesouthbankduetothedecreaseofflowvelocityalongtheway.Partofthetwosidesofthestraitaresurroundedbyseawalls.TidalenergyintheGulfisabundant.WankouWangpanyangispartoftheZhoushanfishingground,andthetidalflatsonbothsideshavebeengraduallyreclaimedandutilized.Theshippingconditionsaregood,andthedeeptroughalongthenorthcoastcannavigate10,000-tonships.SunYat-senonceplannedtobuildagreateasternporthere.ShipscanbeberthedatZhapuChenshanWharfandYongjiangkouTownSeaportonthesouthbankofHangzhouBay.China’sfirstself-designedandbuiltQinshannuclearpowerplantisbuiltinHaiyanCountybytheHangzhouBay.

Цросс-сеаБридге

TheJiashaoRiverCrossingProjectstartsfromJiaxingHaininginthenorth,andconnectstoShaoxingShangyuinthesouth.Itconsistsofthreeparts:a43-kilometerhigh-speedconnectionlineconnectingShanghai,HangzhouandHangzhouAttheintersectionofZhajiasuExpressway;thereisa13-kilometerexpresswayattheboundaryofShaoxing,whichintersectswithHangyongandShangsanexpressways;themiddlecross-riverpartistheJiashaoBridge.

ThebridgedeckofJiashaoBridgeismorespacious.Fromdesigntofinalplanning,thebridgedeckis40.5meterswide,changedfrom6lanesto8lanes,andthedesignspeedofthebridgeis100km/h.TheJiashaoBridgeadoptsatypicalcable-stayedbridgedesign.Themainbridgeiscomposedofacontinuous5-span6-towercable-stayedbridge,eachspanis428meters,andthesuspensiontoweradoptsthesamesingle-columndesignastheQianjiangThirdBridge,exceptthattheQianjiangThirdBridgeisTwo-sidedsuspensioncables,whiletheJiashaoRiverCrossingBridgeisafour-sidedsuspensioncable,andtheshapeismoremagnificent.ItisunderstoodthatthisbridgeoftechnologyandshapeisthefirstinChina.Aftercompletion,themainnavigationholeofthebridgecanmeettheneedsofnavigating3,000-toncontainerships.Inthepastfewyears,althoughtheconstructionoftheJiashaoRiverCrossingChannelhasbeendelayed,therehasalwaysbeenasayingamongthepeoplethattheJiashaoBridgewillexertpressureontheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеtodivertpassengers.WiththeofficialstartoftheJiashaoBridgeandtheofficialdateofopeningtotrafficin2012,thevoiceofcompetitionhasdecreased.

Шаошинг (8 фотографија)

ThemainroadnetworkserviceareasofHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеareZhoushanandNingbo,whiletheJiashaocross-riverpassageattractsJinhua,TrafficflowsfromTaizhou,Lishui,WenzhouandevenFujiantothenorth.TaketheeconomicallydevelopedTaizhouasanexample.Everynight,theMercedesBenzontheShangsanExpressway(Shangyu-Sanmen)isalargecontainertruck.IfthedestinationisShanghaiPort,thenafterarrivingatShangyunorthward,youneedtotaketheHushaoExpressway.AfteropeningtotrafficandarrivinginShangyu,youcantaketheJiashaoRiverCrossingProjectdirectlytoShanghai,andtheentirejourneywillbeshortenedfrommorethan5hourstomorethan2hours.

OnJuly9,2013,theShaoxingJiashaoSeaCrossingBridgewasofficiallyopenedtotraffic,andthejourneyfromShaoxingtoShanghaiwasshortenedto1.5hours.

ХангзхоуБаиБридге

ХангзхоуБаиБридгеisasea-crossingbridgeacrosstheHangzhouBayofChina.ItstartsfromZhengjiadai,Haiyan,Jiaxing,Zhejianginthenorth.,SouthtoNingboCixiWaterwayBay(HangzhouBayNewArea),withatotallengthof36kilometers,isthesecondlongestcross-seabridgeintheworld,11kilometerslongerthantheKingFahdBridgeconnectingBahrainandSaudiArabia.

AfterthecompletionoftheХангзхоуБаиБридге,itwillshortenthelanddistancebetweenNingboandShanghaiby120kilometers.Itwillbethemainnationalhighway—aconvenientpassageforthesamethirdlinetocrossHangzhouBay.Thebridgeisdesignedasatwo-waysix-lanehighway,withadesignspeedof100km/h,adesignlifeof100years,andatotalinvestmentofabout14billionyuan.ConstructionstartedonNovember14,2003.After43monthsofconstruction,thebridgewascompletedonJune26,2007.ThepavementofthebridgedeckwasplannedtobecompletedbeforeNovember30,2007.ThebridgewascompletedontheeveningofMay1,2008.Itwasofficiallyopenedtotrafficat11:58.

TheconstructionofthebridgeisconducivetoactivelyintegratingwithShanghai,expandingopeningup,promotingcooperationandexchangesintheYangtzeRiverDelta,improvingZhejiangProvince,especiallyNingboandJiaxing,toopenuptotheoutsideworld,andenhancecomprehensivestrengthandinternationalcompetitiveness;ConducivetoimprovingthelayoutoftheYangtzeRiverDeltaregionalhighwaynetworkandnationaltrunklines,alleviatingthepressureonthetrafficofShanghai,Hangzhou,andNingboexpressways;conducivetochangingthesituationofNingbo'strafficterminal,soastobecomeatransportationhub,andimplementingthedevelopmentstrategyoftheHangzhouBayarea;ConducivetotheneedtopromotethedevelopmentoftourisminJiangsu,ZhejiangandShanghai.

Овервиевофтхебридге

TheХангзхоуБаиБридгеisaconvenientpassageforthenationaltrunkline-thesamethirdlinetocrossHangzhouBay.ThebridgestartsfromZhengjiadai,Haiyan,JiaxingCityinthenorth,andendsatCixiWaterwayBayinNingboCityaftercrossingthewideHangzhouBay,withatotallengthof36km.Afterthecompletionofthebridge,thelanddistancebetweenNingboandShanghaiwillbeshortenedbymorethan120kilometers,therebygreatlyreducingthepressureonthealreadyovercrowdedShanghai-Hangzhou-NingboExpressway,formingatwo-hourtrafficcircleofJiangsu,ZhejiangandShanghaiwithShanghaiasthecenter.

ThetotalinvestmentofthebridgeisexpectedtoexceedRMB14billion,ofwhichthebridgeis36kilometers,worth11.8billion;thenorthshoreconnectionlineis29.1kilometers,worth1.7billion;thesouthshoreconnectionlineis55.3kilometers,worth3.4billion.Privatecapitalaccountedforhalfofthetotalcapital,includingprivatecompaniessuchasYoungor,FangtaiKitchenware,andHaitongGroupthatparticipatedintheinvestmentinthebridge.Thetollperiodofthebridgeis30years,andthetollstandardisexpectedtobe55yuanpervehicle.

ХангзхоуБаи (13 фотографија)

TheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеisdesignedasatwo-waysix-laneexpressway,withadesignspeedof100km/handadesignlifeof100years.Theinvestmentisabout11.8billionyuan.Thebridgehastwonavigationchannels,thenorthchannelandthesouthchannel.Thenorthchannelbridgeisadiamond-shapeddouble-towerdouble-cable-planesteelboxgirdercable-stayedbridgewithamainspanof448mandanavigablestandardof35,000tons.Cable-stayedsteelboxgirderbridgewithanavigablestandardof3000tons.ExceptfortheSouthandNorthChannelBridges,theremainingapproachbridgesuseprestressedconcretecontinuousboxgirderstructuresrangingfrom30to80m.TheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеiscurrentlythelongestcross-seabridgebuiltorunderconstructionintheworld.Themainpartofthebridgewillensurethesmoothstartofconstructionin2003anditsopeningtotrafficin2008.

TheprojectcompanywasestablishedinSeptember2001.Thebridgeconstructioninvestmentwas11.8billionyuanandthecapitalwas3.85billionyuan.Amongthem,theNingbosideholds90%ofthesharesandtheJiaxingsideholds10%oftheshares.Privateenterpriseinvestmentaccountedfor50.25%ofthecompany'scapital.Theprojectinvitedfourbanks,includingChinaDevelopmentBank,IndustrialandCommercialBankofChina,BankofChina,andShanghaiPudongDevelopmentBank,tolend7billionyuan,andloanagreementshavebeensigned.Theeconomicbenefitsofthebridgeitselfareanimportantbasisforattractinginvestors.Accordingtothetrafficflowsurvey,thenumberofvehiclespassingthebridgereached52,000in2009,80,000in2015,and96,000in2027.Itisestimatedthatthefinancialinternalrateofreturnofthebridgewillreach8.03to10.1%,theinvestmentpaybackperiodis14.2years,andtheinvestmentreturnrateis15.10%(excludingtheconstructionperiod)and12.58%(includingtheconstructionperiod).

Енгинеерингфеатурес

1.Карактеристике инжењерског окружења

TheweatherinHangzhouBayiscomplexandchangeable.Typhoons,tornadoes,thunderstormsandsuddensmall-scaledisastrousweatheroftenoccur.ThenaturalconditionsofHangzhouBayhavethefollowingcharacteristics:

(1)Ова област је широка, са много тајфуна, високим дометом, брзим протоком, типичним климатским карактеристикама оцеана и неколико ефективних радних дана;

(2)Thethicksoftsoillayerandthedeepbearinglayerbringaseriesofproblemstothedesignandconstructionofoffshorefoundations;

(3)Thesouthbankhaslongbeachesandcomplexconstructionconditions.ConventionaldesignschemesandconstructionareadoptedThemethodisdifficulttomeettherequirementsoftheconstructionperiod;

(4)Корозивно дејство на животну средину је озбиљно;

(5)Theshallowgasisenrichedinmultipleareasofthesouthernbeach,whichendangersconstructionsafety.

2. Потешкоће у изградњи пројекта

(1)Thescaleoftheprojectislarge,andtheamountofoffshoreworksislarge.Thelengthofthebridgeprojectis36kilometers,andthelengthoftheseasectionis32kilometers.Thewholebridgehasatotalof2.45millioncubicmetersofconcrete,820,000tonsofvarioustypesofsteel,5513steelpipepiles,3550boredpiles,1272capsand1,428piers.Thescaleoftheprojectishuge.

(2)Thenaturalenvironmentisharsh.Thetidalrangeislarge,theflowvelocityisrapid,theflowdirectionischaotic,thewavesarehigh,thescourisdeep,theweakstratumisthick,andtheshallowgasisenrichedinsomesections.Amongthem,thetidalflatareaof​​10kilometerssouthbankalternatesbetweendryandwet,andmostoftheoffshoreprojectsarefar-shoreoperations,andtheconstructionconditionsareverypoor.Affectedbyhydrologyandmeteorology,theeffectiveworkingdaysarefew.Accordingtoon-siteconstructionstatistics,theannualeffectivedaysofoffshoreconstructionoperationsarelessthan180days,andabout250daysintidalflatareas.

(3)Itisverydifficulttoformulatetheoveralldesignplan.Newdesignrequirements,amongwhichtheapproachbridgeinthewaterarea(18.27kilometers)andtheapproachbridgeinthesouthbanktidalflatarea(10.1kilometers)arethekeytotheentireproject;thestructuralanti-corrosionproblemisveryprominent,andtherearenoregulationstofollow;duringtheoperationofthebridge,thebridgedeckdrivingenvironmentisaffectedbystrongwinds,Densefog,heavyrain,anddriver’svisualfatigue.Takingreasonableandeffectivedesigncountermeasuresisthekeytoensuringthesafetyofbridgedecks;thedesignplaninvolvestheapplicationofnewmaterials,newprocesses,newtechnologiesandanumberoflarge-scalespecialequipmentDevelopment.

Intermsofconstructiontechnology,itfacestheoverallprefabrication,transportationanderectionoflarge-tonnageboxgirderinthehigh-pierareaof​​offshorerapids.Thedesignofpipepiles,anti-corrosionandpilesinkingconstructionandmanyotherkeyconstructiontechnologychallenges;intermsofmeasurementcontrol,theproblemofstructuralmeasurementdeformationcausedbytheexcessivelengthofthebridgeandtheeffectofthesurfaceoftheearthisveryprominent.Duetotheconstraintsofthemarineenvironment,traditionalmeasurementmethodshavebeenUnabletomeettherequirementsofconstructionaccuracyandconstructionschedule,howtouseGPStechnologytoachieverapidandefficientmeasurementandconstructionisacoretechnicalproblemthatrestrictstheconstructionperiodoftheentirebridge.

(4)Theconstructiongoalsaredemanding,andtheconstructionorganizationandoperationmanagementaredifficult.Thescaleofthebridgeprojecthasattractedworldwideattention.Atthebeginningoftheconstruction,theNingboMunicipalPartyCommitteeandGovernmentclearlystatedthatthebridgeprojectshouldbeimplementedinaccordancewiththestandardsof"threefirst-classgoals".Facingthecomplexconstructionenvironmentandchallengingprojects,theorganizationandmanagementofthebridgeprojectisahugechallengefacingtheheadquarters.Duetothelargenumberofconstructionsites,longbattlelines,simultaneousoperationandcross-operationprocedures,constructionorganizationisdifficult,andprojectquality,schedule,safety,andcapitalcontrolaredifficult.Formeteorologicalandhydrologicalconditionssuchastyphoons,strongwinds,hightides,hugewaves,rapids,heavyrains,heavyfog,andthunderandlightning,howtotakepracticalandeffectiveengineeringcontrolandoperationmanagementmeasuresisanewissuethatneedstobefacedinengineeringmanagement.

Хигхлигхтсофтхебридге

ThelengthoftheХангзхоуБаиБридгеis36kilometers,whichsurpassestheChesapeakeBayBridgeintheUnitedStatesandtheBahrainRoadEmbankmentBridge.Thelongestsea-crossingbridgeintheworldthathasbeenbuiltorisunderconstruction.

Залазак реке Киантанг (46 фотографија)

Accordingtopreliminaryapproval,HangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеrequiresatotalof769,000tonsofsteel,1.291milliontonsofcementand11,600tonsofpetroleumasphalt.Tons,19,100cubicmetersofwood,2.4millioncubicmetersofconcrete,andmorethan7,000pilesofvarioustypes,makingitthemostlarge-scalebridgeinChina.The50-meter*16-meterboxgirderinthesouthernbeachisprefabricatedwithawholehole,andtheprocessoftransportingthebeamonthelargeflatbedcarbeamhascreatedanewrecordforheavybeamtransportanderectionathomeandabroad.The70-meter*16-meterboxgirderoftheapproachbridgeintheunderwaterareaadoptstheintegratedschemeofwhole-holesystem,transportationanderection.Thesingle-piecegirderweighs2180tons,whichisthefirstinChina.Thediameterofthesteelpipepilesdrivenbytheapproachbridgeinthewaterareais1.5-1.6meters,thepilelengthisabout80meters,andthetotalnumberismorethan4,000.Itssteelpipepileprojectscaleisthefirstinthehistoryofbridgeconstructioninthecountry.

Theconceptoflandscapedesignwasintroducedforthefirsttimeinthedesignofthebridge.Withtheaidoftheaestheticconceptofthe"LongBridgeandLyingWave"oftheWestLakeSudi,thelandscapearchitectsalsotookintoaccountthecharacteristicsofthehydrologicalenvironmentofHangzhouBay,andcombinedthepsychologicalfactorsofthedriverandpassengersduringdrivingtodeterminetheprincipleoftheoveralllayoutofthebridge.TheplaneoftheentirebridgeisanS-shapedcurve,andtheoverallshapeofthebridgeisgracefulandlively.Viewedfromtheside,thenavigationholesandbridgesoftheNorthandSouthChannelsareinanarchshape,withanundulatingfacadeshape.OntheSouthChannel,1.7kilometerssouth,justabout14kilometersawayfromthesouthbank,thereisanoffshoreplatformwithanareaof​​12,000squaremeters.Duringtheconstructionperiod,theplatformwillbeusedasalivingbaseformarineoperators,aplatformformaritimerescue,surveying,communication,andmaritimemonitoring.Afterthecompletionofthebridge,thisoffshoreplatformwillserveasarescueplatformformarinetransportationservices,aswellasanexcellenttourismandleisuresightseeingplatform.

Феатуресофтхебридге

Thehightechnologicalcontentisfirstreflectedintheconstructiontechnology.Weinsistonrespectingscience,relyingonexperts,andcarryingoutextensivetechnicalconsultationandexchangeactivities.Accordingtoexpertopinions,theconstructiondecisiondesignwasproposed,andtheconstructionplanofprefabrication,factoryization,large-scaleconstruction,andtransformationfromoffshoreconstructiontolandconstructionwasadopted,whichbrokethroughthelong-termconceptofdesignandconstruction.Thelargestprefabricatedhoistingcomponentisaprestressedconcreteboxgirder70meterslong,16meterswide,4.0metershigh,and2180tonsinweight.Thelongestcomponentisanextra-longsteelpipepilewithalengthof84metersandadiameterof1.6meters.Itcanbecalledunparalleledintheworld.Inordertoreducethecorrosionofthesteelandconcreteofthebridgebythechlorideionsintheseawaterandensurethelifeofthebridgefor100years,thedesignerspeciallydevelopedacompletesetofeffectivesolutionstopreventseawatercorrosion.Andsoon,wecanseethehightechnologicalcontentofthebridgeproject.

TheХангзхоуБаиБридгеwillbea"digitalbridge".Thescientificresearchunitwillusehardwareandinterfacetechnology,networkanddatabasetechnology,imageandgraphicstechnology,artificialintelligencetechnology,computationalmathematics,finiteelementtechnology,mechanicsandotherdisciplinestoestablishascientificevaluationsystemforbridgedesign,constructionandmaintenance.Thebridgewillbeequippedwithacentralmonitoringsystem,withanaverageof1pairofmonitorsforevery1kilometer.Inthisway,notonlythebridgecanbemaintainedandmanagedscientificallyandrationally,butthehealthofthebridge's"body"isalsounderreal-timecontrol.Thisprojecthasdeclared17keyscientificresearchprojectsofbridgeengineeringtotheMinistryofCommunications,whicharealsorareinthedomesticbridgeindustry.

Тхебестофтхебридге

1.TheХангзхоуБаиБридгеhasatotallengthof36kilometers,anditslengthrankssecondamongthecurrentlyunderconstructionandself-constructedbridgesintheworld.

2.TheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеislocatedinahighlycorrosivemarineenvironment.Inordertoensurethelifeofthebridge,itisthefirsttimeinChinathatthedesignservicelifeisgreaterthanorequalto100yearsofdurability.

3.The50-meterboxgirderoftheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеhasbeenerectedonbeamsanditstransportweighthasbeenincreasedfrom900tonsto1,430tons,settinganewrecordfortheconstructionofbridgeswithsimilartechnologiesandsimilartopographyintheworld.

4.Thesuperstructureofthedeep-seaareaof​​HangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеadopts70-meterprestressedconcreteboxgirderintegralprefabricationandoffshoretransportationtechnology.Inordertosolvetheengineeringproblemofearlycrackingoflargeconcreteboxgirder,the"secondarytensioningtechnology"waspioneeredandimplemented.",completelysolvedthe"stubborndisease"ofthisproject.

5.ThemaximumdiameterofthesteelpipepilesoftheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеis1.6meters,themaximumlengthofasinglepileis89meters,andthemaximumweightis74tons.

6.Thereisalargeamountofshallowbiogasunderthe10kilometersoftidalflatonthesouthbankoftheХангзхоуБаиБридге,posingaseriousthreattoconstructionsafety.Intheconstructionofboredpilesinthetidalflatarea,apioneeringsafeconstructiontechniquewithcontrolleddeflationisadopted,anditsconstructiontechniqueisthefirstintheworldwithsimilargeographicalconditions.

Институтионалинноватион

TheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеiscurrentlythefirstlarge-scalenationaltransportationcompanywithlocalprivateenterprisesasthemainbodyandaninvestmentofmorethan10billionyuan.Infrastructureprojects.Thebridgehasacapitalof3.85billionyuan,ofwhichprivatecapitalaccountsformorethan50%.Atotalof17privateenterprisesintheprovincehaveinvestedinshareswiththeirgrowingeconomicstrength.Itcanbesaidthattheinvestmentsystemandconstructionmodelofthebridgeprojecthavemadeactiveandusefulexplorationsforbroadeningtheinvestmentfieldofprivatecapital,establishinganinvestmentmodelthatintegratesprivatecapitalandstate-ownedcapital,andachievinga"win-win"operatingmechanismforthegovernmentandenterprises.

Технолошке иновације

1.ТхеоуаллдесигнофтхеХангзхоуБаиБридге

TheХангзхоуБаиБридгеhasatotallengthof36kilometersandtheconstructionconditionsareveryharsh.Toensurethesafetyandqualityofoffshoreconstruction,thedesignandconstructionmustbeconsideredcomprehensively.Aftermanyinvestigationsandexpertconsultationsathomeandabroad,theoverallprinciplesofconstructiondecisiondesignhavebeenformulatedtominimizetheoffshoreoperationtime,changeoffshoreconstructiontolandconstruction,andadoptfactory,large-scale,andmechanizeddesignandconstructionprinciples.

2.Велики пречник и супер-дуге челичне цеви дизајн, производња, антикорозивна и конструкција, комплетан сет технологије

Thebridgesteelpipepilefoundationhasthecharacteristicsofpilelength,largediameter,andhugenumber.Thepilesare89meterslong,withpilediametersof1.5metersand1.6meters,totaling5474piles.Afternearlyayearofconstructionofsteelpipepilefoundations,theprogressisfastandthequalityisgood,whichprovesthatthischoiceiscorrect.

Theinnovationsare:super-longwholepileprefabrication;innerandouterspiralwelding;three-layermoltenepoxypowdercoating;submergedarcautomaticweldingprocess;largediameterweldingwithvariablewallthickness;sacrificialanodecathodicprotection.

3.Integralprefabricationoflargetonnage70-meterprestressedboxgirderandmarinetransportationanderectiontechnologyinstrongtideseas

Theinnovationis:researchonthemixratioofmarinedurableconcrete;localstructureanalysisof70-meterboxgirder;vacuumAuxiliarygroutingtechnology;developedlarge-span,high-flatnessbridgedeckconstructionvibratingbridgeequipment;adoptedearlytensioningtechnologyforthefirsttimeandachievedgoodresults;self-designedandmanufacturedaworld-class2,400-tonhydraulicsuspensionwheel-railtype70-meterboxgirderlongitudinalmovementtrolley.

4.Integralprefabricationoflarge-tonnage50-meterprestressedboxgirderandtransportationanderectiontechnologyonthebeam

Theinnovationis:combiningtheconstructionplantooptimizethekeystructureofthelarge-tonnagewhole-holeboxgirder;theperformanceofmarinedurableconcreteResearchandpractice;testandpracticeofvacuumgroutingforprestressedpipes;integratedtechnologyofboxgirderbeamliftingandbridgeerection.

5.Researchondurabilityofconcretestructuresinmarineenvironment

Theinnovationsare:establishmentofreliablesteelcorrosionelectricalparametersandoutputlightpowervariationcriteria;developmentofdynamicpredictionsoftwareforconcretestructurelife;formulationofbridgeconcretestructuredurabilityLong-termprototypeobservationsystemdesignplan,andimplementitinaccordancewiththeprojectschedule.Thistechnologywillfillthedomesticgap.

6.Researchonkeytechnologyforall-weatheroperationmeasurementandcontroloflongsea-crossingbridge

Theinnovationis:continuousoperationofGPSreferencestation,thesuccessfulapplicationoftheHangzhouBaySea-crossingBridgeandtheregulationsandrulesformedinpractice,makeupforThegapinthisaspectoftheChinaSea-crossingBridgeissolved;thecurrentspecificationsdonotmeetthecorrespondingstandardsestablishedfortheprojectedcoordinatesystemofthetensofkilometers-longsea-crossingbridge,anditissolvedaccordingtotheparticularityoftheHangzhouBaySea-crossingBridge,andprovidesareferenceforformulatingcorrespondingspecifications;Creativelyproposedatransitionalsurfacefittingmethod,sothattheaccuracyofGPSfittingelevationintheseacanreachathird-classaccuracy;usingrangingtriangleelevationmethodwithGPSfittingelevationmethodforcontinuousmulti-cross-seaelevationmeasurement,creatingafastThemethodofseaheightpenetrationmeasurement;HangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеisthefirstinChinatouseGIStechnologytodevelopalarge-scalebridgesurveyingandmappingdatamanagementsystembasedontheB/Smodel.

7.ResearchontherivermodelandpierlocalscouroftheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридге

InAugust2002,throughtheexpertgroup’sappraisal,theresearchresultshavereachedtheinternationaladvancedlevelingeneral,includingthesimulationmethodandtesttechnologyofthetidesurgeinthephysicalmodelandThedistributedmuddywatertidalgenerationsystemandtheGazasystemwheretheamountofsandchangeswiththetidehavereachedtheinternationalleadinglevel.In2004,hewonthesecondprizeofZhejiangProvinceScienceandTechnologyProgressAward.

8.Researchontheimpactofsevereweatheronthedrivingsafetyofthesea-crossinglongbridgeanditscountermeasures

Themaininnovationsare:determiningthewindspeedstandardforvehiclesafety;researchingforalltypesofsevereweather;proposingthedrivingsafetyoftheХангзхоуБаиБридгеSafeguardmeasures;basedonmulti-facetedsystematicresearchonweathermonitoringsystems,forecastsystemsandroadmanagementsystems;formulateroadtrafficcontrolstandardsunderdifferentsevereweatherconditions;developlow-costsensorsandotherdatacollectionequipment;developintegrateddatatransmission,dataprocessing,andinformationreleasecomputersoftware.Sofar,aseriesofintermediateresultshavebeenachieved,amongwhichthewindbarrierschemerecommendedinthereportwillsoonbeimplemented.

9.Theinformationmanagementtechnologyfortheconstructionofthelongbridgeacrossthesea

Theinnovationis:thestructuraldecompositionoftheoverallbridgepartstoform22949structuralcomponents,and625tablesofcollecteddataareassociatedwiththemtoprovideaCompletedatastructuredretrievalmethod;integratedunifiedengineeringcommunicationandnetworkformation,whichgreatlyreducesthecostofbasicnetworkconstruction;realizeslong-distancemulti-pointwirelessvideoimagetransmissionandreturn.

Thesystemhascompletedsoftwaredevelopmentandhasbeenputintooperationformorethanayear,andithasplayedahugeroleinprojectimplementation.FiveoftheabovetechnologicalinnovationshavepassedtheappraisaloftheMinistryofCommunicationsandtheDepartmentofCommunications,andtheirresultshavegenerallyreachedtheinternationalleadinglevel,providingreferencefortheconstructionofsimilarbridgesinChina.

Тхеролеофтхебридге

HangzhouBayislocatedintheYangtzeRiverDelta,themostdynamicandeconomicallydevelopedregionofChina'sreformandopeningup.TheconstructionoftheХангзхоуБаиБридгеisoffar-reachingandsignificantstrategicsignificancefortheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentoftheentireregion.

1.DirectlypromotetheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofNingboandJiaxing,drivethedevelopmentofHangzhou,Shaoxing,Taizhou,Zhoushan,Wenzhouandotherplacesinthesurroundingareas,andhaveapositiveimpactontheoveralldevelopmentoftheprovinceandeventhesouthernwingoftheYangtzeRiverDelta.Accordingtostatistics,theGDPofthefivecitiesofHangzhou,Ningbo,Wenzhou,Shaoxing,andTaizhouaccountedformorethan70%oftheprovince’sGDP.Theprojectconstructionwillmakethedevelopmentoftheseregionsevenmorepowerful,injectnewvitalityintothefurtherdevelopmentofregionaleconomyandsociety,andbringnewvitalitytotheprovince.Theimprovementofoverallcomprehensivestrengthwillplayagreaterrole.Thebridgeprojecthasnotyetfullystarted,andthe"bridgeeconomy"hasbeensurginginCixiCity,YuyaoCity,andHaiyanCountyinJiaxingonbothsidesofHangzhouBay.Onthebasisofthescientificplanningofthenewarea,thefirstphaseofthedevelopmenthasshownavigorousscene,andinvestorshavesettledhereoneafteranother.

2.ActivelyfollowShanghaitoexpandopeningup,promotecooperationandexchangesintheYangtzeRiverDelta,andfurtherenhanceZhejiang'scomprehensivecompetitivenessandinternationalcompetitiveness.Asthecountry'slargesteconomiccentercity,ShanghaiisanimportantplatformforChinatomovetowardsinternationalization.Inthenewstageofthenewcentury,Ningbowillbuildamoderninternationalportcitytoachievegreateconomicdevelopmentandgreatleapforward.ItisnecessarytointegratewithGreaterShanghai,integrateintotheYangtzeRiverDelta,andmovetowardsinternationalization.TheconstructionofthebridgewillgreatlyshortenthetimeandspacedistancebetweenthesoutheastcoastofZhejiangandShanghai,enablingZhejiangProvincetointegrateintotheinternationalmetropolitaneconomiccircleonalargerscale,higherlevel,andsuperiorgeographicaladvantages.Thishasafar-reachingpositiveeffectonradiatingthevasthinterlandofZhejiangProvince,optimizingandupgradingtheindustrialstructure,improvingtheinvestmentanddevelopmentenvironment,attractingforeigncapital,andenhancingthecomprehensivecompetitivenessofourprovince.TheconstructionoftheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеwilloptimizethedevelopmentenvironment,furtherattractandutilizeforeigncapital,andcreatemorefavorableconditions.

3.Conducivetoadvancingtheurbanizationdevelopmentstrategy.TheconstructionofthebridgewillfurtherintensifytheconnectionbetweenJiaxing,Ningbo,Shaoxing,Taizhouandothercities,andpromotetheformationoftheHangzhouBayurbancontinuousbeltandcoastalopeningfaninourprovince,therebyelevatingthisareatoShanghaiastheleaderwithinternationalcompetitiveness.Themostimportantpartoftheurbanagglomeration.Atthesametime,theconstructionofthebridgewillalsohaveaprofoundimpactontheurbanizationdevelopmentofsurroundingcountiesandcities.Cixi,Haiyanandotherplacesareaimingatthisstrategicopportunitythatisdifficultforathousandyears,andhavescientificplanningideas,vigorouslyattractingpopulationandindustryclusters,andpromotingTheriseofnewdistrictsandnewcities.

4.Asthefirstsea-crossingbridgeinChina’smajorcoastalpassages,itbrokethroughthebottleneckofHangzhouBay,optimizedthelayoutofthenationaltrunkroadnetwork,changedthesituationofNingbo’strafficterminal,andwasconducivetotheimplementationoftheHangzhouBayregionaldevelopmentstrategynetwork.ImprovedthecompetitivenessofNingbo,aneconomiccentercitywithgreatdevelopmentpotential.TheconstructionofthebridgeisalsoconducivetosupportingtheconstructionoftheShanghaiInternationalShippingCenter,promotingtheintegrateddevelopmentandutilizationofNingboandZhoushandeep-watergoodportresources,conducivetothedevelopmentoftourismandnationaldefenseconstruction,andisconducivetoalleviatingthepressureonthehighwaytrafficofHangzhoutransit(Shanghai-Hangzhou-NingboExpressway).

Олимпијска штафета може проћи мост

InChina,theremaynotbeabridgethatcanbeconnectedtotheOlympics.TheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеhasbecometheonlybridgecurrentlyconnectedwiththeOlympicGames.

AccordingtotheregulationsoftheOlympicTorchRelayCenter,thetorchentersaprovincewithatraveldistanceof500kilometersadayandmustbecompletedwithin3days.

Previously,NingboSportsBureaureportedthatNingbo’sfirstchoiceforthetorchrelayistotaketheХангзхоуБаиБридге.AfterseeingtheplanfortherouteofthetorchrelayinZhejiangProvince,thestaffoftheOlympicOrganizingCommitteewillsendaspecialpersontoZhejiangtoinvestigatewhethertherouteofthetorchrelayisfeasible.

"IfapprovedbytheOlympicOrganizingCommittee,theyoungsea-crossingbridgewillberecordedinhistoryforever."

ПројецтМеморабилиа

1.Прелиминарни рад

(1)Фаза демонстрације и поређења пројекта

In1993,preparationsfortheconstructionoftheHangzhouBaytrafficchannelbegan,andtheNingboMunicipalGovernmentcommissionedShanghaiLinliCompanyandChinaCommunicationsHighwayPlanningandDesignInstitutetocarryoutPre-feasibilitystudy.Duringtheperiod,severalseminarswereheldtosolicitopinionsfromvariousparties,and13topicsincludingeconomics,hydrology,geology,andmeteorologyweresuccessivelycarriedout,andevaluationmeetingsanddemonstrationmeetingswereorganized.OnJune21,2000,the37thExecutiveMeetingoftheZhejiangProvincialGovernmentmadethedecisiontobuildtheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридге,clarifyingthattheconstructionofthebridgeismainlyinNingbo,andrequiringthattheprojectproposalbesubmittedpromptlytowinnationalsupport.

(2) Фаза одобрења пројекта

InAugust2000,theZhejiangProvincialDevelopmentandPlanningCommissionsubmittedtheprojectproposaltotheStatePlanningCommission.OnApril30,2002,the128thPremier’sOfficeMeetingoftheStateCouncildiscussedandapprovedtheestablishmentofthisproject.OnMay29ofthesameyear,theStatePlanningCommissionformallyissuedaprojectapprovaldocument.

(3) Фаза одобрења „изводљивости рада“.

InJuly2000,CCCCHighwayPlanningandDesignInstitutewasentrustedtocarryoutthe"Workfeasibility"studyofthisproject.InJuly2002,theZhejiangProvincialDevelopmentandPlanningCommissionreportedthe"Workability"reportofthisprojecttotheStatePlanningCommission.Duringtheperiod,19specialstudiesonengineeringgeology,shallowgas,waveforce,environmentalprotection,economy,meteorology,andtransportationweresuccessivelycarriedoutandpassedexpertreview.InAugustofthesameyear,theMinistryofCommunicationsandChinaConsultingCompanyconductedanindustryreviewandevaluationofthe"GongKe"report.InFebruary2003,the151stPremier'sOfficeMeetingoftheStateCouncildiscussedandapprovedthe"Workability"reportofthisproject.InMarchofthesameyear,theStateDevelopmentPlanningCommissionissueda"WorkKe"approvaldocument.

(4)Прелиминарна фаза пројектовања

InDecember2001,itwasdeterminedthroughbiddingtobeundertakenbyCCCCHighwayPlanningandDesignInstitute,ChinaRailwayBridgeSurveyandDesignInstitute,andtheThreeAviationResearchInstituteoftheMinistryofCommunicationsThedesigntaskofthisproject.InJanuary2003,theProvincialPlanningCommissionandtheCommunicationsDepartmentjointlypresidedoverthepreliminarydesignreview.OnMarch10,theZhejiangProvincialCommunicationsDepartmentsubmittedarequestforthereviewofthepreliminarydesigndocumentsofthisprojecttotheMinistryofCommunications.FromApril9th​​to12th,theMinistryofCommunicationsorganized24domesticexpertstoreviewthepreliminarydesign.OnAugust6,2003,theMinistryofTransportapprovedthepreliminarydesignofthebridge.

(5) Фаза припреме за почетак изградње

InOctober2001,thecommandcenterfirstlygraspedtheapprovaloftheproject,andstarted15itemssuchasaccess,water,electricity,communications,anddocksonthesouthbank.Tongyiping"project.InFebruary2003,the"fiveconnectionsandoneleveling"projectwasbasicallycompleted,andtheconditionsforstartingconstructionweremet.InApril2003,atestsectionprojectwascarriedoutinthesouthbanktidalflatarea,exploringandaccumulatingusefulexperienceforthecomprehensivestartofthebridgeproject.

2.Стартофтхемаинпројецт

Accordingtotheoverallbridgeimplementationplanof"differentiatingdifferenttypesofengineeringoperations,maintainingtheintegrityoftheconstructionorganizationandthecontinuityoftheprocedures",itisdividedinto12civilconstructionbidsectionsand7supervisionbids.Sectionandpartofthematerialmark.InJulyandAugust2003,theprocurementbiddingforcementandsomesteelplatesandsteelbarswascompletedinadvance.In2003andNovember,thebiddingfor7constructionbidsand3supervisionbidsforthefirstphaseofcivilengineeringwascompleted,andthesecondphasewascompletedinMarch2004.Thetotalbiddingamountfor5civilengineeringconstructionbidsand4supervisionbidswasapproximately8.57billionyuan.OnNovember14,2003,theChina-HongKongSecondNavigationBureauputthefirst73-meter-longsteelpipepilewithadiameterof1.5-meterintothepredeterminedpositionontheVmark,markingthestartofthemainconstructionofthebridge.OnMarch16,2004,thesecondphaseofcivilengineeringbiddingwassigned,markingthecompletionoftheconstructionofthebridgeproject.

3.Мајорпројецтноде

OnJune8,2003,thefoundationstonelayingceremonyofthebridgeprojectwasheld.

OnJune8,2003,theconstructionofthefirstboredpilestartedinthetidalflatareaof​​thesouthbank,andonMarch27,2007,theconstructionofthelastboredpilewascompletedontheoffshoreplatformrampbridgepile.

OnOctober28,2003,thenorthbankapproachbridgeprojectstartedandwascompletedonMay26,2007.

OnOctober31,2003,theconstructionofthesouthbanksteeltrestlebridgewithatotallengthof9.78kilometerswasstarted.Thebridgewas7meterswideandshared50,000tonsofsteel.TheconstructionwascompletedonDecember24,2005,andAugust15,2006.Demolitionbeganonthesameday.

OnNovember14,2003,thefirststeelpipepilewaslaidontheХангзхоуБаиБридге.OnFebruary3,2006,thelaststeelpipepileofthemainbridgewassunkinplace.

OnNovember28,2003,theSouthBankApproachBridgeprojectstartedandwascompletedonJanuary8,2007.

OnJuly9,2004,thefirstsectionofsteelprotectivetubewassunkintheSouthChannelBridge,thecapwaspouredonAugust2,2006,andthefirstsectionofsteelboxwaserectedonJanuary10,2007Liang,themaintowerwastoppedoffonJanuary26,2007.At15:00onJune11,2007,thelastsectionofsteelboxgirderwaserectedinplace,andtheSouthChannelBridgeclosedsmoothly.

28. августа 2004. године, први монтажни стуб је почео да се поставља, и 30. септембра 2006. године, пуштен је последњи 474. монтажни стуб.

OnNovember17,2004,theconstructionofthepilefoundationofthemainpieroftheNorthChannelBridgebegan.OnDecember27,2006,theconstructionofthelastcast-in-placepilewascompleted,andthefirstsectionofthesteelboxgirderwascompletedonFebruary6,2007.Hoistinginplace.ThemaintowerwassuccessfullytoppedoffonFebruary7,2007.At9:58pmonJune13,2007,thelastsectionofthesteelboxgirderofthemainbridgeoftheNorthChannelBridgewashoistedinplace,andtheNorthChannelBridgeclosedsmoothly.

1. јуна 2005. прва монтажна греда од 70 метара, ширине 15,8 метара и тежине 2200 тона, постављена је на место од стране носача "Литтле Сван".

28. јула 2005. године, прва монтажна греда од 50 метара, ширине 15,8 метара и тежине 1.430 тона, постављена је на место коришћењем процеса монтаже "греде за подизање греде". Завршено је 16. новембра 2006. Преузето је укупно 40 комада кутије.

OnApril10,2006,thefirststeelpipepilesweresunkontheoffshoreplatform,andonJuly25,310steelpipepilesweresunkontheoffshoreplatform.

26. јуна 2007. мост је у потпуности завршен

OnMay1,2008,thebridgewasopenedtotrafficsuccessfully

TheХангзхоуБаиБридгеhasahugeamountofengineering.Accordingtopreliminaryapproval,thebridgerequiresatotalof800,000tonsofsteel,1.291milliontonsofcement,11,600tonsofpetroleumpitch,19,100cubicmetersofwood,2.4millioncubicmetersofconcrete,andthediameterofsteelpipepilesintheunderwaterareais1.5-1.6meters,andthepilelengthisabout70.-89.5meters,atotalof5513,3550boredpiles,1272pilecaps,and1,428piers,makingitthemostlarge-scalebridgeinChina.

Релатеддата

HangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеhasatotallengthof36kilometers,ofwhichthebridgeis35.7kilometerslong.Itisatwo-waysix-laneexpresswaywithadesignspeedof100kilometersperhour.Thetotalinvestmentisabout10.7billionyuan,andthedesignedservicelifeismorethan100years.Thebridgehastwonavigationholesinthenorthandsouth.Thenorthnavigationbridgeisasteelboxgirdercable-stayedbridgewithtwotowersandtwocableplaneswithanavigationstandardof35,000tons;theNantongnavigationbridgeisasingletowerandsinglecableplanesteelboxgirdercable-stayedbridgewithanavigationstandardof3,000tons.Thetotallengthoftheconnectinglinebetweenthetwosidesofthebridgeis84.4kilometers,andtheinvestmentis5.21billionyuan.Amongthem,thenorthconnectionlineis29.1kilometers,withaninvestmentof1.78billionyuan;thesouthcoastlineis55.3kilometers,withaninvestmentof3.43billionyuan.Thetotalinvestmentinthebridgeandthecross-straitconnectinglineisabout16billionyuan.Theconstructionperiodisaboutfiveyears.

Thestructureofthebridgeisadouble-towerreinforcedconcretecable-stayedbridgewith6lanesintwodirections,adesignspeedof100kilometersperhour,adesignlifeof100years,atotalinvestmentof11.8billionyuan,andaconstructionperiodof5years.Aftercompletion,NingboХангзхоуБаиБридгеwillbecometheworld'slongestandlargestsea-crossingbridgeintheworld.Thebridgehastwonavigationchannels,thenorthchannelandthenorthchannel.Thenorthchannelbridgehasamainspanof448metersandadiamond-shapeddoubletoweranddoublecablesurfacesteelboxgirdercable-stayedbridge.Thenavigationstandardis35,000-tonships;thesouthchannelbridgehasamainspanof318meters.TheA-typesingle-towerdouble-cable-planesteelboxgirdercable-stayedbridgehasanavigablestandardof3000-tonships.Theremainingapproachbridgesuseprestressedconcretecontinuousboxgirderstructuresrangingfrom30metersto80meters.Thenon-navigableopeningsaredividedinto3largesectionsofnorth,middleandsouthapproachbridges,ofwhichthebridgesontheseaare32kilometerslong.

TheconceptoflandscapedesignwasintroducedforthefirsttimeinthedesignofХангзхоуБаиБридге.WiththeaidoftheaestheticconceptofWestLakeSudi,takingintoaccountthecharacteristicsofthecomplicatedhydrologicalenvironmentofHangzhouBay,andcombiningthepsychologicalfactorsofdriversandpassengersduringdriving,thelandscapearchitectsdeterminedtheoveralllayoutprincipleofthebridge."LongBridgeLyingWave"wasfinallydeterminedasthefinalbridgetypeofNingboХангзхоуБаиБридге.Accordingtothedesignplan,thebridgehas4turningpointsonthesea.Fromabird's-eyeview,thebridgewindsacrossHangzhouBayinan"S"shape.Thelineisbeautifulandlively.Fromtheelevation,thebridgeisnotahorizontalline,butundulatesupanddown.Eachofthenavigationchannelsofthenorthandsouthchannelsisarched,givingthebridgeanundulatingelevation.

Inaddition,theuniqueoffshoreplatformoftheХангзхоуБаиБридгеisthefirstinChina.TheSouthChannelis1.7kilometerssouth,about14kilometersawayfromthesouthbank.Thereisa10,000-square-meterplatforminthesea,whichisenoughfortwofootballfields.Theplatformwillbeusedasaconstructionplatformduringtheconstructionperiodandisastrongholdforoffshoreconstruction.Afterthecompletionofthebridge,thisoffshoreplatformwillserveasarescueplatformformarinetransportationservices,aswellasanexcellenttouristsightseeingplatform.Thereisatallobservationtowerontheplatform,whichcanoverlooktheroughsea,theseascenery,andthemajesticviewofthebridge.Theentireoffshoreplatformisconnectedtothebridgebyarampbridge,about150metersawayfromthebridge.Inaddition,thisoffshore"Changhong"willalsobeChina'sfirst"digitalbridge".Thescientificresearchunitwillestablishascientificevaluationsystemforbridgedesign,constructionandmaintenance,andbuildtheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеintoa"digitalbridge".Theentirebridgewillbeequippedwithacentralmonitoringsystem,withanaverageof1pairofmonitorsperkilometer,andeverymoveontheentirebridgewillbeinthe"eyes"ofthecentralmonitoringsystem.Inthisway,notonlythebridgecanbemaintainedandmanagedscientificallyandrationally,butthehealthofthebridge's"body"isalsoundertimelycontrol.

ItisreportedthattheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеisdifferentfromordinarybridgesinthatittakestwosafetyfactorsintoconsiderationinthedesign:oneisthesafetyfactorofexpresswayvehicletraffic,usuallythestraightsectioncannotbetoolong;Thesecondisthesafetyfactorofshipnavigationunderthebridge,reducingtheimpactofbridgeconstructiononwaterflow,andensuringthatthebridgeaxisofeachsectionofthebridgeisperpendiculartothemainflowofrisingandfallingtides.Thesearealsothemainreasonswhythebridgeisshapedlikean"S",anditalsomakestheorientaldragonthatstraddlestheHangzhouBaymoatevenmorefascinating.

TheHangzhouBayЦросс-сеаБридгеstartedconstructiononNovember4,2003,andwascompletedat15:40onJune26,2007.ItisplannedtocompletethebridgedeckpavingbeforeNovember30,2007.ItwascompletedandopenedtotrafficonMay1,2005.

Тхебридгеопенстотраффиц

Тхе ХангзхоуБаи Цросс-сеаБридге је заказан за отварање за саобраћај у 23:58 1. маја 2008.

TheopeningceremonyofthebridgewasheldontheafternoonofMay1neartheplatforminthemiddleofthebridge.Accordingtoreports,duringthetrialoperationperiod,trucksandothervehiclescarryingdangerouschemicalsareprohibitedfrompassing.ThespecificprohibitedrouteisfromtheXitangBridgeInterchangeExitontheNorthBridgeoftheBridgetotheAndongInterchangeExitontheSouthBridgeoftheBridge.