Amministrazione dell'istruzione

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Becausethesocialandpoliticalsystems,nationalsystems,culturaltraditions,etc.ofdifferentcountriesintheworldaredifferentfromeachother,theresponsibilitiesandpowersoftheeducationadministrativedepartmentsofdifferentcountriesareverydifferent.Generallyspeaking,theeducationadministrativedepartmentsofeachcountrycanbedividedintotwotypes:thecentraleducationadministrativedepartmentandthelocaleducationadministrativedepartment.

CentralEducationDepartment

2.1FunctionsoftheCentralEducationAdministrationDepartment

TheCentralEducationAdministrationDepartment,generallyreferredtoastheMinistryofEducation,istheworkdepartmentinchargeofeducationatthenationallevel.

Becausethesocialandpoliticalsystems,nationalsystems,andculturaltraditionsofcountriesintheworldaredifferentfromeachother,theresponsibilitiesandpowersofthecentraleducationadministrativedepartmentsofvariouscountriesareverydifferentfromeachother.Incountrieswheretheeducationadministrationiscentralized,suchasFrance,theMinistryofEducationhasawiderangeofpowers.Ithastheleadership,inspectionorsupervisionofpublicandprivateeducationalinstitutionsacrossthecountry,determinesthepoliciesandprinciplesofschooleducation,anduniformlystipulatesthesyllabus,teachingmethodsandevenexaminations.Content,timeandotherrights.Incountrieswherethedecentralizationofeducationadministrationisimplemented,suchastheUnitedStates,thescopeoftheDepartmentofEducation’sbusinessactivitiesisgreatlyrestricted.Localschooldistrictsandotheragenciesrequiredbythestate".ThecentraleducationadministrationdepartmentintheUnitedKingdomiscalledtheMinistryofEducationandScience.Itsrelationshipwiththelocal-countyeducationadministrationdepartmentisneitherstrictlycentralizednorabsolutedecentralization.Itisasystemofjointcooperationbetweenthecentralandlocalgovernments.type.

Fromthegeneralsituationoftheworkofthecentraleducationadministrativedepartmentsinvariouscountries,itisincreasinglyobviousthatitisnecessarytostrengthentheunifiedleadershipofthecentralgovernmentandgivefullplaytotheenthusiasmofthelocalgovernments.

2.2 Functions of the MinistryofEducationofChina

TheadministrativedepartmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChinainchargeofnationaleducationiscalledtheMinistryofEducation,whichwasestablishedonNovember1,1949.Itsmainresponsibilitiesare:

①ImplementandimplementtheguidelinesandpoliciesoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandthecountry,studyeducationaltheories,summarizepracticalexperience,formulatespecificeducationalpolicies,administrativeregulations,andeducationalsystemsandotherimportantsystems,Formulatelong-termplansandannualplansforeducation,andsupervise,inspectandorganizetheirimplementation.

②Formulatespecificguidelines,policiesandotherimportantrulesandregulationsforgeneraleducation(includingearlychildhoodeducation,elementaryeducation,middleschooleducation,secondarynormaleducation,specialeducation,etc.);formulatebasicdocumentssuchasteachingplansandsyllabus,Organizethecompilationandreviewofteachingmaterialsandteachingreferencebooks;formulateprinciples,methodsandteachertrainingplansforteachermanagementinordinaryschools,guide,supervise,andinspectordinaryeducationwork,andorganizeexperienceexchanges.

③Cooperatewithrelevantdepartmentstoformulatespecificpolicies,developmentplans,andimportantrulesandregulationsforvocationalandtechnicaleducation,andguide,supervise,andinspecttheworkofvocationalandtechnicaleducation.

④Toworkwithrelevantdepartmentstoformulatespecificpolicies,developmentplans,andimportantrulesandregulationsforhighereducation,stipulatethetraininggoals,qualityrequirementsandprofessionalgoalsofvariouscollegesanduniversities;formulatetheprinciplesofteachingplansandsyllabuses,andorganizeFormulatereferenceteachingplansandsyllabuses,planuniformly,organizethecompilation,reviewandpublicationofteachingmaterialsforcollegesanduniversities;formulatepolicies,principles,methods,trainingplansandimplementationplansforthemanagementofcadresandteachersincollegesanduniversities;guidethecollegesanduniversitiesTheschool’sideologicalandpoliticalwork,teachingwork,scientificresearchwork,etc.;unifiedguidanceandorganizationoftheenrollmentworkofcollegesanduniversitiesacrossthecountry;unifiedmanagementofthenation’spostgraduatetrainingwork,andleadershipofthedegree-grantingworkofcollegesanduniversities.

⑤Cooperatewithrelevantdepartmentstoguidetheworkofnationalemployeeeducation,farmereducation,television,radiouniversitiesandvariousformsofhighereducation,aswellashighereducationself-studyexams;formulatespecificpoliciesforinstitutions,organizationsandprivateschoolsAndmanagementmethods.

⑥Formulatespecificguidelines,policies,andimportantrulesandregulationsforminorityeducation,organizethecompilationandpublicationoftextbooksinminoritylanguages,andguide,supervise,andinspectminorityeducation.

⑦Responsibleforeducationalcooperationandexchangeswiththegovernmentsofthecountriesthathaveestablisheddiplomaticrelations,andmanagetheinternationalacademicexchangesofeducationdepartments,andforeignaidandforeignaidrelatedplans,organizationsandpersonnelexchanges.TheMinistryofEducationhasdepartmentsandbureausinchargeofhighereducation,secondaryeducation,elementaryeducation,teachereducation,planning,scienceandtechnology,foreignaffairs,infrastructure,andotherwork,aswellasinstitutionssuchastheCentralInstituteofEducationalScience,TextbookPublishingHouse,andAudio-visualEducationCenter.InadditiontotheMinistryofEducation,otherdepartments,commissionsandotherbusinessdepartmentsofthecentralgovernmenthavealsoestablishedcorrespondingeducationaladministrativeagencies,whichareinchargeofvarioustypesofeducationintheirowndepartmentsorsystems.

LocalEducationDepartment

3.1FunctionsofLocalEducationAdministrationDepartment

Localeducationadministrationdepartmentreferstotheorganization,leadership,andleadershipofeducationbylocalgovernmentsatalllevelsinacountry.Managedorganizationordepartment.

Thepowerexercisedbylocaleducationadministrativedepartmentsvariesfromcountrytocountry,andtheirtasksandfunctionsarealsodifferent.Generallyspeaking,incountrieswhereeducationaladministrationimplementsacentralizedsystem,localeducationaladministrativeagenciesatalllevelsareactuallyactingagenciesoftheCentralMinistryofEducation.Incountrieswheretheeducationaladministrationimplementsthedecentralizationsystem,thestateorprovincialeducationaladministrativeinstitutionshaveindependenteducationaladministrativepowersinallaspectsofrunninglocaleducationalundertakings.Incountrieswhereeducationadministrationimplementsasystemofcooperationbetweenthecentralandlocalgovernments,suchastheUnitedKingdom,eachregionaleducationadministrationunithasparliaments,educationcommittees,andeducationbureaus.Theparliamenthasbothdecision-makingandenforcementpowers,buttheactualadministrativepowerisentrustedtotheEducationCommitteeandtheEducationBureau.TheFrencheducationaladministrativeorganizationisatypicalcentralizedsystem.Inordertopreventtheabuseofexcessivecentralizationandgivefullplaytotheroleofeducationexperts,ithasadoptedawiderangeofeducationalconsultingagenciesfromthecentraltolocalgovernments.Inadditiontothe“meetings”,theuniversitydistricthassetupareviewcommittee,andtheprovincehassetupaprimaryeducationreviewcommittee,instructingeducationexpertstoputforwardopinionsorsuggestionsonmajoreducationissuesforthegovernmenttoadopt.

3.2FunctionsoflocaleducationadministrativedepartmentsinChina

ThelocaleducationadministrativedepartmentsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaaredividedintothreelevels:province,cityandcounty.Theleaderorprofessionalguidanceofthehighereducationadministrativedepartment.Accordingtothe"LawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaontheOrganizationofLocalPeople'sCongressesatVariousLevelsandLocalPeople'sGovernmentsatVariousLevels",theestablishmentoflocaleducationadministrativedepartmentsatalllevelsshallbeestablishedbythepeople'sgovernmentatthesamelevelandreporttothehigher-levelpeople'sgovernmentforapproval.

ThebasictasksandfunctionsofChina’slocaleducationadministrativedepartmentsare:toimplementthecentraleducationguidelines,policies,anddecreesaswellastheeducationworkinstructionsofthehighereducationadministrativedepartments;toberesponsibleforthedevelopmentplanandbasicconstructionofeducationintheregion,Educationfunding,managementofcadresandteachers;leadingtheeducationandteachingworkofvariousschoolsatalllevelsintheregion,andprovidingprofessionalguidancetoschoolsrunbyfactoriesandminingenterprises.

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