Istituto di tecnologia della California

California Institute of Technology

Basicinformation

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TheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology)wasfoundedin1891bylocalbusinessmenandpoliticiansAmosG.ThroopdevelopedfromavocationalschoolfoundedinPasadena.BeforetheschoolreceivedthenameCaltechin1920,theschoolwasknownasThroopUniversity,ThroopInstituteofTechnology,andThroopInstituteofTechnology.ThepowerthatdroveCaltechfromaschoolofartsandcraftstoaworld-classsciencecenteroriginatedfromtheforesightofastronomerGeorgeElleryHale.HalecametoPasadenain1907andjoinedThroop'sBoardofTrusteesasthefirstdirectoroftheMountWilsonObservatory.AtthetimeAmericanscientificresearchwasstillinitsinfancy,HalesawanopportunitytocreateaformalengineeringandnaturalscienceeducationcollegeinPasadena.Halesuccessfullyattractedprivatelandandfinancialsponsorship,whichenabledhimtobuildwell-equippedmodernlaboratoryfacilitiesfortheschool.ThenhepersuadedMillikan,anexperimentalphysicist,tojointheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,layingthefoundationforbuildingtheschoolintoacenterofscienceandtechnologyinthefuture.

In1917,HalehiredarchitectBertramGoodhuetoproduceamasterplanfora22-acrecampus.GoodhueconceivedtheoveralllayoutofthecampusanddesignedthePhysicsBuilding,DabneyHall,andotherbuildingsinwhichhesoughtconsistencywiththelocalclimate,thecharacteristicsoftheschool,andHale'seducationalphilosophy.Goodhue'sworkfortheCaliforniaStateAdministrationisalsoinfluencedbythetraditionalSpanishmissionbuildingstructureinSouthernCalifornia.

UndertheleadershipofHale,Noyes,andRobertA.Millikan(andpromotedbytheprosperityoftheSouthernCaliforniaeconomy),thereputationoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyItwasrapidlyimprovedinthe1920s.In1923,MillikanwontheNobelPrizeinPhysics.In1925,theschoolestablishedtheDepartmentofGeologyandhiredWilliamBennettMunro,chairmanofHarvardUniversity'sSchoolofHistory,Politics,andEconomics,tocreatetheCaltechSchoolofHumanitiesandSocialSciences.In1928,theSchoolofBiologywasfoundedundertheleadershipofThomasHuntMorgan,whowasthebestbiologistintheUnitedStatesandoneofthediscoverersofchromosomes.In1926,theGraduateSchoolofAeronauticswasfounded,anditfinallyattractedTheodorevonKármán,wholatercontributedtothecreationoftheJetPropulsionLaboratoryandestablishedCaltechasoneoftheleadingcentersofrocketscience..In1928,thePalomarObservatorybeganconstruction.

RobertA.Millikanservedasthe"ChairmanoftheExecutiveCommittee"(equivalenttothepresidentoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology)from1921to1945.HisinfluencewassogreatthattheschoolwassometimescalledItis"Millikan'sSchool".Inthe1950s,1960s,and1970s,Caltechbecamefamousfortheschoolswheretwoofthegreatesttheoreticalparticlephysicistsofthetimewerelocated:GellmanandFeynman.BothGellmanandFeynmanwontheNobelPrizefortheirwork,whichhasmademajorcontributionstotheestablishmentoftheso-called"standardmodel"ofparticlephysics.Feynmanisalsoknownoutsidethephysicscircleasanexcellentteacherandananti-traditionalfigure.

InJune2009,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyhostedthe13thPacificRimUniversityAssociationPresidentialAnnualMeeting.

InDecember2016,TianqiaoChendonatedUS$115milliontotheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologytoformallyestablishtheTianqiaoandChrissyChenInstitute(TianqiaoandChrissyChenInstitute).

OnApril2,2020,NanjingUniversityandotheruniversitiesformallyannouncedtheestablishmentoftheInternationalUniversityClimateAlliance.

School-runningstrength

Administration

TheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyhastheboardofdirectorsasthehighestauthority,andthepresidentoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyiselectedbytheboardofdirectors.Theboardofdirectorscurrentlyhas1chairman,3vice-chairmenand60directors.Inadditiontotheprincipal,thereare6vice-principals,inchargeofteachingandscientificresearch(anddeanoftheprovost),jetpropulsionlaboratory,studentaffairs,corporateandfinance,publicrelations,andastronomyfacilities.Thedeananddeputydeandirectlyleadthesixdepartmentsandoneresearchinstitutethatconductteachingandbasicresearchintheschool.Eachdepartmenthasonedirectorandonedirector.The6departmentsandoneresearchinstituteare:Biology,ChemistryandChemicalEngineering,EngineeringandAppliedSciences,GeologyandPlanetarySciences,HumanitiesandSocialSciences,Physics,MathematicsandAstronomy,BeckmanInstitute(Researchonsomesubjectsrelatedtobiologyandchemistry).Theboardofdirectorsconsistsofsevencommitteesincludingimplementation,audit,budgeting,realestate,investment,jetpropulsionlaboratory,andnomination.Thereare20committeesundertheschooladministration(mostofthemembersarepart-time).TheOfficeofStudentAffairsisthelargest"organization"oncampus,responsibleforenrollment,registration,financialaid,sports,andcareercounselingforundergraduateandgraduatestudents.Theschoolalsohasaprofessor'scouncil,whichisdividedinto22committees.

Schoolphilosophy

SincetheestablishmentofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,thegoodschoolspiritandcharacteristicculturegraduallyformedarethefundamentalguaranteeforittobecomeaworld-classuniversity.Thisincludesstudentsstudyinghard,supportingeachother,andfullofacademicfreedom;theresearchatmosphereofmulti-disciplinaryinterdisciplinary,researchandfullfreeexchangesinscientificresearch;thepursuitofqualityandamanagementcultureofexcellence;theentirecampusisfullofpursuitofscientifictruthanddedicationtoscienceAcademicatmosphereandsoon.

DepartmentsandMajors

SchoolSettings

SchoolofBiologicalSciences,SchoolofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,SchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,GeologySchoolofScienceandPlanetarySciences,SchoolofPhysics,MathematicsandAstronomicalSciences,SchoolofHumanitiesandSocialSciences.

ProfessionalSettings

Aeronautics,Astrophysics,Astronomy,MaterialScience,EnvironmentalEngineering,MechanicalEngineering,ChemicalEngineering,CivilEngineering,ComputingandNeuroscience,ComputerScience,ElectricalEngineering,Seismology,EarthquakeEngineering,Biology,MolecularBiology,Neuroscience,Geology,PlanetaryScience,Chemistry,Physics,Mathematics,AppliedPhysics,ControlandDozensofdynamicsystems,management,economics,sociology,humanitiesandsocialsciences,anthropology,history,languageandliterature,andgeophysics.

CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology'smorefamouscoursesare:aeronautics,appliedmathematics,appliedmechanics,appliedphysics,astronomy,biology,chemicalengineering,chemistry,civilengineering,computerandnetworksystems,computerscience,electronicsEngineering,engineeringscience,environmentalengineeringscience,environmentalqualitycontrolandmeasurement,geology,planetaryscience,humanities,materialsscience,mathematics,mechanicalengineeringphysics,socialsciences,etc.Keydisciplines:Caltech’smostfamousdiscipline,physicsisthefirst,followedbyengineering,chemistry,biology,aerospace,astronomy,andgeology.

Studenteducationsystem

CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyonlyenrollsabout800undergraduateseachyear,butonlymorethan600cangetabachelor'sdegree,andanaverageofabout200graduatesareeliminatedeveryyear.Students,manyofwhomareoutstandingstudentsfromallovertheworld.Graduatestudentsanddoctoralstudentsalsohaveasimilarstricteliminationratio.Formanyyears,thisschoolhascomeoutofthetopofthetop,andtheprestigeoftheprestigiousschoolhasbeenestablishedinthisway.TakingclassesatCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyishardwork,and"stress"issynonymouswithCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Theacademicburdenhereissoheavy,thepaceoflearningissotight,andtheamountofweightissogreatthatfewotheruniversitiescancatchup.Forthisreason,20%ofthestudentsineachgradewereunabletograduateforvariousreasons-eitherdroppedoutofschoolortransferred.Thestudentswhocanstayherearewell-known"workaholics."Theystudyanaverageof50hoursaweek,andeachpersonmustcomplete486hoursofcoursesbeforegraduation.Thatistosay,thereareanaverageof5coursespersemester,and15coursesin3semestersayear-mostofthemThereareevenmorepeoplethanthis.Inaddition,allstudentsmusttake5physicscourses,2chemistry,2mathematics,1biology,1astronomyorgeology,and2experimentalcourses.

AtCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,itisimpossibleforonepersontocompleteallthehomework.Therefore,"group-work"isnotonlycommonbutalsoverynecessary.Itisalsocommonplacetodothequestionswithoutsleepingallnight.Therefore,somestudentssaidthatthethingIhatethemostisthatonlyhalfoftheproblemissolved,andthenthesunhasrisen.However,theschoolshouldberegardedas"kind"foreachyear'sfreshmen.Freshmenarenotgivenlettersinthefirstyearofclass,butonly"passed"or"failed".Thisisundoubtedlytheresultoftheschool'seffortstorelievethepressureonthestudents.Asaresult,thefreshmenhaveayeartoadaptbeforetheycanfullykeepupwiththe"breathless"rhythmoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.

Researchreputation

Reputationoverview

CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology),orCaltechforshort,wasfoundedin1891andistheworld’stopscienceandengineeringOneofthescientificresearchinstitutions.CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyhasonly124acres(50.18hectares)ofmicro-campusarea.Therearelessthan400facultymembersandmorethan2,000students(graduate+undergraduatestudents)oncampus,but74ofitsalumni,facultyandresearchers75WontheNobelPrizeforthefirsttime(ofwhich6NobelPrizewinnersarestillteaching),itisthehighest-densityinstitutionofhigherlearningintheworldforNobelPrizeawards.Themainpurposeoftheschoolistocultivateresearch-orientedtalents.Ithasalwaysimplementedastricteliteeducation,withateacher-studentratioofonly1:3,andmorethan500studentstrainedaslaboratorydirectorsinuniversitiesaroundtheworld.Amongthesmall-scalefacultyonthecampus,theschoolhas11HowardHughesMedicalInstitute(HHMI)researchersand6formeralumnioftheInstitute.CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyrankedfirstintheworldforfiveconsecutiveyearsintheTimesHigherEducationWorldUniversityRankingsintheUnitedKingdomfrom2011/2012to2015/2016.In2015,"TimesHigherEducationWorldUniversityGraduateEmployability"ranked4thintheworld,secondonlytoHarvard,CambridgeandOxford.

Thepurposeofthisprivateuniversityisto"traincreativescientistsandengineersfortheneedsofeducation,governmentandindustrialdevelopment".AsofOctober2020,amongtheprofessorsandgraduatesofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(excludingtemporaryresearchers),40peoplehavewontheNobelPrize41times(Paulinghaswontwice),anaverageofoneinevery1,000graduatesNobelPrizewinners,theratioisthehighestamonguniversitiesintheworld.TheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyhasonlymorethan2,100studentsand290professors,associateprofessors,andassistantprofessors.Amongthem,thereare66membersoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,33membersoftheNationalAcademyofEngineering,and80membersoftheNationalAcademyofArts.Thisisequivalentto36.7%ofallcurrentfacultymembers.TherearenoschoolsintheUnitedStatesandeventheworld.

CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyhasagroupoftopscientistsintheworld.In2008,theAmerican"Exploration"magazineselectedthe20mostintelligentscientistsundertheageof40intheUnitedStates.Theyareregardedasgeniusesintheirrespectiveresearchfields.,Bearingfruitfulresults,amongthe20talentedscientists,professorsfromtheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyaccountedfor4seats.

Theschoolhasadvancedscientificresearchfacilities,includingBoothComputingCenter,HaleObservatory,SeismologicalLaboratory,KerckhoffOceanLaboratory,BigBearSolarSystemObservatory,PalomarObservatory,OwensCanyonRadioObservatory,andNASA’sJetPropulsionExperimentLaboratory(JPL),EnvironmentalQualityLaboratory,thenewlyestablishedsub-millimeterobservatoryinHawaii,etc.EspeciallyworthmentioningistheJetPropulsionLaboratory(JPL),wherescientistssuccessfullyexperimentedanddesignedtheearliestmodernrocketsofmankind,anddesignedandassembledthespacecraftoftheAmericanApollomoonlandingprogram.Overthepasthalfcentury,JPLhasparticipatedinthedesignandlaunchofmanysignificantspacecraft,suchastheExplorerProject,theSailorProject,theGalileoProject,theMarsGlobalExplorer,theCassiniHuygenssatellite,andtheSpitzerDeepSpaceTelescope.NASA’sJetPropulsionLaboratoryisalsomanagedbytheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.

ThefamousphysicistsEinstein,Feynman,Hawking,Boll,Millikan,Gellman,thefamousastronomerHalley,theoriginatorofgeneticsMorgan,andtherocketexpertvonKamenCoachhere.InadditiontomanyNobelPrizewinners,famousalumniwhograduatedfromCaltechincludeIntel’sfounderGordonMoore,moonlandingastronautHarrisonSchmidt,andChinesemissileexpertQianXuesen.

ScienceisthethemeoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,andithasalsomademanyscientists:Einsteingaveuphis"universeinvariancetheory"hereandrecognizedthe"cosmicexpansiontheory";physicistKarl·Andersondiscoveredpositronshere;physicistDaleBrakmademajordiscoveriesonthegeneticstructureandreplicationmechanismofviruseshere,leadingtothebirthofmoleculargenetics;physicistGellmanproposedhereQuarktheory;here,geochemistPatersoncalculatedtheearth’sagerecognizedbymodernscienceas4.6billionyears.TherearealsoNobelLaureatesinPhysicsRobertMillikan,RichardFeynman,MollyGilman,ArthurMacDonald(2015),NobelLaureatesinChemistryPauling,RudolfMarquez(RudolphMarcus),Xavier(AhmedZewail),MartinCapras(2013),Bezig(2014),thefamousgeneticistThomasMorganoftheNobelPrizeinBiology,EdLewis(EdLewis)Lewis)Wait.

Overallranking

ThefollowingistherankingofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyintheworld’stopfourauthoritativeuniversityrankings.

Latestyear

Rankingname

Universityranking

Officialreference

p>
World'sauthoritativeuniversityrankings

2021-2022

QSWorldUniversityRankings

(QSWorldUniversityRankings)

No.6intheworld

2020-2021

TimesHigherEducationWorldUniversityRankings

p>

(THEWorldUniversityRankings)

No.4intheworld

2020-2021

QSWorldUniversityRankings

(QSWorldUniversityRankings)

No.4intheworld

2020-2021

USNewsWorldUniversityRankings

(USNewsBestGlobalUniversities)

No.7intheworld

2020-2021

AcademicRankingofWorldUniversities

(AcademicRankingofWorldUniversities,ARWU)

8thintheworld

2019-2020

USNewsWorldUniversityRankings

(USNewsBestGlobalUniversities)

No.6intheworld

td>

2019-2020

USNewsBestNationalUniversityRankings

(USNewsBestNationalUniversityRankings)

No.12intheUnitedStates

2019-2020

ThamesHeightsEqualEducationWorldUniversityRankings

(THEWorldUniversityRankings)

World2ndplace

2019-2020

TimesHigherEducationWorldUniversityReputationRanking

(THEWorldReputationRankings)

No.12intheworld

2019-2020

QSWorldUniversityRankings

(QSWorldUniversityRankings)

Number5intheworld

2019-2020

softScienceWorldUniversityAcademicRanking

(AcademicRankingofWorldUniversities,ARWU)

No.9intheworldName

Inaddition,in2019-20,inthe"WorldUniversityIntheWorldUniversityRankingspublishedbytheCenterforRanking(CWUR),CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyranks11thintheworld.In2019-20,intheForbesAmericanUniversityRankings,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyranked8thintheUnitedStates.InNovember2017,"TimesHigherEducation"publishedthe2017GlobalEmployabilityRankings,andCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyrankedfirstintheworld;inNovember2018,TimesHigherEducationreleasedthe2018GlobalUniversityGraduatesEmploymentCompetitivenessIntherankings,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyranks2ndintheworld.TheMoscowInternationalUniversityranked23rdin2019and27thin2020.

SubjectRanking

ThefollowingisthesubjectandfieldrankingofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.

1,2019-20TimesHigherEducation(THE)WorldUniversityRankingsSubjectRankings:

p>

ScienceandEngineeringSubject

WorldRanking

HumanitiesandSocialSciences

WorldRanking

NaturalScience

6

Economics

None

LifeSciences

8

SocialSciences

None

Medical

None

HumanitiesandArts

None

ComputerScience

10

Laws

None

Engineeringtechnology

4

Education

None

Psychology

None

2,2019-20QSWorldUniversityRankingsbySubject:

p>p>

Subjects

WorldRanking

Subjects

WorldRanking

Subjects

WorldRanking

ChemicalEngineering

7

Medicine

51-100

AccountingandFinance

None

LifeScience

10

Philosophy

None

DentalMedicine

None

EarthandOceanSciences

8

BusinessAdministration

151-200

Pharmacy

None

EnvironmentalScience

16

History

None

Psychology

None

PhysicsandAstronomy

7

PerformingArts

None

VeterinaryMedicine

None

Chemistry

11

Anthropology

None

Geography

None

MechanicalEngineering

17

Archaeology

None

Communicationandmediaresearch

None

MiningEngineering

None

EnglishandLiterature

None

DevelopmentStudies

None

ElectricalEngineering

15

ArtandDesign

None

Education

None

MaterialsScience

16

Linguistics

None

Laws

None

Mathematics

14

ModernLinguistics

None

PoliticsandInternationalRelations

None

ComputerScience

29

Architecture

None

Sociology

None

Economics

48

AgricultureandForestry

None

StatisticsandOperationsResearch

None

CivilEngineering

51-100

SocialPolicyandManagement

None

NursingScience

None

3,2018-19USNewsNationalGraduateSchoolsRanking:

NaturalSciences

NationalRanking

HumanitiesandSocialSciences

NationalRanking

Chemistry

1

Economics

None

EarthScience

1

Sociology

None

Physics

3

History

None

LifeScience

4

Politics

None

Mathematics

9

Criminology

None

ComputerScience

11

Psychology

None

Statistics

None

EnglishandLiterature

None

2019-20USNewsNationalMajorProfessionalSchools(ProfessionalSchools)Ranking:

VocationalCollege

SchoolofEngineering

SchoolofEducation

SchoolofBusiness

LawSchool

MedicalSchool

SchoolofNursing

NationalRanking

5

None

None

None

None

None

4.2019-20AcademicRankingofWorldUniversities(ARWU)SubjectRanking:

ScienceandEngineering

WorldRanking

HumanitiesandSocialSciences

WorldRanking

Mathematics

51-75

Economics

101-150

Physics

6

Laws

None

Chemistry

5

Sociology

None

Biology

17

Psychology

None

ComputerEngineering

76-100

Politics

None

EarthScience

2

Finance

None

Scientificresearchresults

TheacademicachievementsoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinthe20thcenturyarebrieflylistedasfollows:

Inthe1920sand1930s,geologistWoodinventedtheseismograph,physicistandmathematicianGattanborginventedtheRichterScale(theRichterScale).Theydevelopedseismologyintoaninternationaldiscipline;

Inthe1930s,Paulingconductedresearchonthepropertiesofchemicalbonds,layingthefoundationformolecularbiology.HewontheNobelPrizeinChemistryin1954(andwonthePeacePrizein1962);

Inthe1940s,physicistDaleBraquemademajordiscoveriesonthegeneticstructureandreplicationmechanismofviruses,whichledtomoleculargeneticsThebirthoflearning.

WontheNobelPrizeinMedicine(andPhysiology)in1969;

In1948,scientistsfromtheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyfirstsurveyedtheentirestarryskythatcanbeobservedinthenorthernhemisphere.Thousandsofnewhouses,galaxies,andcometswerediscovered,andskymapsweredrawn.Thisastronomicalatlashasbeenregardedasastandardbyastronomersallovertheworld.In1964,astronomerSchmidtdiscoveredquasars(quasars)attheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology;

In1953,geochemistPatersoncalculatedthattheearth’sagerecognizedbythemodernscientificcommunitywas4.6billionyears..HewontheTylerPrice,thehighestinenvironmentalscienceintheworld;

Inthe1960s,physicistGellmanproposedthequarktheory.In1969,hewontheNobelPrizeinPhysics;

Inthe1960s,RogerSperrydiscoveredthatthetwohemispheresofthebrainhavedifferentfunctions:thelefthemisphereisinchargeoflanguage(Vebalthinkingandlanguage),andtherighthemisphereisinchargeoftheimageThinking(spatial-visualthought).In1981,hewontheNobelPrizeinMedicineorPhysiology;

In1986,thebiologistHoodinventedtheDNASequemtor.Until2013,theHumanGenomeProjectmainlyreliedonthisinstrumenttoanalyzegenesequences;

During1980-1990,theprofessorsofCaltechpublished3.36papersinfirst-classnaturalsciencejournalsonaverage.StanfordUniversityrankedsecondwith1.21,only1/3oftheformer;

InOctober1999,ProfessorAhwoodXavier,whotaughtatCaltech,wontheNobelPrizeinChemistry.

"IfCaltechdoesnotoccupyanimportantpositioninthehistoryofhighereducationintheUnitedStates,fewuniversitiescanmatchitsstatusinthehistoryofmodernscienceandtechnologyintheworld."Scholars’commentsindicatethatCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyUnparalleledacademicstatus.Indeed,fromtheworld’slargestopticalastronomicaltelescopetotheinteractionbetweenatoms;fromseismologytomolecularbiology;fromquarktheorytospaceexploration,therolesplayedbyscientistsattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyaredifficulttobeaffectedbyothers.replaced.

AcademicResources

TheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologylibrarysystemincludesfivebranches,subscribedtomorethan2,228paperjournalsand2,959electronicjournals,andhasacollectionofmorethan700,000books.Andawealthoftechnicalreports,governmentdocumentsandmapmaterials.ThefivebranchlibrariesareMillikanLibrary,ShermanLibrary,DabneyLibrary,AstrophysicsLibraryandGeologicalPlanetaryScienceLibrary.Amongthem,theMillikanLibraryandtheShermanLibraryarethetwomostimportant.Theentirelibrarysystemhas41staffmembers,including14professionallibrarians.MillikanLibrary:Thelargest,itistheschool'scentrallibrary,anditspremisesarealsothetallestbuildingintheschool.Librarymanagement,interlibraryloan,anddocumentdeliveryservicesareallconcentratedhere.Itmainlycollectsdocumentsofbiology,chemistry,mathematics,andphysics,aswellashumanitiesandsocialsciencejournals,governmentdocuments,Americanhistoryandsocialsciencemonographs,andalsocollectsmicroforms.

ShermanLibrary:Themaincollectionofliteratureonengineeringandapplieddisciplines,includingenvironmentalscience,computerscience,chemicalengineering,aviationtechnology,mechanicalengineering,appliedphysics,andappliedmathematics.

DabneyLibrary:ThisisalibraryattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyspecializinginthecollectionofhumanitiesandsocialsciences.ItislocatedonthefirstflooroftheDabneyBuilding.

Themaincollectionsareliterature,art,philosophy,Europeanhistory,Asianhistory,ancienthistorymonographs,etc.,aswellasmusicCDs.

AstrophysicsLibrary:LocatedintheRobinsonBuilding,wheretheAstronomyDepartmentofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyislocated.Thislibrarymainlyprovidesliteraturesupportforastronomers,astronomicalinstrumentdesigners,relatedprofessionalsandstudentstoconductresearchonoptics,microwaves,x-rays,gammarays,cosmiclight,infrared,theoreticalastronomy,etc.Thelibraryalsoprovidesdocumentationsupportforthemoreprofessionalobservatorylibrary.

GeologyandPlanetaryScienceLibrary:mainlycollectsmaterialsinthefieldsofearthandplanetarygeology,geophysics,geochemistry,seismology,andpaleontology,especiallyinthecollectionofrelatedgeologicalmaterialsinCalifornia,thewesternUnitedStatesandNorthAmericaIthasuniqueadvantages.ThemuseumnotonlycontainsalargenumberofreportsontheNationalGeologicalSurveyoftheUnitedStatesandthegeologicaldistributionofmineraldepositsinCalifornia,butalsoacollectionofpublicationsrelatedtotheNationalGeologicalSurveyandselectedforeignsurveyreports.Themuseum’sspecialcollectionsinclude:GeologicalFieldworkTravelGuideforNorthwestAmerica(focusingontheareabetweenthePacificOceanandtheRockyMountains);thepublicreportoftheUSGeologicalSurveyonthetopographicmapofthewesternUnitedStatesandthetopographicmapofCalifornia;CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyDissertationfromtheDepartmentofGeologyandPlanetaryScienceoftheCollege.

CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology’sresearchcenters:InfraredProcessAnalysisResearchCenter(IPAC),AstronomyResearchCenter,MaterialProcessSimulationResearchCenter(MSC),AdvancedComputingResearchCenter(CACR),IndustrialRelationsResearchCenter,ComputerResourceResearchCenter,DepartmentofComputerScience,DepartmentofBioengineering,MolecularScienceLaboratory,JetPropulsionLaboratory(JPL)andotherscientificresearchinstitutions.

CulturalTradition

SchoolMotto

TheschoolmottoofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyis:Thetruthshallmakeyoufree;theChinesetranslationis:truthmakespeoplefree.

Schoolbadge

TheschoolbadgeofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(Caltech)isshowninFigure1.

Schoolsong

TheschoolsongofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyis:FightforCaliforniaTech.

Athletics

CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyhasmen’sbasketball,women’sbasketball,men’sbaseball,men’sandwomen’sfencingandothersportsteams.Association,NCAA)thethirddivision(NCAADivisionIII).

SchoolFunfacts

1.Twentypercentofstudentscannotgraduate

TalkingabouthowdifficultitistoattendclassesatCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyItcanbesaidthatnooneknowsandnooneknows:"Stress"issynonymouswithCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Theacademicburdenhereissoheavy,thepaceoflearningissotight,andtheweightissogreatthatfewotheruniversitiescancatchup.Astudentsaid:"Unlessyouwanttobeascientistoranengineer,don'tcomeheretogotoschool."InthebrightandbrightsunshineofSouthernCalifornia,Disney,HollywoodandotherentertainmentresortsandLosAngelesarewithineasyreach,andthereisCaltech.Thestudentsofthecollegehaven'tmadeastepontheironehundredandtwenty-fouracrecampusinfouryears,doyoubelieveit?Manyhighschoolgraduateswhocametovisitfortheirupcomingstudieshereweredumbfoundedanddiscouraged.Atonetime,20%ofthestudentsineachgradewereunabletograduateforvariousreasons-eitherdroppedoutofschoolormovedaway.

Thestudentswhostayherearenotoriously"workaholics".Theystudyanaverageof50hoursaweek.Theymustcomplete486hoursofcoursesbeforegraduation,whichisanaverageFivecoursespersemester,15coursesinthreesemestersayear-mostpeopleevenmorethanthat.Thecollegedivideseachyearintothreesemesters(trimester).Allstudentsmusttakefivephysicscourses,twochemistry,twomathematics,onebiology,oneastronomyorgeology,andtwoexperimentalcourses.Here,almosteveryonehasanattitudeof"nomatterwhatproblemstheprofessorssetusuptocomplete".

2.ThesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenCaltechandMIT

PeopleoftencompareCaltechwithMIT.TheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologywasestablishedthirtyyearslaterthanMIT,andwasonlyestablishedin1891,anditsscaleismuchsmaller.MIThasateamofmorethan4,500undergraduates,plusgraduatestudents,therearenearly10,000studentsoncampus.AtCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,thenumberofundergraduatesislessthan1,000,andthenumberofgraduatesislessthan2,000.Intermsofscale,thisisasmallschool;intermsofenvironment,thesceneryhereisbeautifulandthecampusisdottedwithlotusflowers.PondsandolivetreesareindeedmuchbetterthanMITfactorybuildings.Duetothesmallnumberofpeople,Caltech’spercapitaresearchfunding,percapitapublishedpapers,percapitacitationsandpercapitanumberofNobelPrizesarefarhigherthanthoseofMIT.Theteacher-studentratiois1:3,andMITisonly1:6.

CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologystudentshavealwaysbeen"dismissive"oftheircompetitorsintheNortheast.Incomparison,MITisstillaneducationalpolicythatfocusesonthecombinationofhumanities,socialsciencesandscienceandtechnology.Itseemstobea"coward"trickontheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology."Wearethe'TechnologyInstitute',andscienceisthethemehere."Astudentsaidinamoreaccentuatedtone.

Ofcourse,Caltechstudentsdon’tknowanythingabouthumanities.Theyalsohavetotaketwelvecoursesinthehumanitiesorsocialsciences,usuallyonepersemester.

Hereisindeedthesupremacyofscience.ManyfamousphysicistsandchemistshavemadediscoveriesthatshockedthescientificcommunityattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.ThephysicistCarlAndersondiscoveredpositronshere;itisalsoherethattheextroverted,humorousNobelLaureateinPhysicsFeynman(RPFeynman)hasbeenteachingfordecadesandhasbecomethemostadmiredbystudents.Oneoftheprofessors.MurryGellmann,theNobelPrizewinnerinPhysics,andEdLewis,whojustwontheNobelPrizeinBiologyin1997.Beforeandafter,theprofessorsandalumniofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(excludingtemporaryresearchers)produced37NobelPrizewinners,anditsstudentsreallyhavetherighttobeproud.

3.Evenfreshmenhavetheopportunitytodoresearch

SomestudentscomplainthatmostprofessorsfromCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologycomeheretodoresearchandarenotverygoodatteaching.interested."Thedistancebetweenprofessorsandstudentsseemsabitfarther."However,allcoursesattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyaretaughtbyprofessors,whichisnotsomethingthateveryuniversityintheUnitedStatescando.AndthestudentswhogotoCaltechhaveastronginterestinresearch.Here,"evenfreshmenhavetheopportunitytodoresearch",andlearningdoesnothavetobeconfinedtotheclassroom.CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyhasthemostmodernlaboratoryinAmericanuniversities,theKeckTelescope-theworld'slargestastronomicaltelescope,andthehighestcomputer/personratiointheUnitedStates.

ThemostfamousdepartmentofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyisPhysics.Tothisday,thisdepartmentstillattractshigh-achievingphysicsstudentsfromalloverthecountry.Engineering,especiallyelectronicengineering,aswellaschemistry,biology,botany,astronomy,andgeology,areveryeye-catching.Inthesummer,180undergraduateshavetheopportunitytoreceiveascholarshiptoconductresearchwithprofessors,and20%ofthemevenhavetheopportunitytopublishtheirresearchresultsinprofessionalscientificjournals.

4.HowcanIhavetimetobehostiletoothers

StudentssaytheyliketheharmonyofinterpersonalrelationshipsatCaltech:trusteachotherandtakecareofeachother.Inthissmallcommunity,despitethegreatpressure,thestudentsdonotcompetetothedeathandlife,butinsteadhelpeachother.Thereisalsoawell-known"HonorCode"(HonorCode),whichissupervisedbythestudents.Eventhoughtheseniorstudentshavethekeytoopeneachdormitory,thereareveryfewthefts.Everyonecangetthefoodintherefrigerator,butnoonewilltouchitforseveraldays.Themostimportantthingisacademicethics:"Iftheprofessorsendsouttheexampaperstotakehometomake,noonewillcheat.Thequestionsshouldbecompletedinthreehours,andnoonewillovertimeforoneminute."Intheschool,allethnicgroups-Therelationshipisalsoverygood.Astudentexplained:"Wherewilltherebetimetobehostiletoothers?"

Undertheheavylearningpressure,theCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologystudentshardlyhavetimetothinkaboutanythingelse.thing.Therearenotmanyculturalactivitiesstartedoncampus,andmostpeoplespendtheirtimestudyinginthedormitoryonweekends.OneofthebiggestdifferencesfromMITisthattherearenoclubs,sportsteams,orfootballteams—"Whenyoulearnindistress,everythingelseisnotsoimportant."

5.Theingenuityof"truckingschoolday"

Whenfacingteachersinclass,thestudentsbehaved,buttheystartedprankson"truckingschoolday"Come,it'sridiculous.

Justliketheyoungstudentsinotheruniversities,thestudentsherearejokingandrefurbishing.Theannual"StruttingDay"isagoodopportunityforstudentstoshowtheirtalents:onthisday,thefourthgradersMydormitorywasblockedwithcables,steelbarsorevencomputerpasswords,leavingonlyafewcluessuggestinghowtoopenthedoor,andthenallofthemwithdrewfromtheschool,leavingthelowergradestomeditateallday(from8inthemorningto5intheafternoon))Howtogetinandget"trophies"-foodleftbyfourthgraders.

Actually,manyuniversitiesintheUnitedStateshavedifferentnamesof"HitSchoolDay".Generally,inthespring,agroupoffourth-graderswhoareabouttograduatechooseadaytoleavetheircoursesandfacetheemptyclassroomwithaprofessorwhosmilesbitterly.,Gotonearbybeachesandparkstoplaytogether.It’sjustatCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologythatlow-gradestudentswholiketomaketroubleoftensneakintotheirdormitoryroomswhenthehigh-gradestudentsareaway,adjustthepositionofthefurniture,driveanoldclassiccartothebed,orevenputitinthehouse.Everythingismovedaway,noteventhefloorisleft!

Theroadisonefoothigh,andthedevilisonefoothigh.Thefourthgraderstook"anti-sabotageaction".Beforeleaving,theymovedthebookshelforbedtothedoorsothatthepersonwhowantedtosabotagecouldnotopenthedoor,andthenjumpedoutofthewindow.Asaresult,onerackedhisbrainsandinsistedonenteringthedoor,andtheotherrackedhisbrainsnottoletin.Gradually,thismust-havewarbecamemoreandmoretroublesomeeveryyear,oftenleavingbothpartiesexhaustedbutoverwhelmed.Inthe1950s,furniturealonewasnotgoodenough.Thefourthgradersbegantobuildbanksafe-boxbarriers-steelbars,severaltonsofcement,timedclocks,andthickironplates.Protectivedeviceshaveallappeared.Thelowergradesalsobegantousevarious"heavyweight"objects:electricsaws,transporters,andhand-heldrockdrillsallcameinhandy.Somepeoplesay:Ifthedifferencebetweenhumansandotheranimalsliesintheirabilitytousetools,thenthedifferencebetweenCaltechstudentsandothersisthattheycanalwaysfindandusethesetoolsquickly.Inshort,inordertoopentheroom,theycandowhatevertheycan-cutaholeinthewall,openaskylightintheceiling.Anyway,theschool’sunwrittenruleis:Whoeverdoesthedamageisresponsibleforpayingtorepairtheroomasbefore.

6."TheBigBangTheory"background

SheldonLeeCooper(BS,MS,MA,Ph.D.,Sc.D.)andotheruniversitieswherethreetalentedscientistswork.

Campusenvironment

Theschooldoesnothavesuchadazzlingbuilding,itlackstheromanceandeleganceoftheliberalartscollege,butinthefieldofscience,whatisneededisaseriousandpragmaticspirit.Walkingonthecampus,youcan'treallyappreciatethevalueofthisschool,andstudentsintheDepartmentofSurgerycan'tappreciatetheadvancedequipment.LookingatsomeChinesestudentspassingbyoncampus,IfeelthatChineseareeverywhereandtheyareinvolvedinvariousfields.Nomatterhowdifficultitistoapplyforaschool,therearealwaysChinesestudents.

SincetheestablishmentofCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,thegoodschoolspiritandcharacteristicculturegraduallyformedarethefundamentalguaranteeforittobecomeaworld-classuniversity.Thisincludesstudentsstudyinghard,supportingeachother,andfullofacademicfreedom;theresearchatmosphereofmultidisciplinaryinterdisciplinary,researchandfullfreeexchangeinscientificresearch;thepursuitofqualityandamanagementcultureofexcellence;theentirecampusisfullofpursuitofscientifictruthanddedicationtoscience.Academicatmosphereandsoon.

Well-knownpeople

Asof2017,excludingtemporaryfacultyandstaff,atotalof37Caltechalumniorprofessorshavewon38NobelPrizes(including22alumni,15Professorswhoarenotalumniand5professorswhoarealsoalumni,amongwhichchemistPaulingwontwoNobelPrizes:1954ChemistryPrizeand1962PeacePrize);47peoplewontheNationalMedalofScience;10peoplewontheNationalMedalofTechnology.Amongthecurrentprofessorsare75membersoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,29membersoftheNationalAcademyofEngineering,and75membersoftheNationalAcademyofArtsandSciences.Inthe2017NobelPrizealone,thereare5winnerswhohavestudiedorworkedatCaltech,including2PhysicsPrizewinners,2PhysiologyandMedicinePrizewinners,and1ChemistryPrizewinner.

LinusPauling,PhD1925,winneroftheNobelPrizeinChemistryin1954,andNobelPeacePrizein1962.

ZhaoZhongyao(Chung-YaoChao),PhD1930,physicist,founderofChinesenuclearphysics.

QianXuesen(TsienHsue-shen),PhD1939,aerodynamicist,onceledthedevelopmentofmissilesandrocketsinChina.

Wei-ChangQian,1942,thefatherofmodernChinesemechanics,vicechairmanoftheChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference,andafamouseducator.

ShenShanjiong,amicrobialbiochemicalandmoleculargeneticist,wontheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyOutstandingAlumniAwardin1996.

Yuan-ChengFung,PhD1948,thefounderofbiomechanics.

Chia-ChiaoLin,PhD1944,mechanicsandmathematician,leaderofcontemporaryappliedmathematicsschool.

Pei-YuanChou,PhD1928,theoreticalphysicistandfluidmechanics.

GordonMoore(GordonMoore),PhD1954,oneofthefoundersofIntelCorporation,thefounderofMoore'sLaw.

LilyYehJan,PhD1974,biophysicistandmemberoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.

RichardFeynman(RichardFeynman),afamousphysicist,winneroftheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1965.

MaartenSchmidt(MaartenSchmidt),astronomer,discovererofquasars.

TanJiazhen(C.C.Tan),PhD1936,thefounderofmodernChinesegenetics.

BaoWenkui,PhD1950,Chineseplantgeneticist.

FrankCapra(FrankCapra),BS1918,3timeswinneroftheOscarforBestDirector.

TonyChan,BS,MS,formerDeanoftheSchoolofNaturalSciencesattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,andthecurrentPresidentoftheHongKongUniversityofScienceandTechnology.

The20thcenturyChinesescienceandtechnologymastersQianXuesen,HuNing,GuoYonghuai,MengZhaoying,TanJiazhen,TangYouqi,ShenShanjiong,ZhengZhemin,ZhuangFenggan,XiaoJian,LiZhengwu,LuoFeilin,WuYaozu,BaiChunli,etc.AllareCaltechalumni.

Universityapplication

CaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyislocatedinthebeautifulcityofPasadenainsouthernCalifornia.EntertainmentdestinationssuchasHollywoodandLosAngelesareallwithineasyreach.Thepurposeofthisprivateuniversityisto"traincreativescientistsandengineersfortheneedsofeducation,governmentandindustrialdevelopment."Nature:Private,specializedcolleges

Location:Pasadena,California,USA

Established:1891

Institution:CollegeThereare6departmentsunderit.

Schoolmotto:Thetruthshallmakeyoufree

CurrentDean:ThomasF.Rosenbaum

Applicationconditions:CompulsorySATReasoningTest.SATSubjectTestrequiresMath2andanyofChemistry,Biology,Physics.BachelorofScienceorBachelorofEngineeringisanecessarycondition,andtheGREaptitudetestisarequiredcondition.Threelettersofrecommendationandreadingplanareindispensable,noTOEFLtestisrequired.

Applicationinformation

1.Scorerequirements

UndergraduateIELTSisnotaccepted,pleaseconsultthecollege;undergraduateandgraduatestudentsarerequiredIELTSscoreabove7.0;Toefl100

satmath753satverbal660

sattotalscoreact

Expensebudget

Undergraduatefees/Year$33324Master'stuition$

Totalundergraduatefee/year$49968TotalMaster'sfee/year$

Admissionratio14.70%

2.Admissionrequirements

(1)Notarizationofthehighestdegreeofeducation

(2)Notarizationofresults(withanaveragescoreofnotlessthan90)

(3)TOEFLResults

(4)GREscores(notlessthan1300points)-graduatestudents

(5)GMATscores(notlessthan680points)-graduatestudents

(6)SATscore(notlessthan1500)-undergraduate

(7)Personalstatement

(8)Threelettersofrecommendation

3.Scholarships

Proportionofundergraduatescholarships:60%

Averagescholarshipsforundergraduates:22026

Proportionofscholarshipsforinternationalstudents:44%

4.Relatedexpenses

Expenditureitems

ItemsEnglishname

2016-2017schoolyearstudyfee

tuition

Tuitionandfees

$47,583

Roomandboardcosts

Roomandboard

$14,100

Booksfees

Booksandsupplies

$1,323

Personalexpenses

Estimatedpersonalexpenses

$1,974

Othermealexpenses

AdditionalMealAllowance(est.)

$900

Total

EstimatedTotal

$65,874

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