Definice
PolymerseparationMembran: ASEMI-PermealembranewithSelectivePermeationFunctionMadeofpolymermaterials.Ussingsuchasemi-Permealemlembran, s využitím tlakového stavu, teplotního programu, koncentrace GradientorPontienTifferenceAsThedrivingforce, GasMexture, LiquidMextureOrGanicandinorganicsolutionsAreseparated, WhishasThecharacteristicsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsisticsOfeNeryvování, natahování.
PolymerfunkcalmMembran: ambranematerialwithselactivePropustnost, andapolymeraterialwithspecialmasstransferfunction, obvykle sekamentovanýmMembran, alsocalledfunctionMembrane.MembraneseparationOfSubStancegenerallyDoesNotunderGophaseChangeanddoesNotConsumefasechangeenergy.AtThesametime, ithasgoodSelectivity.TheemBraneDividEstHeproductonbothsidesansideasytoCoCoCoCollect.ITISASeparationMaterialWithLowenergyConsConshingandhighefficientience.FromFunctionPointOfView, ThePolymerseparationMembraneHetheFunctionsOfMaterialseparation, MaterialIdentification, EnergyConversionandMaterialConversion.
Včetně mikrofiltrationMembranů, ultrafiltrationMembranes, polymerseparationmembrus, reverzosmosisMembranesandnanofiltrationMembranes.
Klasifikace
PodleFotheFefunctionFuse, ItCanbediDidedInto: SměsnáparaceMembran, Drugreleseaseased-releaseembran, aseparationprotectivemembran;
dividedcordingtothenatureofTheseparatedSubstance: GasseparationMembrany, kapaliny ,Membrány, solidníseparationMembrany, ionseparationMemBranesandMicrobialseparationMembranes;
Podle parituriclesizeofTheSeparatedMaterial, itisDividedInto: ultra-finefiltrationMembran, ultrafiltraceMembraneandmicro-filtrationMembran;
Podle návrhuFilMformationProcess, itisDividedInto: depositionFilm, solVentinjectionFilm, rozhraníFilManddynamicFilmformation;
PodlefilMProperties, itisDividedInto: hustotafilm, phasechangefilmformace, emulsificamembraneandporousMembran.
MaterialTypeSandaplikaces
1.Celulóza (ca \ cn \ cn-ca)
Charakteristika materiálu: rozsáhlé;.ButThephValueisnarrow, pH = 3-7, nízká teplota, odpor Cortchemica, snadno hydrolyze a kompakce, chudobibakteriálnípropertie.
Typicalapplications:sterilizationandfiltrationoflargeandsmallinfusions;sterilizationandfiltrationofinjections;sterilizationandfiltrationofvaccines,biologicalproductsandantibiotics;cellculturemedia,diagnosticreagentsandcontainingproteinsandvitaminsSterilizationandfiltrationofpreparationswithpreservatives;Sterilizationandfiltrationofgeneticengineeringproducts;Sterilizationandfiltrationofeyedrops;Sterilizationandfiltrationofserumandplasmaseparation.
Otheraplikaces: Foraqueoussolutions (CA); předběžné ošetření, particephectionOrParticleremoval (cn \ cn-ca), majorpoembran (8um \ 5um \ 3um) je speciálně zajišťovatelným forcellcollection, biotaxisanalysis, smallpoembran (takový.45UM) vydavatelná forparTicleCollection, asmallerporemembrane (0.22um \ 0.1UM) IssuitableForSterilizationOrmovalOfMyCoplasma.DedicatedtorapidDiagnosisAndtransfertechnology (CN)
Sterilizační motydy: autoklávování, ethylenoxidefumigation ﻻ-raysterilizace.
2.Regenerovaná celulóza (RC)
Materiálové charakteristiky: rcisaloknownassallulózaⅱ.ITisuSusUsUsAllyBeagedBydissolvingNaturalCellulosethroughchemicalMetSodSandThenPrecipitation.ITSMOLecularWeightIsgenerallyLowerThannaturalCelluloseandhaslowerCrystalinity.Ithasgoodhydrofilicita, StrongPollitionOdpor, Lowfluxattenuation, GlowsOlventOdpor a CanwithstastOrganicsolvents.Alkoholresistance \ ketoneresistance \ nasycenáHydrokarbonresistance \ AromatichyDrocarbonresistance \ chlornedhydrokarbonresistance \ LipidSandProticpolarsolvents (takový, jak sedimethylformamid atd..).ITHASNOTOXICSIDEEEFECTSTOORGANISMSANDHASGOODBIOCOMPATIBILITY.Lownon-SpecificAdsorptionCapacity.Odpor.
Typická aplikace: themainPorposeIsOrganicsOlventParticleremovalFiltration.SpeciallyusedForClarificationOrSstililizationFiltrationOfnon-Aqueoussolutions.
Sterilizační motydy: Autoklávování, suché heatsterilizace (180 stupňů), ethylenoxidefumigační ray-ray
3.Polyamid (nylon-6, nylon-66)
Charakteristika materiálu: hlavně komponosofDibasicacidanddiamineoraminoaciDlactamisobtainedByPolycondensationsationOrsElf-polymerizace.Protože, ItiseAsytoformhydrogenBonds, Hasstrongmechanical -STREGHLAGHTADSAND ASPORDYDOPHYDOPHILITY..Ve srovnání snilon-6, nylon-66Hashighermechanical-STRENGGETH, HIGHTERTEMPERATRESISTANCE, ABBETTERTOWTEMPERATRERESISTANCE.Obě HAVEGOODACKALIRESISTANCE, GOODRESISTANCETOORGANICSOLVENTS, GreaseresistanceanDoilResistance (MineralioLandVegegetableoil) ButnotacidResistance.Highproteinabsorpce.
Typicalapplications:sterilizationandfiltrationofantibiotics,vitaminsandotherfermentedproducts;sterilizationandfiltrationofchemicalindustryproducts;sterilizationandfiltrationofveterinarymedicines;sterilizationandfiltrationoforalliquidsandeyedrops;pharmaceuticalindustrySterilizationandfiltrationofinfusionandinjections;Sterilizationandfiltrationofphysiologicalsalineandothersolvents;Sterilizationandfiltrationofotherlow-costproductsinthepharmaceutical,chemicalandcosmeticindustries.
Otheraplikaces: NylonmaterialSareparticularlySuibleForFilteringalkalinesolutions; použitý forparTicleremovalandfiltrationOforganicsolventEntents.TransferFilm.DNAANDRNAATTACHMENT; SOUTHERN \ NORTHERTRANSFER; Geneprobedetection; Nucleicaciddotblot; dnafingerprinting; kolonyTransfer.DuetotherelativněhighadsorptionOfNylonMembrany však, itisgenerallyNotrecompendedForSstililizationFiltrationOfCulturemediaorfiltrationOfBiologicalSmpleschassproteinliquids.
Sterilizační method: autoklávování, ethylenoxidefumigace.
4.Polysulfone (PS) \ polyethersulfone (PES)
Charakteristika materiálu: bisfenolapolysulfoneisthemostComMonlyuseusedMembranematerial.DoubleCalledpolyfenylenethersUlfone.INORDERTOIMPROVETHEHYDROPHILITICITICITICITYFTHEMATERIAL, ITISOFENSULFONATED.OběHaveExcellentresistancetochemicalsolvents.InadditionToStrongpolarsolvents, koncentrovaně sekulfuricacidandconcentrated..IthasgoodsteamresistanceandcanwithStandthelong-Termerosionof50mg/lfreechlorine.AlevEvResistanceIspoor.TheareallSolubleInchlornhydrocarbons, bobtnání, a částečně.
Typicalapplications:sterilizationandfiltrationoflargeinfusionsolutions;sterilizationandfiltrationofbuffersolutions;sterilizationandfiltrationofwaterforinjection;sterilizationandfiltrationofcleaningsolutionsanddisinfectants;sterilizationandfiltrationofbulkliquidmedicines;Anyliquidthatrequiresultra-highflowrateisfiltered.
STERILIZACEMETOD: AutoClavingorethylenexidefumigation.
5.Polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF)
Charakteristika materiálu: PvdfisAcrystalinepolymer.Ithasexcellentweatherresistanceandchemicalstability.ItisNotcorrodedbyacids, alkalis, singoxidantsandhalogensatroomterature, ansstabletoorganicsolventssuchasaliphatichydrocarbons, aromatichydrokarbony, alkoholy, andaldehydes, andaldehydes, adaldedydes.FumingsUlfuricacid, StrongBases, Ketones a Andetherscanswellorpartiallydissolvethem.
Typické aplikace: hydrophobicpvddfinsteamfiltrace; sterilization afiltrationOfVariouscorrosivegase; sterilization afiltrationOlOnOlvants;.HydrophilicpvdfisWidelyuseuseusInsterilizationFiltrationInbiopharmaceuticalsDuetoitslowProteinadsorptioncapacity.PosotivelyHargedpvdfcanbeusedtoremoveendotoxiny.
Otherapplications:transfermembrane,DNAANDRNAATTACHMENT; SOUTHERN \ NORTHERTRANSFER; Geneprobedetection; Nucleicaciddotblot; dnafingerprinting; kolonyTransfer.
6.Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE)
Charakteristika materiálu: ptfeisaLinearterMerMroplasticPolymerFromThePointofViewofitsMolecularStructure.IthasexcellentchemicalStabilityAsExcellentWeatherresistance.Inadditiontometalsalodium, fluorineanditsComPoundShaveecarercorrosiveeffectonit, itcanwithstandymatherstrongacids, Strongalkalis, GreasesAndorganicsolventévence.Přirozeně stronghydrofobicita.
Typické, protože ofitsnaturalstronghydrofobicita, itisWidelyuseuseuseuseuseusedventhefieldOpharmaceuticalsformairstersterilizationAnsterilization, takovésthesterilization afiltrationOfTheintakeAustGaSfermentationTankSandthesterilization afiltrationOfstorageTanks..SilněcorrosivesOlventSterilizationFiltrationAndorganicsolventventSterilizationFiltration.HighsurfacetensionsolventsMustBehydrophilizedtomodifyptfe.
7.Polypropylen (PP)
Materiární charakteristika: duetothedifferenceInTheSpatiaLarargementOfMolecularchains, itisDividedInDoisotacticAndatacticpolypropylenel.ThateRaterialofTheembraneisisotacticpolypropylen.IsotacticpolypropyleneisahighlyCrystalleTherMermoplasticresin.IthasgoodheatresistanceandexcellentchemicalStability.Atroomtemperature, itcanwithstantchemicalSolventSexceptStrongoxidants.
Typická aplikace (ThermalsprayFiberflatFilm):.NotaSasterilizationFilter.Předfiltrační ofinjekce; částicefiltraceOfdeionizedWaterssystem; částice-removingofíčkát-chchemicalsolvents; částice-removingofbiologicalProducts.Clarification afiltrationOfVarioussolventsorsolutions.
Sterilizační method: autoklávování, ethylenoxidefumigace.
Výkon
Propustnost
THE PERMEABILITYOFTHEMEMBRANISONOFEVERYPRASTORTAntPropertiesOfPolymerMermeMbranematerials.TéměřallReportSotheMembraneinvolvethisperformance.
THEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATHEMEABILITYOFTHEMEMBRANEISCLOSELYRELATEDTOTETERATERATER, Membranethickness, Chemicalcomposition, PreparationProcessConditionSandthemicRucturucturetructuretructuretructuretructuretructuretructuretructuretructuretructuretructuretructurecructuretructurecructurecturetHemBreMbran.TheoxygenandNitrogenPropustnostOfMethylsilicoNubber, ethylen-propylenerubber, s nízkou hustotoupolyethyleneandnaturalRubbermembraNeshavebeenStudiedStudiedStudiedsiedStudieds.ItifoundthattheDedenceoftHeMeMbrane'sPropustnostOnteRuraturelionTothematerialOfTheMembran.MembránsincreasesInseResases sWithTemperetTerentTemperatures.
TheinfluenceofTheMemicalCompositionofTHEMEMBRANEONPERMAIBILITAISISBOTHAUNIverSalandunderstandablePhenomenon.Přenosová adwaterMeaabilityAreBettertHancopPerpowderfilMandpvafilm, atherapturepUrestrengthiscloSetotHatofpvafilm.TheoxygenandNitrogenseParationCoeffientOfPolydimethylsiloxan (PDMS) ISABOut2.0LowerthantAtofpolyvinylalkohol, a astrengthoftHeembraneissolsopoor.
TheinfluenceOffilMformingProcessConditionSilMerMperformance.TheresultSofTediscussiontheevaporationProcesOfTheCastingLiquiquThePolynylchlorideultrafilTrationMemBraneprovethattheevaporationTieThemainFafFeperformanceofTHepvcultrafiltrationMembran.WithTheextensionofTheevaporationTime, The GeneraltrendistocausethewaterfluxOfTHeembranetoincrease, zatímco.AsthethicknessOfThefilmincreases, thewaterfluxofThefilmdecresie.TheTEMPeratureofThegElmediumMalsohasaneffecTontheperFormanceofthThepvcultrafilTrationMembran.
Destilovatelnost
MembranedistilationIsemBraneseparationProcesspoweredByvaPorpressurerefired, která je charakterizována, counceshigh-concentrationsUnderSurtalpressureanDapPropriatetemperature.Forexample,intheprocessofmembranedistillationofaqueoussolutions,thehydrophobicmicroporousmembraneseparatestheaqueoussolutionsatdifferenttemperatures,whilethewatervaporonthewarmsidecontinuouslyentersthecoldsidethroughthemembraneporesandcondensesundertheactionofthevaporpressuredifference,therebyreachingthemembranePurposeofdistillation.Forexample, WhentheporeSizeofthepolyninylidenfluorideMbraneis0.1UM, thetemperaturediffesionis30 ℃ (tepláside50 ℃, Coldside20 ℃), thebrineconcentrations0.3mol, thebrineflowrateis10ml/s, athedistilationfluxis55to65kg/m2 · d, theInterceptionRateIscloseto10%.
Elektrické vlastnosti
Nejčastěji-conductivematerials, sotheycanbeuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseuseusesAterialSintheelectricIndustry.STODEVEVELTOFMEMBRANEMaterialsResearch, membraneswithvariousGoodelectricsPropertieshavealsoappearedoneafteranother.Forexample, polypyrrol (PPY) isamaterialwithhighconductivity, butitsPracticialityIsgreatlyrestrictedDuetoitSinSoluble, infuzible adificulttoprocessshortcomings.AlotofresearchworkIstoObtainPolymerCompositesWithMechanicalPropertiesand -Dodutivent -COMCOMOMPOLYPOLYpyrrolewithotherflexiblePolymerSthemolecularLevel.
Metoda přípravy
1.Indukovaná filmformace
Akrylftalamid (AM) canbemadeintoakrystalinepolyacrylamidefilmbydvedudfilm-formoringpolymemerizace.CoatThemixEdTransparentAqueoussolutionOlaceolutionOfAmgeLanandPhotosensitizeronTheglassSurface.Duetotheinductionofgelatinmolecules, Ammolecules, WatermoleculeSortheirassociatedMoleculeSaeVevenlyDistributedonTheglassSurface.Amformsafilmatroomteperature.Krystalizace, sféricalcrystalsWithadiaMiaMeaterofseveralcentimeterscanbeobtained.AfterbeingIrradied withUlTravioletLandpolymerimed, thesMallwaferShotheIrobviousEdgedgesand acornersAndBecomeGranular.WhiteObserningThepamspherulitestHaTiducedfilm-formoringpolymerationWithAnorthoGonalpolarizationmicroscope, itwasfoundthatadanopticallyanisotropiceffect.TheembraneistreatedwithBoilingwatertoObtainalargespherulitefilMmaterialWitHaredStrengthAndaratitivněuniformporedistribution.Itisanidealopticalfilm.
2.FilmFormationByCompleteevaporation
UseaMixtureofDimethylformamid (DMF) athetrahydrofuran (THF) asthesolvent, ethylenglycolastheporogen, apolyurethan (PU) iSthesubstrate a athepuporousFilmcanbereparedbytheteevaPorationMethod..TheExPeperimentalResultsShowtHattHestructureCrenformanceofTheMeMbraneeRoselyRelatedtotheevaporationRateConstant.Forexample, CHANGETHECOMPOSICEofTheCastingLiquiquiDandthefilm-MakingProcessConditionscanProduceavarietyofporousMembraneswithdifferentRequirements.TheClinicalTestResultsProvethatthisMeMbraneisagoodSkinsUbStutematerial.
3.SurfacemodificationByplasmapolymeration
BLENDSYSTEMYFOFPOLYYLCHLORIDEANDLIQUIDCRYSTALN-ETHOXYBENZYLYLIDENINESKA BUTYLYLANILIN (EBBA) (70/30) ITHASGOODCOMPATIDEA aCANGREATREASCESHEETHEAIRSEAILITYFTHEFILM, BUTTHEISAPROFOFLEBLIKIDCRYSTALLOSSDUetovolatilizace.Theuseoffluorocarbonshasgoodanaanaerobicperformance a athesurfacemodificationofTHecumumumulativeComBranebyplasmapolymerationCanizationCreaseitSoxygenandNitrogenseParationCoefficient.TheExPeperimentalResultsShowthattheDePositionThoicknessOfThefluorocarbonPolymeronthefilmsurfacemainlydePendSotheDePositionTime, ascrosslinkingDegreeIncreasesWithTheincreaseofTheInssuenergyValueofThemonomerFowrate.WhenthemonomerflowrateissMallandtheprecipitationTieShorTunderTheseConditions, amodifiedCumulativeCompositeMbranewithaHigHigHaHigHigheraValuecanbeobtained.
4.Film-FormingsUbStanceFunctioncionalizationMethod
Thefilm-formingsubstancefunctionalizationmethodismainlytoconnectthefunctionalsubstancetothefilm-formingsubstancethroughachemicalreaction,andthentocastorThephaseinversionmethoddirectlyformsafilm,whichisacommonmethodforpreparingintegratedsmartfilms.APH-ResponsiveSmartMembraneofpolyvinylalkohol/polyakrylicacidwithaninterpetratingNetworkStructureWasPreparedByBlendingandCross-vazba.TheembranehasDifferentEvectivePropustnostPropertiesForerea, guaiacolglycerid, l-tryptophan avb12..
5.Povrchový rozvrhování
Povrchový rozvrhováníisfirstthroughchemical(radicalinitiator,ozone,etc.) Orfyzikální řeči (takultravioletlight, plazma, vysokoenergetické záření (foton atd..) GenerateReactiveCentersonthesurfaceOfExistingCommerComPolymerfilms athenusetheSeSeactiveCecenterstoinitiatitiatizationOfOtherMonomersonthesurfaceofThefilm, čímž segenerují „polymerbrushes„ polymerbrushes.„ThesmartfilMPreparedBetHegRaftingMetdisshowninthefigure.Thegraftingmethodcanbedividedintochemicalgraftingmethod,plasmagraftingmethod,lightgraftingmethodandhigh-energyradiationgraftingmethodaccordingtothedifferentfreeradicalgenerationmethods.
6.Metoda míchání
BlendModificationISanewMethodForPreparingsMartFilms.TheBlendingMethodhasgreatadvantagesDuetotheCombinationofThopertiesOfvariousBlendMaterials.THEBLEMBOUSHOWS BOWEPAIDITTENTIONTONInblendingiTheCompatibilityBetweenthellendMaterials.Itsadvantagesare:modificationandfilmformationarecarriedoutsimultaneously,theprocessissimple,nocumbersomepost-processingstepsarerequired,andtheindustrializationofmaterialsisextremelyeasytorealize;Theagentcancoverthesurfaceofthemembraneandtheinnerwallofthemembraneporesatthesametimewithoutcausingdamagetothemembranestructure.TheBlendingMetHodHasmadegreatPressintepreparationOfhydrophilicporousMembranes, butthedevelofsmartMembraneshasasjustbegun.
aplikace
HighmolecularpolyMerMerMermareSareWidelyuseuseuseuseuseuseusedvariousMembraneseparationProcess.VýkonofMembranematerialsDirectlydeterMinestHeperformanceofTHeembraneseparationProcess.Proto thedevelopmentOfMemBranesWithHighSelectivity, Highflux, v podstatě defect-freeandlarge-scaleproductionHasalwaysBeenthefocusofMemBraneseparationTechnologyResearch.
MembranedistilationTechnologyHasbeenextensivelyStudieDedThefieldsofseawaterandBrackishwaterdesanination, odpad na odpad, nízkotempleturefruitjuiceConcentration, andtraditionchinemedicinePrareparageragarations.BecausemembranedistilationDesalinationTechnologyCanutilizelow-třídě (takový přísada), solurenergie atd..) ASITSDRINGFORCE, SOISTOGETTINGMOREANTENTENTIONITODINTODAY'Senergyshortageandwatershortage.Nicméně, lowdistilationfluxandexpensiveMbranematerialshavebecomethekeytorestricTHommercialaplikaceOfMembRanedistilationTechnology.
ThereethReemainTypesofpolymerMerMerMbranematerialSused, jmelypolytetrafluorethylen (PTFE), polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF) apolypropylen (PP).Oni mají najevogoodhydrophobicproperties, a atheptfembranehastheBesthydrophobicity.Intermsofoxidationresistanceandchemicalstability,PTFEmembraneissuperiortotheothertwomembranes,whichmakesPTFEmembranemorewidelyusedinmembranedistillationprocess;PVDFmembraneisthesecondbest;PPmembranehasrelativelypoorchemicalstabilityandoxidationresistance.Butbecauseofthelowprice, themarketiswidelyused.