peníze

Původ a původ

Přehled

Accordingtoarchaeologicalexcavations,alargenumberofpotterypotswereunearthedinBanpoasburialsitesinthelateNeolithicperiod.AlargenumberofpigheadsandmandiblesweresacrificedinDawenkouculture,indicatingthatpigsandpotteryhadplayedtheroleofcurrencywealthinthelaterperiodofprimitivesociety.Butasweallknow,theancientphysicalcurrencywithawidercirculationis"shell".Becauseasphysicalcurrency,cattle,sheep,pigsandotherlivestockcannotbedivided,grainsareperishable,therearetoofewpearlsandjade,andthebladeisheavy,sopeoplefinallychosethephysicalcurrencyofseashellsinpractice.Seashellscanbeusedasneckornaments,haveusevalue,areeasytocarryandcount,sotheyareselectedasthemaincurrencyinlong-termcommodityexchanges.Inarchaeologicalexcavations,alargenumberofnaturalshellfishhavebeenunearthedattheXiaDynastyandShangDynastysites,andshellfishhavebeenusedasphysicalcurrencyuntiltheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Therefore,mostoftheChinesecharactersrelatedtowealthandvaluearerelatedtothecharacter"贝".Suchas:expensive,capital,greedy,poor,wealth,purchase,etc.

Chinaisthefirstcountryintheworldtousecoinage.Many"inscriptionsoncoppershells"wereunearthedfromthetombsofthelateYinandShangdynastiesthreethousandyearsago,whicharethemostprimitivemetalcurrency.InthelateWesternZhouDynasty,inadditiontoshellcoins,somemetalweighingcurrenciessuchascopperingotsandcopperingotsofnocertainshapewerealsocirculated,whichwerealsounearthedinarchaeologicalexcavations.

Tosumup,themainformofcurrencyinthelateprimitivesocietytotheXia,Shang,andZhouepochswasphysicalcurrency,andnaturalshellfishwaswidelycirculated.Inthelaterperiod,asmallamountofmetalweighingcurrencyandcoinageappeared,whichisthebudofcurrency.Andtheformationperiod.

APředběžná studie Pre-QinCurrency

DuringtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriod,withthedevelopmentofthecommodityeconomy,themetalweighingcurrencythatneededtobedividedandidentifiedincirculationgraduallybecameunavailable.Adaptation,andwasreplacedbymetalcoinage.

FromtheSpringandAutumnPeriodintothemetalcoinagestagetotheWarringStatesperiod,fourmajorcurrencysystemshavebeenestablished:clothcoins,knifegoods,ringmoney,andantnosemoney:

1.TheCentralPlainsisZhao,ClothcoinsaremainlypopularinplacessuchasHan,WeiSanGuoandZhouroyalfamily.Clothcoinwasbornoutofthephonyloanofthebronzeshovel-shapedfarmtool"镈"and"cloth".TheclothcoinsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodweremainlyempty-headcloths,thatis,hollowlumpswithhandles.IntheWarringStatesperiod,theclothcoinsweremainlyflat-headedcloth,thatis,comparedwiththe"empty-headedcloth",thereisnolongerahollowliquwithahandle,andtheshapeislikeashovel-shapedcoppersheet.Theclothcoin-shapedsystemisroughlydividedintoflatshoulders,shrugs,roundshouldersandsquarefeet,pointedfeet,roundfeetandothercategories.Generally,ithasevolvedfromflatshouldersandsquarefeettoshruggedpointedfeetandroundshouldersandroundfeet.ExpandedtoplacessuchasChuandYan.

2.QiintheeastandYaninthenorthmainlyuseswordcoins.Knifecoinsaredividedintotwotypes:"YanmingKnife"and"QiKnife".TheshapeoftheknifecoinissimilartotheknivesusedforfishingandhuntingbythenorthernnomadssuchasShanRongandBeiDi.BecauseQiDaoNianhastheword"Hua",itiscalled"KnifeHua".Thebackoftheknifeisdividedintocurvedback,foldedback,andstraightback.Theheadoftheknifecanbedividedintoflatheadandpointedhead.Itisalsoakindofbronzecoininmycountry'searlydays.

3.TheuniqueringcoinusedbytheQinStateinthenorthwest,whoseshapeisderivedfromspinningwheelsorjadewalls.Ringcoinsaredividedintotwotypes:roundholesandsquareholes.IntheWarringStatesperiod,theroundholeswerecastearlier.LaterQinHuiwenandQinShihuangcastround"halftwo"coinswithsquareholes,androundringcoinsweresquare.TheoriginalstateofKongQian.

4.ThesouthernChucountrycoinedcoppershellscalledantnosecoins,whichevolvedfromshellcoins.The"qianwen"onthecoppershelllookslikeagrimace,whichisacombinationofthetwocharacters"beihua".Antnoseissmall,meaningsmallmoney.ChuState'sliterarycoppershellcoiniscommonlyknownas"ghostmoney"and"antnosemoney".Inadditiontoantnosemoney,ChuStatealsohadgoldweighingcurrency.ItwastheonlycountrythatusedgoldasacurrencyintheWarringStatesPeriod.

Inshort,thefourmajorcurrencysystemsthatemergedduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodevolvedfromthetoolsoflabor,suchasknives,shovel,andspinningwheels.Itcanbeseenthatatthattime,therewerewars,fishingandhunting,pottery,textilesandtrade.Thecharacteristicsandsocialfeaturesoftheeconomiclifearea.Atthesametime,theformationoffourmajorcurrencyareasisalsoaproductoftheseparatistruleoftheprinces.Withthedevelopmentofeconomyandcommoditytransactions,currenciesofvariouscountriescirculateeachother,requiringandcorrespondinglypromotingthetrendofuniformityandstandardizationofcurrencysystems.

Historie Gang Money v minulých dynastiích

Gangmoneyreferstoatypeofmoneyissuedbythestateorlocalgovernmentstatutory.The“memoney”isderivedfromdifferentversionsofakindofmoney.Gangjumezhang,constitutethesystemofcoins.TakeGangqianasacluetounderstandthehistoryofcurrency;useMuqianasacluetogetinvolvedinancientcoinappreciationandarchaeology.Thefollowingmainlyexplainsthepolitical,economicandhistoricalchangesrelatedtoancienttimesfromthehistoricalevolutionofthemoney.

TheGangqiansystemcanbedividedintotwomajorstagesfromtheQinandHanDynastiestotheMingandQingDynasties.Thefirststage:QinandHan,SuiandTangdynastiesaredominatedbycoppercoinage,andthetwosystemsarethetwomainsystemsofQin"halftwocoins"andHan"fivebahtcoins".Inthesecondstage,fromtheTang,SongandMingDynasties,thecoinagewaseliminated.TheBaowensystemwasdifferentfromtheformertwosystems,andthepapercurrencyandsilverstandardsystemalsoappeared,whichwasdividedintotwocategories.

(1) "Halfand Two Money" v QinandHanDynasties

AfterQinunifiedthesixcountries,politicalunificationrequiredeconomicunificationasthebasis,andQinShihuangconformedtothetrendofhistoricaldevelopment,Whileunifyingwordsandweightsandmeasures,italsounifiescurrency.Itisstipulatedthat"gold"isusedasthecurrencyforlisting,ytte(20taels)isusedastheunit,roundsquareholecoppercoinsareusedforthecurrency,andtheunitishalftaels.The"halftwo"ofthemoneyisconsistentwiththeactualweight.ThissquareholeroundmoneyhassincebecomethemainformofChinesecurrencyandhasbeenusedformorethantwothousandyears.Whytakethisshape?Itismainlyring-shapedandeasytocarry,whilethecoppercoinwithasquareholethroughtheropeisnoteasytorotate,whichcanpreventabrasion.Somepeoplethinkthatthisformexpressestheancientviewoftheuniverse.TheQinDynastyFangkongYuanMoneyistheworld'searliestgovernment-statutorycurrency.

The"halfandtwocoins"todistinguishtheWarringStatesandtheQinDynastycanstartwithcalligraphy.TheWarringStatescointext"HalfLiang"isthebigseal:whiletheQinDynastycointext"HalfLiang"isthesmallseal.Accordingtolegend,QincoinswerewrittenbyPrimeMinisterLiSi.Probablyaffectedbythis,mostofthemoneyandliteratureaftertheQinDynastycamefromthehandsofdignitariesorcalligraphers.TheSongDynastyalsoappearedtheEmperor'sRoyalBookMoney.OneofthedifferencesbetweenancientChinesecoinsandWesterncurrenciesisthatthepagesofancientChinesecoinsaredominatedbymoneyandwritings,andcoinsincirculationrarelyhavepatterns,whileWesterncurrenciesaredominatedbypatternssuchasanimals,plants,andhumanfigures.Theartofcalligraphyonancientcoinsisanothertopic.

ItissaidthatEmperorQinShihuangcasttwelvegoldmeninordertopreventthepeoplefromrebellingandreapingtheweaponsoftheworld.Thisisboundtoaffectthecastingvolumeofcoppercoins.Duetotheextremelyhighcopperpriceandinsufficientcurrencycirculation,theQinandBantwocoinsareofhighvalue.IntheearlyHanDynasty,theproblemof"Qinmoneyisheavy(highprice)anddifficulttouse"occurred.TheHanDynastyinheritedtheQinsystemandusedhalfandtwocoins,butwhenLiuBangwastheemperor,thecountrywasverypoor,andherecastmanysmallcoins.Thereweresuccessiveoccurrencesof"elmpodhalf28bahtandhalftwo,fourbahtandhalftwo.Oneortwowas24baht,"DuetothesubstantialweightreductionofQinBanliang,thename"HalfLiang"isnottrue.Especiallyasmallhalftwo,whichresemblesthefruitofanelmtree,iscalled"ElmPodHalfTwo"whichweighslessthan1gramandhasadiameteroflessthan1cm.TheHanalsoallowedprivateprivates.Thecoiningofthecountyandthecountrycausedthedisorderandinflationofthecurrencysystem,untiltheEmperorWuoftheHanDynastychangedthecurrencysystem.

(2) Han „pět bahtů“ a jeho vývoj

1.Císař WuoftheHanpioneer zavedl „pětibaht peněz“.

AfterEmperorWuoftheHancametothethrone,"foreignaffairsforthefourbarbarians,internalrejuvenationandutilitarianism"urgentlyneededtoopenupfinancialresources.Atthesametime,thecountyandthecountrywerefreetocastmoney,causingconfusioninthecurrencysystemandprices.Therisethreatenedthecentralgovernment’sfinances.SoEmperorWuoftheHanDynastyorderedtheabolitionofthestate-ownedcurrencyrightsintheearlyHanDynastyin118BCandthecentralgovernment’sunifiedcoinage.),bothlose(controlthesystem),andformacentralmintingagencyresponsibleformintingfivebahtcoins,alsoknownasShanglinmoneyandthreeofficialcoins.Thehighqualityofthefivebahtcoinshaschangedthephenomenonofcurrencychaosandisconducivetocentralizationandeconomicdevelopment.FromEmperorWuoftheHanDynastytotheWesternHan,Xinmang,EasternHan,Wei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynastiestotheSuiandTangDynasties,atotalofmorethan700years.Fivebahthaslongbeenthelegaltenderofthedynasties.Becausetheweightofthefiveironcoinsissuitable,Chinausesthe"fivebaht"asthemainform.SquareholeroundmoneyalsoaffectsJapan,Annan,NorthKoreaandothercountries.ThecurrencyunitinThailandisstillcalledthe"baht",whichhasnothingtodowiththis.

2.Thenewcurrencysystemischaoticandthefinemoney-makingproductscomeout.

InthelateWesternHanDynasty,WangMangestablishedanewdynasty,reorganizedtheancients,andissuedmoneyindiscriminately.Forexample,"DaquanFifty"wasabigmoneymadebyWangMangtosolvetheeconomiccrisisafterhecametopower."Spring"is"money."Borrowingofcharacters.WangMangbelievesinWeidoctrine.AfterhecapturedtheworldofLiu'ssurname,heavoidedtheword"Liu".Theword"Liu"iscomposedofthreecharacters:Mao,JinandDao.Therefore,theword"jin"isnotusedinthetextofmoneybut"quan"..A"DaquanFifty"weighsonlytwoandahalfoftheweightoffivebahtcoinsintheWesternHanDynasty,butithastobeusedasfiftyfivebahtcoins.Thismeansthatforty-sevencoinsaretakenfromthehandsofthepeopleeverytimeabigcoinisissued.Thehalf-five-bahtwealthisboundtoarousedissatisfactionamongthepeople,sothepeoplestillusethefive-bahtmoneytotrade.Forthisreason,WangMangimposedheavytortureandtorturelaw:anyonewhodaredtohidefive-bahtmoneyprivatelywillbeusedasaprisonertodefendtheside.WangMang’scurrencychaosshowsWangMang.Rulingisunpopularandwillundoubtedlycollapse.Inaddition,thereisabigmoneycalled"DaopingFiveThousand",thatis,abigcoinbecomesfivethousandfivebaht.Suchalargecoinmustbefakedattheriskofdeath.Topreventtheftfrommakingprivatemoney,unlessissuedInadditiontotheenforcementofthecriminallaw,anewcoinshapewascreated,thatis,theancientknifecoinandtheroundcoinwerecombinedtocreatetheworld'sfirsttwo-colormetalcoin.Officialcoinssuchas"PingFiveThousand"are"exquisiteworkmanship".Thistwistedstylehasalsosighedforthousandsofyears.

TheEasternHanDynastyrestoredthefive-bahtmoneysystemsincetheWesternHanDynasty.BytheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,DongZhuowenttoBeijingtodestroyit.Fivebahtmoney,evensmallermoney,causedinflation,andthecurrencysystemfellintochaos.

3."FivebahtintheSixDynasties"badmoney

WeiJinnanTheNorthernDynastieswasaperiodofChina'sdivision,withfrequentwars,politicalturbulence,andsocialandeconomicdestruction.Historysaidthatatthistime"thelawofmoneywasbad."Inordertosavecopper,thefivebahtmoneyisgettingsmallerandsmaller.Itiscalled"gooseeye"and"chickeneye".Whenathousanduse.Numismaticcirclescollectivelyrefertothefivebahtmoneyofthisperiodasthe"sixdynastiesfivebaht".TheSixDynastieswerethesixdynastiesofWu,EasternJin,SouthernSong,Qi,Liang,andChenoftheThreeKingdoms,whichwerethecapitalofNanjing.Duringthisperiod,thefivebahtmoneywaspoorlycastandthemoneywasincompleteduringtheCulturalRevolutionandthestrokeswereincomplete.Somepeoplewrote"fivebaht"as"hardware",andsomewrotetheanti-text"bahtfive".However,thereweresomeexceptionstothefivebahtmoneyduringtheperiod,suchastheNorthernWeiDynasty"TaiheFiveBaht"and"Yong'anFiveBaht",historicallyknownas"heavyasitswriting",anditshighqualitynotonlyremindspeopleofaseriesofsuccessfulreformsbyEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynasty.

4. Pověsti SuiDynasty "Pět bahtů peněz".

The"KaihuangFiveBaht"castbyEmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyendedthecomplicatedsituationofthemoneysystemformorethan300yearssincetheendoftheHanDynasty.Thiswasalsothelastdynastytousefivebahtmoney.Somepeoplehaverecognizedthatthe"Five"ofthe"FiveBahtMoney"intheSuiDynastyisthe"X"withavertical|ontheleftside,whichis"|X",whichseemstobetheword"fierce"whenitislaiddown.SosomepeoplesaiditwasabadomenfromSui,indicatingthatitsdemisewouldnotbefaraway.Therefore,the"fivebahtmoney"intheSuiDynastyisbettertoidentify.Infact,thiswayofwritingwasalsousedintheNorthernWeiDynasty.ThisisjustacursebythecommonpeopleforthechaosoftheendoftheSuiDynasty.

Fang Kongroundové peníze z dynastie Tang

1.TangGaozu nejprve vytvořil „Baowen“ a „ReignMoney“

Astrongandprosperousdynastywithdevelopedeconomyandculture.Accordingtotheinvestigationofthe"KaiyuanTongbao"coinin621intheWudereignofEmperorGaozuoftheTangDynasty,itendedthecoinsystemnamedaftertheQinandHandynastieswiththeweightoftwobaht.coin."Kaiyuan"hasthemeaningoffoundingandpioneering,and"Tongbao"meanstreasureincirculation.Ithasmadeabigbreakthroughintheunitofweight.Theancientweighingmethodof24bahtisoneortwo."KaiyuanTongbao"createdadecimalsystem.Eachcoinweighstwobahtandfourisonepenny,andtheaccumulatedtenpennyweighsoneortwo.KaiyuanTongbaowasintheTangDynastyformorethantwohundredyears,whichmadethecurrencysystemstableforalongtime.TheTangDynastycountedby"wen"andtheBaowenmoneysystem,whichtooktwoyuanastheunitofweight,wasinheritedtotheQingDynastyandlastedforthousandsofyears.Accordingtolegend,the"KaiyuanTongbao"createdbyEmperorGaozuoftheTangDynastywaswrittenbyOuyangXun,amasterofcalligraphyintheearlyTangDynasty,andwaspraisedasacalligraphycoin.

AftertheAnshiRebellion,TangSuzongcalled"thegreattreasureofQianyuan"inordertodealwithfinancialdifficultiesandcastbigmoney.Thisisthefirstmoneytobecalled"Chongbao".Apennyofapennyisusedasanewcurrency,causingdevaluationofthecurrency,soaringprices,serioustheft,anduneasypeople.InthelateTangDynasty,WuzongabolishedtheBuddhaandtookalargeamountofbronzefromtheBuddhatocast"HuichangKaiyuan"money,whicheasedthedeflationthathadlastedforhalfacentury."Qianyuan"and"Huichang"areallyearbooks.

TheFiveDynastiesandTenKingdomswasaperiodofwarlords'meleeanddivision.Duetotheplethoraofpoliticalpowersandvariouscurrencies,itwasaperiodofcurrencychaos.Inadditiontocopper,therearetin,ironandsoon.Alargeamountofmoneyisworthtenandahundred,andevenathousandandamillionarepopular.Thechaosandcomplexityofthemoneysystemreflectstheeconomicdeteriorationbroughtaboutbythewarandchaosoftheseparatistregime.

Tosumup,thecoppercoinwithsquareholeroundmoneychangedfromthebahtsystemtotheyearnumber,andtheBaowensystemwasamajorturningpointforthedevelopmentofcurrency.

Od dynastie Song k dynastii Ming a Qing

1.ThetwoSongDynasty"yearmoney","yushucurrency"and"papercurrency"b>

BronzecoinsoftheSongDynastyaredistinguishedbytheuseofreigns.Accordingtotextualresearch,theyearnamewasfirstcreatedbyEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,andthe“yearnamemoney”beganwiththe“Hanxingmoney”ofLishou,Chengdu,SichuanduringtheSixteenKingdomsperiod.Thelastcoinwasthe"firstyearofHongxianwhenYuanShikairestoredtheimperialfoundry."ThiscoincollapsedwithYuanShikaiandexistedforlessthanfourmonths.The"yearcoin"iscastwiththeyearnumber,indicatingthetimeofcasting,sothatpeoplecanseetheageoftheancientcoinataglance.Thisisanimprovementinthedevelopmentofcoinform.ThecoinsofSong,Ming,andQingDynastyaretheeasiesttocollect.

Inaddition,inthecalligraphyofthepastdynasties,itisnecessarytoseetheSongDynasty.LegendhasitthattheYuanfengcoinscastduringtheYuanfengreignofEmperorShenzongoftheSongDynastyhadfourscripts:seal,officialscript,regularscriptandcursivescript.Amongthem,theofficialscriptbySuDongpowascalmandheroic,andwascalled"DongpoYuanfeng".DuringSongZhezong'sreign,SimaGuangandSuDongpousedsealandlinecalligraphytowrite"YuanyuTongbao"onthemoney.MaketheSongDynastypopularbookcurrencycointoWenQian.Theemperorwhowasgoodatcalligraphycouldn'tbearloneliness,andoftenshowedhisskillsinmoneywriting.Accordingtothetextualresearch,thefirstpersontowritethe"RoyalBookMoney"writtenbytheemperorwasEmperorTaizongZhaoJiong,andthehighestcalligraphyachievementamongtheemperorsinthepastwasEmperorHuizongZhaoJioftheSongDynasty.Hewasincompetentingoverningthecountry,andthe"ShameofJingkang"wastakencaptivetogetherwithhissonQinzongasaprisoneroftheJinbing.Buthehasaspeciallikingforpiano,chess,calligraphyandpainting,especiallythecalligraphy"thingoldbody"ironpaintingandsilverhook,whichisunique.Songdynastycalligraphycoinsarenotunrelatedtotheemperor’spersonaladmiration,especiallythereign-nameyushucoinsarepopular.ThestyleofthismoneychangedintheMingDynasty.SincethemiddleoftheMingDynasty,themoneyandwritingswereallmadebycraftsmen,thefontsweredull,andthelayoutandstructurewerenotmentioned,andtheartofcalligraphycouldnotbetalkedabout.

DuringtheSongDynasty,copperandironcoinswerecoinedinparallel.Becausecopperwarewasmorevaluablethancoppercoins,therewasaphenomenonofdestroyingmoneycastings.Coppercoinswererareandironcoinsappeared.Inaddition,astheeconomiccenterofgravityshiftedsouthwardandcurrencycirculationexpanded,thebanknotesproducedinthetwoSongdynastiesweretheearliestbanknotesintheworld.Thispapercurrencyisasymboliccurrency.Itistheproductofthedevelopmentofsocialcommodityeconomytoacertainstage.Atthesametime,itisalsorelatedtotheprogressofpapermakingandprintingtechnology.ThepapermoneyoftheNorthernSongDynastymainlyhadJiaozi,andtheSouthernSongDynastyhadHuiziandGuanzi.JiaoziandHuiziwerethecommonnamesforbills,securities,andexchangeofsecuritiesatthattime.Thestabilityofthecurrencyhasbecomeabarometeroftheeconomicandfinancialsituation.

NorthernminorityregimessuchastheLiao,Song,Xixia,etc.wereinfluencedbytheeconomicandculturalinfluenceoftheCentralPlainsintheirinteractionswiththeHan.InadditiontousingcoppercoinsmintedintheTangandSongdynasties,theyalsoissuedethniccharactersandChinesecoppercoins.

2.Systém Yuantoken jsou hlavně papírové peníze

IntheYuanDynasty,asmallamountofcoppermoneywasminted,butthecurrencymainlycirculatedpapermoney.ThisismoreprominentinancientChina.PapermoneyintheYuanDynastyiscalledabanknote.Theoriginalbanknotesarenotallowedtobemisappropriated,andthecirculationofbanknotesisstrictlylimited.However,attheendoftheYuanDynasty,politicalcorruption,theroyalfamily'sextravagance,thehugemilitaryexpenditures,andthefinancialdeficit,thegovernmenthadtorelyontheissuanceofbanknotestomakeupforit,causingpricestoskyrocket.InadditiontothefloodingoftheYellowRiver,naturaldisastersandman-madedisasters,itiscalled"openingtherivertochangetherootcauseofbanknotes".ItcanbeseenthattheexcessiveissuanceofbanknotesiscloselyrelatedtothedemiseoftheYuanDynasty.

3.TheMingDynastyshiftedfromapapercurrencypolicytoasystemthatreliedmainlyonsilverandsupplementedbymoney.

Althoughtheissuanceofbanknotesisaprogressinthehistoryofcurrency,therulersofthepastdynastieshaveusedittoexploitandplunderthepeopleandcollapsethebanknotesandpaperpolicies.Forexample,atthebeginningoftheMingDynasty,ZhuYuanzhangimplementedapapercurrencypolicy,issuing"DamingTreasureBanknotes"forusewithcoppercoins.However,theissuelimitofDamingTreasureBanknoteswasnotfixedandtherewasnoreserve,whichsoonledtoinflation.Therefore,aftertheJiajingreigninthemid-MingDynasty,TreasureBanknoteswerenolongerpassable,andthefolksmainlyusedsilverandcoppercoins.Forexample,intheMingdynasty,"bansmiths"usedsilverforlaborandwages,andthewealthofJaeger-LeCoultremainlyusedsilver.Theamountofsilverwascastintosilveringotsofacertainstandard.FromtheYuanDynastytotheYuanDynasty,silveringotsnamedthemselves"Yuanbao",whichisthebeginningofChina'scallofsilveringotsas"Yuanbao".Atthesametime,coppercoinswerepopularamongthefolks,andthequalitymaterialwaschangedfrombronzetobrass,andTongbaocoinswiththenameoftheyearwerecast.

4. Měděné mince, bankovky a strojem vyrobené mince v dynastii Qing

ThecoppercoinsoftheQingDynastyfollowedtheMingDynastysystem,mainlymintingXiaopingcoins.AmongthecoppercoinsoftheQingDynasty,Xianfengcoinswerethemostcomplicated.ThecoinsweredividedintoTongbao,ZhongbaoandYuanbao.Thefacevaluewasdifferentandthemoneybureauwasdifferent.IntheQingdynasty,non-governmentalcommerceusedsilverformostofthemoney,andmoneyforsmallmoney,andmoneyandsilverwereinparallel.

InthefirsthundredyearsoftheQingDynasty,silveringotswereusedasthemaincurrency.Fortaxationofoneortwoormore,thecashwasrequired.ThestatesandcountiesoftheQingDynastyleviedlandtaxeseverysummerandautumn,andthefinishedgrainmustbefullsilver.Becausethecentralgovernmentdoesnotcastaunifiedcirculationofsilver,thesilverusedbythepeoplemaynotbepuresilver.Thesilveringotsaredifferentinform,fineness,andflatsize.Therefore,silversmithsandsilvershopswillbefooledbymeltingfolkloosesilverintopuresilverbeforepayingtaxes.Somesilversmithscolludedwithofficialsandtookadvantageoftheopportunitytotakeadvantageofthefinenessofthesilver,squeezingthecommonpeopleintermsofweight,andcausingmanycomplicatedsocialproblems.

InthelateQingDynasty,silveringotsbegantotransformintosilverdollars.FromthemiddleoftheMingDynasty,foreignmerchantsusedtheirsilverdollarstobuyChinesesilk,tea,porcelain,etc.inforeigntrade,makingvariousforeignsilverdollarspopularinChina.IntheDaoguangperiodoftheQingDynasty,sincethesigningoftheunequal"NanjingTreaty",thesilverdollarsusedforcompensationwere"foreignmoney".Atthattime,Chinahadnosilverdollarsinitsowncountry.Insufficientforeignmoneyinstockstooffsetthedramaticincreaseinexternalindemnities,forcedthegovernmentinthelateQingDynastytostartcoiningsilverdollarsonitsown.Theearliestmachine-madewesternsilverdollarinChinawasthe"GuangxuYuanbao"duringtheGuangxuperiod,commonlyknownas"Longyang",namedafterthesilverdollargenerallywithadragonpatternontheback.Atthesametime,mechanismcopperyuan,alsoknownas"copperplate",appeared.Theappearanceofmachine-madesilvercoinsandcopperyuanhasahugeimpactonChina'straditionalsilvertwocurrenciesandthecoppercoinsystemdominatedbysquareholes.

ThetypesofbanknotesissuedintheQingDynastyarecomplex.Theyaredividedintoofficialbanknotesandprivatebanknotes.Therearefourtypesofexchangeforsquareholecoppercoins),copperyuantickets(canbeexchangedforcopperdollars),silvertwotickets(canbeexchangedforsilver),andsilverdollarstickets(canbeexchangedforsilverdollars).Sincetheissuanceofbanknotes,therewereoriginalvouchersfortreasuryandsilverreservesandbanknotes.

Tosumup,fromtheSongDynastytotheMingandQingDynasties,banknoteswereproducedandcirculated,thestatusofsilvercurrencyincreaseddaybyday,andtheMingandQingDynastiesbegantoestablishasilver-basedbanknotesystem.Thelatterpartofthesecondstageofthedevelopmentofcurrencyhistory.

Historie vývoje čínské měny

Chinaisoneofthefirstcountriesintheworldtousecurrency,andthehistoryofusingcurrencyisaslongas5,000years.IntheprocessofformationanddevelopmentofancientChinesecurrency,ithasexperiencedsixmajorevolutions:

1.Vývoj od přirozené měny k měně umělé

Snímky v reálné měně (12 fotografií)

Withtherapiddevelopmentofcommodityexchangeandtheincreasingdemandformoney,seashellshavebeenunabletomeetpeople'sneeds,andpeoplehavebeguntoimitateseashellswithcopper.TheappearanceofcoppershellsisamajorevolutionfromnaturalcurrencytoartificialcurrencyinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

S masivním používáním umělého ražení mincí se Haibei, přírodní měna, pomalu stahoval z čínské měny.

Second,theevolutionfromchaoticshapestostandardizedshapes

FromtheappearanceofcoppershellsintheShangDynastytotheWarringStatesperiod,mycountry’scurrencygraduallyformedThefourmajorsystemscharacterizedbytheruleoftheroostare:shovelcoin,knifecoin,ringcoin,andChucoin(Yuanjin,AntNoseCoin).

AfterQinunifiedChina,EmperorQinShihuangpromulgatedChina'searliestcurrencylaw"ThecurrencyofQincurrencyisthesameasthecurrencyoftheworld"in210BC.

ThecirculationofQinandahalfcoinswitharoundsquareholeinthewholecountryendedthemessystateofancientChinesecurrencywithdifferentshapesandgreatweightdisparity.Evolution.TheroundsquareholeshapedeterminedbyQinBanliangmoneycontinueduntilthebeginningoftheRepublicofChina.

3.Vývoj od místní ražby k centrálnímu ražení mincí

Accordingtothe"Hanshu·Shihuozhi"record,afterLiuBangestablishedtheHanDynasty,heallowedthepeopletoprivatelyTomakecoins,gentry,wealthybusinessmenandlocalforcestakeadvantageoftheopportunitytomakebadmoneyforprofit.InEmperorWen'stime,"Dr.DengTongalsomademoneytopasstheking."

InthefourthyearofYuanding(115yearsago),EmperorWuoftheHanDynastytookbacktherighttomintcoinsinthecounty,andthecentralgovernmentmadefivebahtcoinsinaunifiedmanner.Sincethen,theunifiedmanagementofcoinmintingandissuancebythecentralgovernmenthasbeenestablished.ThisisamajorevolutionfromlocalcoinagetocentralcoinageinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

Sincethen,themintingofthepastdynastieshasbeendirectlymanagedbythecentralgovernment.Thetransferofcoinagerightstothecentralgovernmentplayedanimportantroleinstabilizingthepoliticalsituationandeconomicdevelopmentofalldynasties.

Four.TheevolutionfromtheweightofdocumentstoTongbaoandYuanbao

Mince ražené od Qin a Handynasties obvykle jasně označují váhu peněz v textu. Například „půl dvou“, „pět bahtů“, „čtyřibaht“ a brzy (dvacet čtyři bahtisonetael).

InthefourthyearofWudeofTangGaozu(621),LiYuanwasdeterminedtoreformthecurrencysystem,abolishingtheancientcoinsofdifferentimportanceandimportance,takingthemeaningof"openingupanewera",andcasting"kaiyuantongbao"moneyinaunifiedway.KaiyuanTongbaoiscontrarytotheoldsystemofQinandHanDynasties,andtheweightofmoneyandtextisnotwritten.ItistheevolutionofancientChinesecurrencyfromtheweightofdocumentstoTongbaoandYuanbao.

KaiyuanTongbaoMoneyistheearliestTongbaoMoneyinmycountry.Sincethen,mycountry'scoppercoinsnolongerusetheweightofmoneyandtext,butarecommensuratewithTongbaoandYuanbao.Ithasbeenuseduntilthe"RepublicofChinaTongbao"aftertheRevolutionof1911.

Fifth,frommetalcurrencyTheevolutiontopapermoney.

DuringtheNorthernSongDynasty,duetoInordertomakeupfortheshortageofcoppercoins,thegovernmenthascastironcoinsinlargequantitiesinsomeareas.Accordingto"SongHistory"records,theironcoinscastinSichuanatthattimeconsistentlyweighed25kilogramsandeighttaels.Tobuyapilos(silk)inSichuan,youhavetopayonehundredandthirtycattiesofiron.IronmoneyissocumbersomeandinconvenientthatpapermoneyJiaozicameintobeinginSichuan.TheappearanceofJiaoziisanimportantevolutionfrommetalcurrencytopapercurrencyinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

Jiaoziisnotonlytheearliestpapercurrencyinmycountry,butalsotheearliestpapercurrencyintheworld.

6.Theevolutionfrommanualcoinagetomachine-madebanknotes

InthelateQingDynasty,withthegradualintroductionofforeignadvancedscienceandtechnology,theGuangxuperiodCoinagemachinespurchasedabroadareusedtomakesilverandcopperdollars.Later,Guangdongbegantousemachinestomakenon-holesfortencopperdollars.Becausethemanufacturershavemadehugeprofits,allprovinceshavefollowedsuit.

TheemergenceofmechanicalcurrencyinthelateQingDynastywasasignificantevolutionfrommanualcoinagetomechanicalcurrencyinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

Sincethen,notonlyhastheprocessofcoiningmoneychangedsignificantly,butalsotheroundsquareholemoneythathasbeenincirculationformorethantwothousandyearshascometoanend.

Třídění, opravy a klasifikace bankovek

Preliminaryprocessingofbanknotesistheprimarytaskofcurrencycollection,becauseoncebanknotesenterthemarket,theywillbemoreorlesscirculated.Ifitiscontaminated,thesurfacewillbeverydirtyandtherewillbemanybacteriaattachedtoit.Ifitisnotprocessedinitially,thebacteriawillmoldandproducemildewspotsindampareas,whichwillcontaminatethebanknotecollection,affectthecollectioneffect,andreducethecollectionofitems.Phaseandvalue,reducingitsshelflife.Itcanbeseenthatasetofeffectivesortingandsortingmethodsisveryimportantforpapermoneycollectors.Generally,therearethefollowingbasicsortingmethodsforbanknotesofvariousappearances:

(1)Forall-phasebanknotesthathavenotpassedthrough,youcandirectlyenterthebanknotecollection.Somemediumandhigh-endproductsshouldalsobepackagedinplasticbagstoavoidsweatandoilstainswhentouchedbyhands.Ifnecessary,plasticvacuumpackagingcanevenbeusedtoisolatetheair.

(2)Thesoiledbanknotesshouldberepairedthroughcleaningprocessessuchassoaking,absorbingwater,anddrying.Thesoakingtimeshouldbedeterminedbythequalityofthebanknotes.Rememberthatyoucanonlysoakincleanwater.Anydetergentisnotallowedtosoakthebanknotesinwater,otherwiseitwilldiscolororchangethecolorofthebanknotes,andtheconsequenceswillbedisastrous.Aftersoakingincleanwater,youshouldreplacetheyellowedwateratanytime,andthenuseabsorbentpapertopadunderthecleanedbanknotes,andevenlylightlypresstheabsorbentpapertoabsorbtheexcesswaterattached,andthenletitdrynaturallyandcutDonotuseironsorotherheatingmachinesforheatinganddrying.Itisimportanttonotethatforbanknotesprintedonoldcottonpaperlikeoldprivatestickers,theycannotbeimmersedinwatertopreventthepaperfromcrackingandbreaking.Youcanonlywetthefoursidesandsidesofthebanknotewithwetcotton.Angle,flattenthecurledpartandcleanit.

(3)Howtodealwithbanknotespastedwithtransparenttape?Thecellophanetapeusedforpastingbanknotesturnsyellow,hardenedandcurledafteralongperiodoftime,soitisnecessarytotreatthemandremovethem.Atthistime,thebestwaytodealwithitistowetthetapewiththepaintthinnerusedintheconstructionindustry,andslowlytearofftheadhesivestripwithpliers.Fortheresidualglueonthebanknote,usethethinnertogentlywipeoff.

(4)Forbanknotesthathavebeendamagedorbroken,oldtissuepaperofthesamecolor(suchastheoldone,etc.)canbeusedtorepairthebrokenpartsanddisconnections.Forsomedeficientbanknotes,oldbanknoteswithsimilarpatternsandthesamecolorshouldbeselectedandpatchedonthefront.Forhigh-endbanknotes,itisrecommendedtoaskatechnicianwhospecializesinbanknoterepairindustrytoprocessandrepairthem.

CoinCollection

Kolekce RMB

EachversionofRMBhasacertaincollectionvalue.Ifwetalkaboutthespecifichigh-valuevarietiesineachsetofRMB,theyshouldbelongtothefollowingspecies:

První sada RMB:

Verze 10 000 juanů na "chov koní" (6 010 000 juanů), 500 yuanů "ZandeCity" kupon (300 000 juanů), 5 000 juanů "Jurt" kupon (200 000 juanů);

Druhá sada RMB:

Verze tří yuanů (7 000 yuanů), pěti yuanů (6 000 yuanů), deseti yuanů (65 000 yuanů);

Třetí sada RMB:

1960verze jednoho rohového poukazu (1100 juanů),verze "zeleného vodoznaku na zadní straně" jednoho kuponu (9 000 juanů), verze 1962 "zeleného kuponu" (600 juanů);

Čtvrtá sada RMB:

Vydání 50 juanů (125 juanů), 100 yuanů (120 juanů);

Pátá sada RMB:

je oběh a není zde mnoho odrůd.

Sbírka bankovek Rudé armády

The12characters"NationalBankoftheChineseSovietRepublic"areprintedontheuppersideofthefront.Fivestarsareprintedontheleftandrightsides,andthemiddleandfourcornersarecomposedofsymmetricalfloralornaments,andhaveaperiodvalue.Theword"WuJiao"ismarkedwith"twoticketstoexchangeforonesilverdollar"atthebottom.Thebackisdominatedbyfloralornaments.Thesizeoftheticketis67mm×103mm,thefrontislightpurple,andthebackislightred.Chronology:1933.Fromtheanalysisoftheconnotationofthefacedesign,especiallythemapsoftheeasternhemisphereandthewesternhemisphereareembeddedinthecirclesofthewords"wu"and"corner"respectively,toshowthattheproletarianrevolutionwillbecarriedthroughtotheend.Accordingtotheauthor'sverification,theNationalBankoftheChineseSovietRepublicwasestablishedinYeping,Ruijin,JiangxiinMarch1932,withMaoZeminasitspresident.Atthattime,itwasplannedtoissuesevendenominationsof1jiao,2jiao,5jiao,1yuan,5yuan,and10yuan.However,duetothewar,the5yuanand10yuanbillswerenotissued.InOctober1934,theCentralRedArmywasforcedtocarryoutastrategicshift,andtheNationalBankfollowedthearmy'sLongMarchandoncestoppedissuingcurrency.WhentheRedArmyarrivedinZunyi,inordertoraisesupplies,theyissuedbanknotesasmilitarysalariestothesoldiers.WhentheyleftZunyi,theyusedsilverdollarsandinkindtorecoverthem.AftertheRedArmyarrivedinnorthernShaanxi,thecentralgovernmentestablishedtheNorthwestOfficeandtheNationalBankalsoestablishedtheNorthwestBranch.InJanuary1937,aftertheNorthwestBranchmovedtoYan'anwiththecentralgovernmentagencies,inordertofurtheradapttotheneedsoftheunitedfront,theunifieduseoflegalcurrency,thussuspendingthecurrencyissuanceworkoftheNationalBank,andfullyrecyclingtheSovietareabanknotes,duetothethoroughrecovery,ithasbeenpasseddowntothisdayThegenusisrare,anditisextremelydifficulttocollectacompleteset.

Sbírka bankovek QingDynasty

The"Hubuofficialnotes"and"Daqingtreasurenotes"printedintheQingDynastyweremostlyprintedonwoodblockorcopperplate.similar.Thefaceoftheticketisaverticalsquarewithalargesize.Althoughitistwo-colororthree-coloroverprint,thecolorismonotonousandtheprintingtechnologyisnotcomplicated.Folkscanimitate.Atthattime,thegovernmenthadtopreventprivateforgeryandhadnotechnicalmeasures,soithadtostamptheofficialsealonthetickettoensurecredibilityandenhancereliability.ThisisanearlyandsimplecounterfeitmeasureinthehistoryofChina'smoneyprinting.Atthesametime,thegovernmenthasalsoenactedalawtomaintainthecredibilityofbanknotes,throughlegalprovisionsthatpunishandrewardcounterfeitersandwhistleblowers,topreventandsanctioncounterfeiterstoensurethecirculationandcredibilityofbanknotes.

Bezhotovostní bankovky

Bezhotovostní bankovkyarebanknotesissuedbythegovernmentthatcannotbeexchangedforgoldorsilver.Itspurchasingpowerstemsfromthegovernment’sauthorityandcredibility.

Padělání bankovek

1.ThecounterfeiterusedtheprincipleofelectroniccolorseparationtoimitateandprinttheliberatedareabanknotesandthefirstsetofRMB.MostofthefirstsetofRMBusesoffsetprinting,whichhaspooranti-counterfeitingeffect.Therefore,thedegreeofspuriousnessofcounterfeitcurrencyisquitehigh.Ifthecounterfeitcurrencyisputtogetherwiththegenuineproduct,itisalmostdifficulttodistinguish.Coincollectorsshouldunderstandthereleasebackgroundoftheliberatedareabanknotesandthefirstsetofrenminbibeforecollectingsuchbanknotes.Theoriginalproductswereprintedscatteredalloverthecountry,andthepaperqualityandspecificationsusedwereinconsistent,andtheArabicnumeralsontheoriginalcurrencywereprinted.Therearemultiplespecificationsforthenumber,andnooneisrepeated;thepaperusedforthecounterfeitcurrencyisbasicallyselectedfromthesameplaceoforigin,thepaperqualityissimilar,andthenumberofArabicnumeralsonthecounterfeitcurrencyisonlyoneortwospecifications.

2.ThesecondsetofRMBonecent,twocentsandfivecentscoinshastwoversions.Thefirstversionistheoriginal1953banknotes.ThereisarowofArabicnumeralsbehindtheRomanalphabet,commonlyknownas""Withnumbers",thesecondversionisintheearly1980s.Inordertoeasethedifficultyoffindingchangeinthecirculationmarket,thecountryusedthesteelmoldoftheoriginal1953versionofthepapercurrencytoconcealtheArabicnumeralsandreprintedonecent,twocents,Fivecents,commonlyknownas"nonumber".Thecounterfeiterspottedthedifferencebetweenthepriceoftheoriginal"numbered"banknotesinthecoinmarketatnearly100yuanpersetandthepriceofthereprinted"unnumbered"banknotesatonly1yuanperset,sotheyaddedtothereprintedbanknotesPrintarowofArabicnumeralsandpretendtobetheoriginal"withnumbers"todeceivesomecoincollectorswhodon'tknowthecoinswell.Therefore,whenbuying"numbered"banknotes,peopleshouldcarefullyobservewhethertheArabicnumeralsandthecharacters,patternsandcolorsonthebanknotesarenaturallyconsistent.

3.ThethirdsetofRMBhasanoveldesignandexquisiteproduction.Ithasalwaysbeenaforbiddenareaforfraud.Nocounterfeithasbeenfoundinthepast.Thecounterfeitersusedhigh-techtechniquestotransformtheordinaryfive-pointedstarwatermarkwithamarketpriceof4yuan,twoyuanandamarketpriceof45yuaninthethirdsetofrenminbiintoafive-pointedstarandancientcoinwatermark,withamarketpriceof50yuanforoneyuan.Thesecondyuanis140yuan.

Itisageneralequivalent.InEnglish,Moneyisanymarketablegoodortokenusedbyasocietyasastoreofvalue,amediumofexchange,oraunitofaccount.Moneyobjectscanmeetsomeoralloftheseneeds.Sincetheneedsarisenaturally,societiesorganicallycreateamoneyobjectwhennoneexists.Inothercases,acentralauthoritycreatesamoneyobject;thisismorefrequentlythecaseinmodernsocietieswithpapermoney

O kultuře

Přidružené výroky

Moneycanmakeyoufeelbetter,andmoneycanmakeghostsgoahead!

Lidé umírají za peníze a ptáci umírají za jídlo.

Moneyisnoteverything,nomoneyisabsolutelyimpossible!

Peníze!Používejte je správně k odhánění duchů;peníze!Pokud je nebudete používat správně,budete se chovat duchy!

Když máš peníze, nechceš mít víc peněz.

Wealthcanbeanenemycountry,butyoucannotplayintheworld.

Caiisnotrevealed.

Přátelé jsou skutečným bohatstvím života.

Seeingmoneyasdung,youwilllosethemotivationtogetmoney.

Thegreedandselfishnessofmoneyisbecauseweoverestimateourneedformoneyandthevalueandimportanceofmoneytoourselves.——Relentlesslovelogic

Podívejte se na peníze a vydělávejte.

Idiomy

Lakomý, lakomý, hubený, ne lakomý, dobré víno, chamtivý pohár, lakomý, podvodník, lakomý, vulgární, lakomý, lakomý, jako víno, lakomý květ

VlciChtiví vlci,nenásytní krysy,kradení,chtiví po životě,strach ze smrti,chtivé narození,brzké,chtivé,temné,chtivé,hloupé,chtivé a chtivé

Plný bohatství

Čekej na bohaté a bohaté, Tao Zhuzhi, bohatý a bohatý, dobré peníze, štěstí, peníze mohou být mocné, milionáři, zlatí milionáři, dva bohaté, bohaté a mocné

Několik dalších jmen za peníze

1.Greenworms.Thelegendarynameoftheinsect."TaiPingYuLan"Volume9-50citedHanLiuAn's"HuainanWanBiShu":"Thegreenclamrepaysthemoney:thegreenclamisafisherman,orapu,withhissonandmothereachetc.,placedintheurnandburiedintheeastIfyougoundertheshadowsandopenthreedayslater,youwillbeobedient.Eighty-onecoinsareappliedwithmother'sblood,andeighty-onecoinswithbloodofchildren.Withtheirmoney,theyaremoremutuallymarketable.Self-return."Laterbecauseitisusedtorefertomoney .

2,Buquan."ZhouLi·TianGuan·ForeignHouse""Handinandoutofthat"HanZhengxuan's note:"tkanina,pružina(peníze)také.Je to i nazýváno jaro a jeho chůze se nazývá tkanina."Proto,"buquan"odkazuje,i.u.vůbec.

3,KongFang.To je,BrotherKongFang,také známý jakoBrotherJia,anicknameformoney.Thestaroměděnámincevjednomkruhusečtvercovýmvnitřním,odtud ten název.Navíc seslovopenízeskládá z"zlatý,ge,ge"a"ge"a"ge"mají"totéž slovo"jinak" ,uvnitř je čtverec a vnějšek je kruh.Jeho hromadění je jako velké množství a jeho proudění je jako přitékající.Někdy je dynamika a statika.,Neutrpí ztrátou.Je těžké prolomit dlouhou životnost slona,adoba,kterásevyjadřuje,tvůrcesvěťayslona,anechybí, aby se otevřel na cestě slona, ​​aby

4.Huoquan.Když se WangMang stal císařem v HanDynastii, velmi žárlil na Liu. Protože slovo peníze má "jin, nůž" a slovo "liu" je vyrobeno z"卯,zlato,nůž"(všechny odkazují na tradiční znaky),Wang"nabílý"a"změnil se tak".

5.Ablockage.ThebookiswrittenbyLiuYiqing,thekingofLinchuanintheSouthernDynasties,"Shishuoxinyu·GuzhenTenth":"WangYifuiselegantandprosperous,oftenjealousofhiswifeandgreedy,andneversaidtheword'money'.Ifthewomanwantstotryit,sheaskshermaidtousemoney.Thebedisnotallowed.YiFugotupinthemorningandsawQianHeng(obstructed),callingthemaidservantandsaying:'JujuAduwu.'""Adu"means"this"inthedialectofthetime "JucheaDuwu" znamená "odstranit to".

6,bezmocný.Ten starý odkazuje na extra velké stříbrné kroužky,které je obtížné použít.TheSongDynastyHongMai's"YiJianZhiZhi"zaznamenal,žeZhangXun,songman,byl v jeho rodině bohatý,a střídavě se bál,že bude ukraden"žádnýsilver.

7.Shangqingboy.Anothernameforancientmoney.Accordingtolegend,duringtheZhenguanperiodoftheTangDynasty,therewasa"ShangqingBoyYuanbao"inCenwen'sBishuMountainPavilion.Afterhefinishedspeaking,hesentitoutofthepavilion,butsuddenlydisappearedunderthewall.Digthegroundtogetanancientcoin,andrealizethat"ShangqingBoy"isthebronzename,and"Yuanbao"isthemoneytext.See"BoYizhi·CenText"byGuShenziofTangDynasty.Later,henamed" ShangqingBoy"jeden z Qianových názvů."

8,DengTong.IntheWesternHanDynasty,somepeoplereferredtoDengtongasanothernameformoney.Inthethirtychaptersof"JinPingMei",thereisaversethat"Itisthewealththatmustbeobtainedbytrickery,andthefamedependsonDengTongcheng".DengTongisanothernameformoney.DengTongwasafavoriteofficialoftheWesternHanDynastyEmperorLiuHeng.EmperorWenoncegaveDengtongacoppermineandmadeanexceptiontoallowDengtongtoopenminesandmakemoney,soDengtongmoneyspreadallovertheworld.Therefore,latergenerations"DengTong"becameanothernameformoney.

9,theking.AlsoknownasLaoWang,WangLao,anothernameformoney.Inthevolumeof"DuYiZhi"byLiRongoftheTangDynasty:"TherichmanoftheTangDynasty,WangYuanbao,Xuanzongaskedhowmuchhisfamilywealth?"Hesaid:"YourmajestyNanshanhasatree,Nanshantreeisexhausted,andtheministerisnotpoor."Moneyisthe'king',soithastheword'Yuanbao'."

10,gooseeye,or"chickeneyemoney".SimaGuangoftheNorthernSongDynasty,Volume168oftheZizhiTongjian:"AttheendoftheLiangDynasty,ironmoneyisnotenough,andthefolksusegooseeyemoneyforprivateuse.Jiazi,recastfivebahtmoney,andbecometenofthegooseeye."SouthernDynastyThemoneymadebyShenQingtong'sfurnitureintheSongDynastyislessthanthreeincheslongandiscalledgooseeyemoney.Moneythatisworsethangooseeyemoneyiscalled綖(音延yán)ringmoney.

11.Waistband.Theancientsseldomputthecoinsdirectlyinthepockets.Thegold,silverandcoppercoinscarriedwhentheygooutareusuallyputinthewaistbelt,andthenthebeltiswrappedaroundthewaist,soitiscalled"wrapped"(sameastoday’s"waistbag").Inthisway,itwillneitherlosenorrevealwealth.Inancienttimes,therewasastoryof"wrappedaroundonehundredthousandbucksandrodeacranedowntoYangzhou"inancienttimes.

12.Coppersmell.Theoriginalmeaningisthesmellofcoppercoins,andlateroftenusedtoridiculepeoplewhoareonlyinterestedinprofit,andalsospecificallyreferstomoney.TheWesternJinDynastyDivisionMaBiao"JiuzhouSpringandAutumn":"CuiLie,TingWeiqing.WhentheLingEmperoropenedtheHongdumenlisttosellofficials,whenLie,hemadefivemilliondollars,andhewasSitu.Andthesun,theemperorLinxuan,thehundredofficialsYes.EmperorGusaidthattheluckyonessaid:"IhateJinforalot,butitcanreachtensofmillions."Ms.ChengYuBangyingsaid:"CuiGong,Jizhoucelebrity ,wouldhebewillingtobuyanofficial?LieaskedhissonJunandsaid:"IliveinSanGong,sowhatisitliketodiscuss?""Junsaid:"Adultsrarelyhaveaname,andthepastisaprestige,andthecriticsarenotconsideredtobeSanGong."Nowthathehastakenhisplace,theworldisdisappointed.Liesaid:"Whyisthatso?""JunZhe:"Thecriticsthinkit'scoppersmellyears."

13.FudoZun.Říká se, že skrývání peněz není potřeba, stejně jako Buddhův prostor a život, a peníze se nazývají "FudoZun".

14.Banknotes.OriginatedintheJinDynasty.Chinaisthefirstcountryintheworldtousepapermoney.SongTaizongIntheearlyyears,withtheprosperityofcommerceandtheexpansionoftransactions,theironmoneyusedatthattimecouldnolongermeettheneedsoftransactions,sosixteenwealthybusinessmenjointlyissuedapapercurrencyinChengdu,Sichuan,whichwascalled"Jiaozi"atthattime.TheJinDynasty,whichwasroughlythesameperiodastheSongDynasty,alsoissuedbanknotesforbanknotesin1154.BanknotesweretheprevailingbanknotesintheJinDynasty.Theywereissuedforabout80years.TheyusedtocirculateinthecountryofgoldandwereamongthecurrenciesoftheJinDynasty.Ithasalwaysbeeninthedominantposition.ItisalsocalledChaoyin,whichisdividedintobigandsmallnotes.Wecallpapermoneyasbanknotesorabbreviatedasbanknotes,whichhasbeenhandeddownsincethen.

15.YuanDatou:Počátek rokuČínské republiky,protože vydaná stříbrná mince má sochu YuanShikai,jsou peníze nazývány"YuanDatou".

16.Velká Jednota: Po založení Nové Číny bylo deset nominací RMB vytištěno na tvář „National People's Unity“. Peníze se nazývají „Velká jednota“.

17.Headcoin:gamecoin

Starověký coin

Mintingcoin:referstoacertainsizeShape,withacertainweightanddenominationvalue,usedasalegalmeansofcirculationofmetalcurrency.Theancientcoinagematerialwasmainlycopper,andgoldandsilvercoinsappearedoneafteranother.InChina,althoughtheappearanceofgoldandsilvercoinswasrelativelyearly,theyweremainlyaddedtothefieldofcommoditycirculation.Itisstillinmoderntimes.

Clothcoins:thegeneraltermfortheshovel-shapedcurrenciessuchastheemptyheadclothandtheflatheadclothduringtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriod.

Obecný termín pro různé měny ve tvaru nože, jako jsou nože s jehlovou hlavou, špičaté nože, čisté nože, nože a kruhové nože.

Yuanqian:Thegeneraltermforroundcurrencies,includingroundholesandroundmoney.Therearetwotypesofsquareholesandroundcoins,generallyreferringtothelatter.

Emptyheadcloth:CoinsmintedduringtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesperiod,includingflat-shoulderarc-footemptyheadcloth,obliqueshoulderarc-footemptyheadcloth,andshruggedpointedfootemptyFirstcloth.

Pingshoucloth: Mince během válečných stavů, včetně hadříků, speciálních hadříků, hlavních hadříků na nohy, špičatých hadříků na nohy, hadříků na nohy atd., které kolovaly hlavně v Sanjin a Yanstates.

Twocurrenciesofbaht:referstothecurrencythatusedthebahtastheunitofweight,andtheweightisthenameofthecurrency,suchashalftwo,fivebaht,etc.,whichwerecastinChinabeforetheSuiDynasty.

Fivecents:WesternHanDynastyItisakindofhalf-and-twocoinsinthelastsixyearsofhighschool.

Threecents:ThecurrencyissuedbyEmperorWuoftheWesternHanDynastyinthefifthyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynastyisakindofhalf-and-twocoins.

Bilun:V dynastii Východní Jin se používaly prodané mince Sun a Wu a byly velké i malé. Velké peníze se nazývaly „bilun“, což popisovalo velké kolo.

Fourarticles:Onecoinwasusedasfoursmallcoins,generallyreferringtotheEasternJinDynastySunWu’soldmoneywasusedatthetime.

Xiaopingmoney: malé peníze v hodnotě penny, také nazývané ploché peníze, malé peníze, obecně o průměru 2,4 cm a hmotnosti 3,5 gramu.

Foldedmoney:Themoneyusedasasecondarticleisgenerallyabout2.8cmindiameterandweighsabout7grams.

Průměr je asi 3,1 cm. Váží asi 10 gramů." A brzy"

BigMoney:Thegeneraltermforbigmoneyandbigmoney.IntheSixDynasties,thestandardsizeoffivebahtmoneywascalledbigmoney.

Text: Název základní jednotky peněz, Malé mince se nazývají otevřené.

Guan:athousandthoriumiscalledaguan,andthesquarewoodenstripsworninthemoneyholeattheplacewherethemoneyiscastisalsocalledaguan

Sample:referstothosewhosemoneydiameterissmallerthanthesametypeofmoney.

Bigsample:Referstothosewhosemoneypathislargerthanthatofthesametypeofmoney.

Tvář: Odkazuje na přední stranu mince.

Tvář: Text na přední straně mince.

Zadní strana: Zadní strana mince, známá také jako opona.

Recitetext:text zpětných peněz,také známý jako dobrý,čtverec se nazývá FangChuan,čtvercová díra,kulatý se nazývá YuanChuan,kulatá díra.

Široké opotřebení: Odkazují na ty s většími otvory.

Úzký průchod: vztahuje se na osoby s menšími otvory pro peníze.

Neiguo:ReferstotheprotrudingpartaroundQianKong,alsoknownasHaoGuo.

Guangguo: vztahuje se na osoby s širokým vnitřním prostorem

Xiaguo: označuje ty, kteří mají užší interiér.

Zhongguo:ReferstothetwoinnerGuos.

Juwen:Referstothepointofoneorseveralcornersofthesquareholeofthemoneybody.

FourJueWen:Referstothosewhohavethefourcornersofthesquareholeinthebodyofthemoney,alsoknownastheFourJue.

SuJiao:Je to speciální typ čtyřhraných esejů s malými tečkami na špičce čtvercového otvoru.

Fouressays:referstothefourcornersofQianshensquareholewithprotrudingwordsextendingtotheoutsideofGuo.

OuterGuo: Odkazuje na vyčnívající část vnějšího obvodu Qianova těla, také známou jako vnější hrana, vnější kolo, masité Guo a BianGuo.

Široký: vnější roh je širší, také nazývaný široké kolo, široký,

Úzká hrana: vnější strana je užší, také se nazývá užší kolo, užší hrana.

Zhonglun:ReferstoErdeWaiguo.

Theamountofwheel:referstotheouterhighandlowinside,morecommoninWangMangqian.

Cuttingedge:referstotheoutwardbevelingoftheoutercorner,whichistheoppositeofthefrontalwheel.

Edgedmoney:referstothemoneythatiswornawayfromtheouteredges.

Meat:referstothepartofthecoinwithnocharactersorpatternsbetweentheinnerandouterborders.Thethickoneiscalledthickflesh,andthethinoneiscalledthinflesh.

Day:referstotheraisedcircleonthebackofthemoney,alsoknownasJapanese

Měsíc: odkazuje na tvář peněz, konvexní oblouk na zadní straně, také známý jako měsíc, písmeno, značky měsíce, oblouk nahoru se nazývá Yangyue, dolů jeYanyue

Star:referstothemoneyfaceandtheraiseddotontheback,alsoknownasstartext.

Circlestar:referstotheconcavecircleonthebackofmoney.

PregnantStar: odkazuje na měsíc na zadní straně hvězdy.

Lightback: odkazuje na QianWuwen, také známý jako plainback, lightback, plainscreen.

Closetheback:Referstothemisusedtwopiecesofmoneyforged.Moneyisavailableonbothsides.

Couple:Referstothemisuseoftwopiecesofmoneymadefromthebackfan,bothsidesaremoneyback.

Přímé čtení: Texty peněz jsou uspořádány v pořadí nahoru, dolů, doleva a doprava, také nazývané sekvenční čtení, párové čtení.

Rotační čtení: QianWenisuspořádánívpořadínahoru,dolů,vlevo avpravo,takézvanýkruhovýčtení.

Čtení zleva: Odkazujte na čtení QianWen zleva doprava.

Biography:Referstocoinsmadeofinscribedcharactersengravedinorthographiccharacters,andtheinscriptionsonthecoinsarereversedcharacters,seenfromthepre-QintotheSixDynastiesperiod.

LiGuo: Znamená to, že QianWe je daleko od NeiGuo

JieGuo:MeansthatQianWenisconnectedtoNeiGuo.

Secondwheel:referstoQianWenstayingawayfromtheoutsideworldandnotconnected.

Lianlun:referstotheconnectionbetweenQianwenandWaiguo.

DeepWords:ReferstoQianwen je zvláště hluboký.

HiddenQiwen: Odkazuje na různou tloušťku peněz.

JuTou:ReferstoQianWenzhi'sheadtoNeiGuo,alsoknownasJuShou.

Úplně: ReferstoQianWenzhiho první ministr zahraničí.

Opakovaný text: Odkazuje na opakovaný text na Qianově těle, také známý jako třesení hlavou, kvůli opakovaným značkám na těle fanouška.

Shengpit:referstothenewlyunearthedmoney,thesurfaceisseriouslyoxidized.

Laoshengkeng:Pointoutthatthelong-establishedcoppercoinandcopperrustisconcealedbythehandeddowncolor.

ShuKeng:Referstoancientcoinsthathavenotbeenputintotheearth.

Handeddown:referstothecoloronthesurfaceofmoneythathasnotbeenputintotheearthintheworld.Itisgenerallybrownandshiny,alsoknownasblackpaint.

Painted:referstothecolorofcoppercoinshandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration,inadditiontoblack,therearealsobrown,darkred,orangeandyellow.

Mercuryancient:asilver-whiteoxidelayeronthesurfaceofunearthedancientcoins,alsoknownasmercuryrust,mercuryqin.

Vyřezávaná matka: jako model vyřezaný z mědi, cínu, olova, zubů, kostí, dřeva a dalších materiálů, také známý jako rodové peníze.

Mothermoney:Themoneyusedasamoldduringrecastingisusuallydirectlyrecastfromtheengravingmother.

Ironmother:referstothemothercoinofcastingironcoins,whichismadeofcopper.

TieFanCopper:Coppercoinsrecastintheshapeofironcoins.

Samplemoney:samplemoneyfortrialcastingandpreliminarycasting.

Samplemoneyissuedbytheministry:thecentralgovernmentandthetwoministriesofindustrywillsuperviseandissueeachprovinceasthestandardsamplemoney.Itiscalledmothermoney.

Samplemoneyforsubmission:Thelocalgovernmentsubmitsthesamplemoneyforreviewbytherelevantauthorities.

Cuttingmoney:Thegeneraltermofcutedgemoneyandextendedringmoney,whichistocutaroundcoinintotwopiecesinsideandoutside.

Cuttingmoney:Moneythathasbeencutoutoftheouterring.Alsoknownasthetextofthepair

Bingqian:thecommonnameofWangMangshi'sthick-shapedgoodsspring.LaterintheNorthernSongDynasty,theXianpingwithawidemarginandthickshape,Xiangfumoneywasalsocalledpiemoney.

Formoney:referstomoneywithsymmetricaltexts.Thetexts,rounds,size,thickness,andcopperarethesame,butdifferentscriptsareused,buttheglyphsandgesturesarestillconsistentwitheachother,alsoknownasHehemoney.ItbeganintheSouthernTangDynastyandflourishedintheSongDynasty.

Formulawomen'smoney:ThefivebahtmoneycoinedbyEmperorLiangWuintheSouthernDynasties,alsoknownaswomen'smoney.

Men'smoney: WangMangovo společné jméno pro Buquan.

Redmoney:ThecoppercoinsofXinjiangfoundryintheQingDynastywerenamedaftertheHongtongMountain.

Vydělávání peněz: mince původní dynastie během feudaléry.

Peníze se používají: mince používané jako oficiální měna.

Disgustingmoney:Itisnon-usemoneyofthenatureofsuppressingevilandtakingauspiciousness.Itismostlyusedforauspiciouscelebration,beaming,worship,hanging,andwearing.Itisalsocalledwinningmoneyandbettingmoney.

Palacemoney:specialmoneyforthefestivalcelebrationsintheimperialpalaceinthefeudaleraasareward.

Vyplacené peníze: mince nošené starodávnými ozdobami.

Survivalmoney:ThecoinsusedasofferingsintemplesandtemplesaregenerallyhiddeninthebellyoftheBuddhastatueorhungbesidetheBuddha'sniche,alsoknownasthedirtymoneyoftheBuddha.

Springmoney:asmallgoldandsilvercoinintheYuanDynasty,usedbywomenasjewelry.

Secretplaymoney:coinswithsimplepatternsofsexualintercoursebetweenmenandwomen.

Makingmoney:Thepawninthegameofplayinghorse,alsoknownashorsemoney.

Goldback: Měděné mince vyrobené ze čtyř ohnivé mědi (čtyřikrát roztavené mědi) v dynastii Ming.

Firelacquer:CoppercoinsmadeofsecondfirecopperintheMingDynasty.

Otáčení: K mletí mince použijte rotující kolo.

Evilmoney:ThenameofinferiorprivatemoneyintheTangDynasty.Therearenamessuchasirontin,coppersand,copperdang,andpiercingholes.

Fixedtinmoney:AkindoftinnedironmoneythatCaiJingheldduringtheWeiZongperiodoftheNorthernSongDynasty.

QianFan:Thecoinmodel,thefrontsideofthecoinisprintedonthefrontside,andthebacksideoftheprintedcoiniscalledthebackside.