Úvod
Computermanufacturersbegantobringcomputerstoordinaryconsumers.Atthistime,minicomputershadsoftwarepackageswithfriendlyinterfaces,programsfornon-professionalsandthemostpopularWordprocessingandspreadsheetprograms.In1981,IBMintroducedpersonalcomputers(PCs)foruseinhomes,offices,andschools.Thecompetitionofpersonalcomputersinthe1980scausedpricestocontinuetofall,thenumberofmicrocomputerscontinuedtoincrease,andcomputerscontinuedtoshrinkinsize.TheAppleMacintoshseries,whichcompeteswiththeIBMPC,waslaunchedin1984.TheMacintoshprovidesafriendlygraphicalinterfacethatuserscaneasilyoperatewithamouse.
Inthe1990s,computersdevelopedinthedirectionof"intelligence",creatingcomputerssimilartothehumanbrain,capableofthinking,learning,memory,andnetworkcommunication.Inthe21stcentury,computershavebecomemorenotebooks,miniaturized,andspecialized,withacomputingspeedofmorethan1milliontimespersecond.Notonlyaretheyeasytooperateandcheap,buttheycanalsoreplacepartofpeople’smentalwork,andevenexpandpeople’sworkinsomeways.intelligent.Therefore,today'smicrocomputersarevividlycalledcomputers.
>Vývojový proces
Intheearly1960s,KilbyandNoyceintheUnitedStatesinventedtheintegratedcircuit,whichtriggeredarevolutionincircuitdesign.Subsequently,theintegrationofintegratedcircuitshasincreasedatarateofoneorderofmagnitudeevery3-4years.Anintegratedcircuit(IntegratedCircuit,referredtoasr)isacompleteelectroniccircuitbuiltonachip.Thischipissmallerthanafingernailbutcontainsthousandsoftransistorelements.InJanuary1962,IBMusedbipolarintegratedcircuitstoproducetheIBM360seriesofcomputers.Somesmallcomputershaveformedthreeindependentsystemsintermsofprogrammingtechnology:operatingsystem,compilationsystemandapplicationprogram,collectivelyreferredtoassoftware.Itisworthmentioningthattheconceptof"multi-program"and"time-sharingsystem"intheoperatingsystem,combinedwiththewidespreaduseofcomputerterminalequipment,enablesuserstouseremotecomputersintheirownofficesorhomes.Thethird-generationcomputerischaracterizedbysmallersize,lowerprice,higherreliability,andfastercalculationspeed.
Představení technologie
Thecomputerlogicelementsandmainmemoryalluselarge-scaleintegratedcircuits(LSI).Theso-calledlarge-scaleintegratedcircuitreferstoanintegratedcircuitthatintegrates1,000to2,000ormoretransistorsonasinglesiliconchip,anditsintegrationlevelis1to2ordersofmagnitudehigherthanthatofmediumandsmall-scaleintegratedcircuits.Atthistime,thecomputerhasdevelopedtoastageofminiaturization,lowpowerconsumption,andhighreliability.Large-scaleintegratedcircuitshaveenabledthedevelopmentofmilitaryindustry,spacetechnology,andatomicenergytechnology.Thevigorousdevelopmentofthesefieldshasplacedhigherrequirementsoncomputers,andhaseffectivelypromotedtheunprecedenteddevelopmentofthecomputerindustry.Withtherapiddevelopmentoflarge-scaleintegratedcircuittechnology,inadditiontothedevelopmentofcomputersinthedirectionofsupercomputers,theyarealsoadvancingtowards
ultra-minicomputersandmicrocomputers.Attheendof1971,theworld'sfirstmicroprocessorandmicrocomputercameintobeingintheSiliconValleysouthofSanFrancisco,USA.Itopenedaneweraofmicrocomputers.Sincethen,avarietyofmicroprocessorsandmicrocomputershavesprungupandfloodedintothemarket,becomingthebestsellersatthetime.Thismomentumisstillintheascendanttothisday.EspeciallyafterthebirthoftheIBM-PCseries,ithasalmostunifiedtheworldmicrocomputermarket,andavarietyofcompatiblecomputershavealsocomeout.
Elektronický počítač čtvrté generace
Představení konceptu
Thefourth-generationcomputerreferstotheuseoflarge-scaleintegratedcircuits(LSI)andultra-large-scaleintegrationsince1970Circuit(VLSI)isacomputermadeofmainelectronicdevices.Forexample,the80386microprocessorcanintegrateabout320,000transistorsonasinglechipwithanareaofabout10mmX10mm.Anotherimportantbranchofthefourth-generationcomputerismicroprocessorsandmicrocomputersdevelopedonthebasisoflarge-scaleandverylarge-scaleintegratedcircuits.
Vývojová fáze
Mikropočítače prošly zhruba čtyřmi fázemi:
První fáze byla od roku 1971 do roku 1973 a bylo tam 4004 4040 8008 mikroprocesorů. V roce 1971 Intel Corporation vyvinul mikropočítač MCS4 (CPU4040, čtyřbitový počítač). Později byl model MCS-8 jako jádro s 80.
Thesecondstageisthedevelopmentandimprovementstageofmicrocomputersfrom1973to1977.Thereare8080,8085,M6800,Z80microprocessors.TheinitialproductisIntel'sMCS-80type(CPU8080,eight-bitcomputer).Inthelaterperiod,therewereTRS-80type(CPUisZ80)andAPPLE-IItype(CPUis6502),whichonceswepttheworldintheearly1980s.
Třetí fází je vývojová fáze 16bitových mikropočítačů od roku 1978 do 1983. Existuje 8086, 808880186, 80286, M68000, Z8000 mikroprocesorů.
Thefourthstageisthedevelopmentstageof32-bitmicrocomputersstartingin1983.Intelhassuccessivelyintroduced80386and80486.386and486microcomputersaretheinitialproducts.In1993,IntelintroducedthePentiumorP5(Chinesetranslationfor"Pentium")microprocessor,whichhasa64-bitinternaldatachannel.NowPentiumIII(alsocalledP7)microprocessorshavebecomemainstreamproducts,andPentiumIVisexpectedtobelaunchedinOctober2000.
Itcanbeseenthattheperformanceofamicrocomputermainlydependsontheperformanceofitscoredevice-themicroprocessor(CPU).
Verylarge-scaleintegratedcircuitITindustrywindandcloud
Úvodoftheevent
In1970,IBMoftheUnitedStatesputthelarge-scaleintegratedcircuit370seriesonthemarket.ThismovesuddenlymadetheJapanesecomputerindustryextremelytense.
FS(FutureSystem),asthenext-generationproductofthe370series,willbeguidedbyepoch-makingdesignideasandmadeofultra-large-scaleintegratedcircuitchips.Theproductisplannedtobecommercializedinthesecondhalfofthe1970s.
SpeakingofIBM,itisworthyofbeingthegiantoftheworldcomputerfieldatthattime,itoccupies70%oftheglobalcomputermarketshare.ComputermanufacturersinJapanarebynomeansrivalsofIBM.
Impacton Japan
OnceFSisreleased,Japanesemanufacturerswillbehithardtobear.InordertoleadthedevelopmentofVLSIfornext-generationmainframecomputers,inMarch1976,theworld'sraregovernment-civilianintegratedresearchanddevelopmentorganization-VLSItechnologyresearchgroupwasborn.ThecombinationconsistsoftheMinistryofInternationalTradeandIndustryofJapanandfivemajorsemiconductorcomputercompanies.Thedevelopmentofthisprojectrequiresahugeinvestmentof300billionyen.Theindustrytriedtoget150billionyuaningovernmentfunding,butfailed.AlthoughthelateHashigiTomisaburo,thechairmanoftheLiberalDemocraticParty’sInformationIndustryCouncilofParliamentarians,madevariousefforts,hestillfailedtochangethegovernment’sdecision.Intheend,thegovernment’sactualinvestmentwasonly30billionyen.
Solittlestatefundinghascauseddissatisfactionamongresearchersfromvariouscompanies.Atthesametime,asenseoftragicandheroicstrugglealsoarisesspontaneously.
Fu'anmeiofFujitsuhasalwayssaidbluntly:"Atthattime,everyonehadafeelingofbeingabandonedbythecompany,anddidnotexpecttodevelopproductsthatchallengeIBM."
Theimprovisedpeopleintheresearchgroupstartedoutintheirownways.Importantthingsonlytalkedwithpeoplefromthecompany,andtherewasevenaphenomenonofsettinguproadblocksbetweentheresearchroomsofothercompaniesandtheresearchroomsofthecompany.Thislackofcommunicationandmutualalertnessmadethedevelopmentatmosphereverytenseatthattime.
Thecoreorganizationoftheresearchgroup,YasuoTarui,thedirectoroftheJointResearchInstitute,hasactivelyguidedeveryone.Heencouragedeveryonetoworkhardandpointedoutthatallpersonnelcanonlyworktogethertoformarope.Inordertochangethepreviousdevelopmentstructureoffightingaloneandworkingindependently.Thedirector'sideaswerequicklyacceptedbythedevelopers,andallmembersoftheresearchteamhavestartedafour-yearresearchcareer.NimaruSemiconductorissweepingtheworldmarket.Intheresearchportfolio,membersofthetechnicalcommitteeswhosetthebusinessdirectiontogetherwithDirectorTaruiare:Fujitsu'sFukuanKazumi,HitachiManufacturingCo.,Ltd.'sOyaYuichiroandOkaoHisao.
Atthattime,JapanSemiconductorTechnologywasinthestageofmodelmakingof64MDRAM.64MDRAMisaproductjointlydevelopedbytheMusashinoElectricCommunicationResearchInstitute,Hitachi,NECandFujitsuofNipponTelegraphandTelephoneCompany.InordertoadvancesidebysidewithIBM,itisnecessarytodevelopbasicandcommontechnologiescorrespondingto256Kand1Mproducts.Afterrepeateddemonstrations,thetechnicalcommitteedecidedtodevelopmicrofabricationtechnologywithalinewidthof1.5micronsasthedevelopmentgoal.Althoughvarioustechnicalobstacleswereencounteredintheactualdevelopmentprocess,theyweresuccessfullyresolvedduetotheconcertedeffortsoftheresearchers.
Toachievealinewidthof1.5microns,themethodofburningcircuitdiagramswithultravioletraysusedinintegratedcircuitsandlarge-scaleintegratedcircuitsmustbecompletelychangedandreplacedbyelectronbeamsandX-rays.After4yearsofhardwork,by1979thebasictechnologyofVLSIhasmatured."NichimaruSemiconductor",producedonthebasisofVLSItechnology,quicklyswepttheworldmarketwithlightningspeed.AlthoughtheeconomicfrictionbetweenJapanandtheUnitedStateshadoccurredin1986,itfailedtostopJapanesesemiconductorproductsfromenteringtheworldmarket.Thisyear,JapanfinallysurpassedtheUnitedStates,ascendingtothethroneoftheworld'slargestmarketshareinthefieldoflarge-scaleintegratedcircuits.
Theroadaheadisnotsmooth.JustastheJapanesesemiconductorindustryisinfullswing,therapidexpansionofthePCmarkethascausedmajorchangesinthedemandstructure.In1993,theUnitedStatesreliedontheadvantagesofmicroprocessorstoonceagainreverseitsshareoftheworldmarket.
AsJapanblindlypursuesmicrofabricationtechnology,ithasincurredtheconsequencesofexcessiveinvestmentinequipmentanddeteriorationofcapitalrecovery.ItwasalsoduringthisperiodthatdevelopingcountriesandregionssuchasSouthKoreaandTaiwanalsomadefulluseoftheirpowerandenteredthesemiconductorfield.
ToshibaKawanishi,thecurrentexecutiveconsultantofToshiba,knownasthe"GodofSemiconductors,"pointedoutthatinordertoensurethedominanceoftheworldmarketinthe21stcentury,revolutionarymeasuresmustbetakentoincreaseproductivityandsolvetheproblembetweeninputandrecycling.problem.
Směr vývoje
Inthe1990s,computersdevelopedinthedirectionof"intelligence",creatingcomputerssimilartothehumanbrain,capableofthinking,learning,memory,andnetworkcommunication..Inthe21stcentury,computershavebecomemorenotebooks,miniaturized,andspecialized,withacomputingspeedofmorethan1milliontimespersecond.Notonlyaretheyeasytooperateandcheap,buttheycanalsoreplacepartofpeople’smentalwork,andevenexpandpeople’sworkinsomeways.intelligent.Therefore,today'smicrocomputersarevividlycalledcomputers.