Experimentální psychologie

Definice

Experimentalpsychologycanbedividedintobroadandnarrowsense.Inabroadsense,experimentalpsychologyisapsychologicalsystemrelativetothehumanisticorientation,alsocalledscientificpsychology.Inanarrowsense,experimentalpsychologyisasciencethatstudiesthebasictheoriesandbasictechniquesofpsychologicalexperimentsandintroducesexperimentalresearchresultsinvariousbranchesofpsychology.

Historie vývoje

Fáze filozofické spekulace

Beforethe19thcentury,mostoftheproblemsofpsychologywerediscussedinthefieldofphilosophy,usingspeculationandempiricalgeneralizationMethods.Atthattime,therewasabeliefthatexperimentalmethodswerenotapplicabletothestudyofpsychologicalphenomena.AftertheRenaissance,thematerialistphilosophicaltrendandthedevelopmentofnaturalsciencethatappearedinEuropegavebirthtothebirthofexperimentalpsychologyattheendofthe19thcentury.

TheformeristhematerialistempiricisminitiatedbyLocke,Hartley’sassociationismandthemechanicalmaterialismofLametrietal.;thelatteristhephysiologicalresearchonnerveconductionandthepositioningofbrainfunction.Thecontroversyandtheestablishmentofthetheoryofspecialnerveenergy,thetheoryofevolutioninbiology,theatomtheoryinchemistry,andtheestablishmentofvariouslaboratoriesinuniversities.

Fáze experimentální aplikace

Althoughin1834Webermadethedeterminationofthetwo-pointthresholdandtheweightdifferencethreshold,in1860Fechnerproposedinthe"OutlineofPsychophysics"Theuniqueresearchmethodofpsychology—psychophysicalmethod.In1875,JamesestablishedapsychologylaboratoryfordemonstrationatHarvardUniversityintheUnitedStates.However,becauseWundtorganizedandadvocatedtheuseofexperimentalmethodstostudypsychology,soPeoplestillregardhimasthefirstresearchpsychologylaboratoryestablishedattheUniversityofLeipziginGermanyin1879,aspsychologydifferentiatedfromphilosophyandbecameasymbolofanindependentdiscipline,andWundtiscalledthefounderofexperimentalpsychology.

WundtandhisstudentTichennerbelievethatpsychologyshouldstudythedirectexperienceofpeople,andwhatpsychologyshouldseekishowtodecomposeconsciousnessintothesimplestandmostbasicelements.Inordertoachievethisgoal,theirpsychologicalexperimentistouseintrospectionundercontrolledconditionstoanalyzethecontentofconsciousnessintopsychologicalelementsbasedondirectexperience.

Theyadvocatethatapersoncanonlybeasubjectafterrigoroustraining.Whatthesubjectswantedtodescribewasthestateofconsciousnesscausedbythestimulusratherthanthestimulusitself,otherwiseitwouldbea"stimuluserror".Theybelievethatallfeelingshavethefollowingbasiccharacteristics:quality,intensity,extensibility,continuity,andclarity.Inordertoensureclearexperienceandaccuratereports,experimentsmustbecarriedout,becauseexperimentsarenotonlycarriedoutundercontrolledconditions,butcanalsoberepeated.Themoretheexperimentisrepeated,theclearertheexperienceandthemoreaccuratethedescriptionoftheexperience.

Butwhenthementalprocessisgoingon,tryingtoreportchangesinconsciousnesswillinterferewiththestateofconsciousnessatthetime.Inordertoovercomethisdifficultyofintrospection,themethodofrecallisoftenused.Onlythesubjectswhohavedevelopedthehabitofintrospectioncanmemorizeormakenoteswhileobservingwithoutdisturbinghisconsciousness.Wundtalsobelievesthatexperimentalmethodsareonlysuitableforstudyingbasicpsychologicalprocesses,suchasfeelingsandassociations.Forhigh-levelpsychologicalprocesses,suchasmemory,thinking,socialpsychology,andpersonality,theycanonlybeexploredbyobservationorbystudyingthehistoryofhumannature,forwhichhewrote"NationalPsychology".

Rozvoj experimentální psychologie

Wundt

AlthoughexperimentalpsychologystartedinGermany,GermanpsychologicalexperimentsarenotIt'salldoneinWundt'sway.AfterWundtpointedoutthatadvancedmentalprocessescannotbestudiedexperimentally,Ebbinghausfirststudiedlearningandmemoryproblemswithexperimentalmethods.Hecreatedmeaninglesssyllables,usedmeaninglesssyllablesasexperimentalmaterials,andusedthemethodofsavingtochecktheamountofstorageatdifferentintervalsaftermemorization.Thisnotonlyexpandedtheresearchscopeofexperimentalpsychology,butalsochangedWundt'straditionalpsychologicalexperimentmethodofanalyzingthecontentofconsciousness.Inaddition,Wundt’sstudentKülpwasinspiredbyEbbinghaus’sexperimentalmethodofstudyingmemory,sohebelievedthatthethoughtprocesscouldalsobestudiedexperimentally.Buthedidnotgetridofthemethodofintrospection,buthismethodofintrospectionwasdifferentfromWundt's.Heaskedthesubjectstocompleteataskfirst,andthenreviewtheexperiencegainedduringthecompletionofthetask.Participantsdidn'tknowwhattoobserveinadvance,onlyknewthattheyhadtoworkhardtocompletetheassignedtasks.Forexample,lettheparticipantsolveaproblem,andthenlethimstatehowtothinkstepbystepandhowtosolvetheproblem.Throughexperiments,hefoundthatnotallexperienceiscomposedofsensoryimages.Thinkingcanoccurwithoutanysensoryorimagecontent,thusestablishingtheWürzburgschoolofnon-imagethinking.

ThunderkandPavlov

InDarwin’s"ManandAnimalAfterthepublicationof"ExpressionofLove",althoughRomanesandMorganbothconductedresearchonanimalpsychology,mostoftheirobservationswereconductedundernaturalconditions.ItwasonlyinThorndikethatthestudyofanimallearningwascarriedoutunderstrictlycontrolledconditions.Thorndikecreatedtheexperimentalmethodofconnectionism.

Hisearlyexperimentswereconductedwithpuzzleboxes,andthesubjectswerecats.Heputthehungrycatinaslattedpuzzlebox,andputthefoodoutsidethepuzzleboxwherethecatcouldseeandsmell.Inordertoopenthedoorofthepuzzleboxtoeatfood,thecatmustpulltheappropriatelatch.Atthebeginning,thecattouchedandscratched,untilhehappenedtomaketherightresponseandopenedthedoortoeatthefood.Aftermanyattempts,thewrongresponsegraduallydecreased,andthetimerequiredtoopenthedoorgraduallyshortened,untilthecatwasputintothepuzzleboxandthecorrectresponsewasimmediatelymade,andthelearningwascompleted.ThislearningprocessthatconnectsreactionsandsituationsisThorndike’slawofeffect,whichThorndikecalls"trialandaccidentalsuccessfullearning",andissometimescalled"trialanderror"learninginpsychologybooks.

Pavlov’sexperimentalmethodofconditioningandThorndike’sexperimentalmethodoftrial-and-errorlearningwereestablishedalmostsimultaneously.Atypicalconditionedreflexexperimentistocombineastimulus(suchaslight)thathasnothingtodowithcausingacertainreaction(suchassalivation)withastimulus(suchasfood)thatcancausetheresponse.Iftheanimalsecretessalivaatthesightofthelight,thenTheconditionedreflexisformed.

ThunderkandPavlovbothdevelopedexperimentalmethodsaboutanimallearning,andtheybothlinkedspecificsituationswithspecificreactions.ThedifferenceisthatinPavlov’sexperiment,thesceneassociatedwithacertainreactionwaspresentedbythesubject,whilethesceneintheThorndikeexperimentwasdiscoveredbyaccident.Theformercanbesaidtobetheclassicalconditioningmethod,whilethelatteristhepioneerofthetooloroperatingconditioningmethod.Inthepast,itwasbelievedthatclassicalconditioningwaslimitedtothestudyofreflexresponsescontrolledbytheautonomicnervoussystem,whileinstrumentalconditioningonlystudiedtherandomresponsesassociatedwithskeletalmuscles.However,throughfeedback,Millerandotherssuccessfullytrainedthesubjectstocontroltheirownheartrate,intestinalcontractionandrelaxation,andtherhythmofbrainelectricity,andsoon.

Watson

Watsonbelievesthatpsychologyisabranchofnaturalscience;whatpsychologystudiesisnotconsciousness,butthebehaviorofhumansandanimals;Thepurposeofstudyingpsychologyistopredictbehavior,findouttherulesofbehaviorandcontrolbehavior.Whathestudiesinthelaboratoryissomethingthatcanbeobjectivelyobserved.Hedoesnotrequirehumansubjectstoobservetheirownconsciousexperience.Instead,thetestersetstheexperimentalconditionsandobservesthesubjects'responsesundertheseconditions.Hedenieshumaninstinctandbelievesthatallactionsareconditionedresponsesformedinsociety.Therefore,theconditionedreflexmethodhasbecomethemostimportantmethodforhimtoconductpsychologicalexperiments.

Thetraditionalviewholdsthatthethinkingprocessthatoccursinthemindisdifficulttoobserveandexperiment.Watsonseesthinkingasinternalspeechmovement,andobservesthethinkingprocessbyrecordingthemovementofthethroatandtongueofnormalpeopleandthemovementofhandsandfingersofdeaf-mutepeople.Althoughheopposesintrospection,hedoesnotabandonverbalreports,thinkingthatthisisalsoanobjectivebehavior.Inshort,hisexperimentalmethodistoobservetheresponsesofsubjectsundercontrolledconditionsandattempttodecomposecomplexbehaviorsinto"stimulus-response"units.Atthispoint,hehasnotgotridofthestereotypesofconstructivistelementalism.

Wertheimer

Wertheimeretal.proposedthatperceptionisnotthesumofsensoryelementsbutAunifiedoverallview.ThisisthecoreofGestaltpsychology.Theconceptofgestaltisnotonlyappliedtosensoryexperience,butcanalsobeappliedtoprocessessuchaslearning,memory,andthinking.Inshort,thewholeisnotdeterminedbyindividualelements,butthepartisdeterminedbytheinherentnatureofthewhole.Forexample,atunecomposedofsixtones,undercertainconditions,canberecognizedasthistunebychangingtheothersixtones.Inotherwords,werecognizethebasisofthattune,thereismorethanthesumofthesixtones,andthatistherelationshipbetweenthetones.Aslongasthisrelationshipremainsthesame,theoriginaltunecanberecognized.Forthisreason,theexperimentalmethodoftheGestaltschoolistotrytodiscoverthestructuralprinciplesofperceptionunderthecircumstancessetbythesubject.

Experimentální metody

Psychologymainlystudieshumanbehaviorindifferentsituations.Usually,humanparticipantsarerequiredtodocertaintasksinexperiments.Since1990,theapplicationofvariouscomputersoftwarehaschangedthepresentationofexperimentsandreducedexperimentalerrors.Inadditiontomeasuringthereactiontimeanderrorrate,theexperimentcanalsouseinvestigationandobservationmethodsbefore,during,andaftertheexperiment.

Laboratorní experimenty

Laboratoryexperimentsarecontrolledobservationsinthepsychologicallaboratoryusinginstrumentsandequipment.Itcanprovideaccurateexperimentalresultsandisoftenusedinthestudyofperception,memory,thinking,movementandphysiologicalmechanisms.

Humanbehaviorandconsciousnessareextremelycomplicated.Togetthecorrectresults,youmustchooseanappropriateexperimentaldesign.

Intheexperiment,itisnecessarytocontroltheadditionalvariables,reducetheexperimenter'sbias,balancetheexperimentsequence,selecttheappropriatesample,determinetheappropriateoperationdefinition,andselecttheappropriatestatisticalanalysismethod(veryimportant).

Jiné metody

Inadditiontolaboratoryexperiments,therearecasemethod,observationmethod,interviewmethod,investigationmethod,andnaturalexperimentmethod.

Psychologyisahighlyempiricalscience.Thecharacteristicsandlawsofthesubjects’psychologycanonlybeanalyzedandsynthesizedfromthecollectedactualmaterials,andcannotbeusedforgrantedbytheresearcher.Therefore,everyonewhostudiespsychologymustlearntouseresearchmethodscorrectly.Psychologicalphenomenaarecomplicated.Whichmethodtousedependsontheresearchobject,researchconditions,andresearchpurpose.Sometimesittakesseveralmethodstocollectvariousdata.

Variousresearchmethodsofpsychologyaredirectmeansofcollectingperceptualmaterials,withthepurposeofanalyzingandinducingregularthingsfromthem.Therefore,everypersonwhostudiespsychologymustalsousematerialistdialecticstomakeacomprehensive,profound,andinterconnectedrationalanalysisofperceptualmaterialstopreventone-sided,isolated,andstaticstudyofpsychologicalphenomena.

Statistika

TheapplicationofstatisticalmethodsinpsychologybeganwithGalton'sresearchonindividualdifferences.Later,Thurstonandothersdevelopedfactoranalysis.Butstatisticalmethodshavealwaysbeenlinkedtopsychologicaltests.Psychologicaltestsbasicallybelongtothecategoryofnaturalexperiments,whicharedifferentfromthenarrowexperimentalmethodsdiscussedhere.TheapplicationofstatisticalmethodstothedesignofpsychologicalexperimentsisinseparablefromFisher'swork.Fisherdevelopedthemethodofanalysisofvarianceandtheuseofsmallsamples,andproposedtheconceptofnullhypothesisandinferentialstatistics.

Hismethodwasfirstappliedtotheexperimentaldesignofbiologyandagriculture,andthenitwasextendedtothedesignofpsychologicalexperiments.Sincethen,theclassicaldesignmethodofcontrollingotherfactorstochangeonlyoneindependentvariableinpsychologicalexperimentshasbeenadvancedonestepforward,andthemulti-factordesignmethodofchangingseveralindependentvariablesatthesametimehasbeenapplied,andinformationontheinteractionbetweenvariousfactorscanbeobtained..

Withthedevelopmentofelectronicsandengineeringtechnology,theexperimentaldevicesandmeasuringinstrumentsofpsychologyhavebecomemoreandmoresophisticated,sothattheobjectivityandaccuracyofpsychologicalexperimentalresearchhavebeenimproved,andgraduallygetridofTheinfluenceandconstraintsofdifferentpsychologicalschoolsonexperimentalmethodsarediscussed.Throughcooperationwithengineering,experimentalpsychologyisappliedtothehuman-machinesystem,sothatthedesignedmachinecanbemoreinlinewiththestructureandfunctionofthehumanbody,therebyreducinglaborintensityandimprovingworkefficiency.

Becauseofthefurtherapplicationofmathematicstopsychology,aftermakingquantitativeassumptionsabouthumanbehaviorthroughexperiments,mathematicalmodelscanbemade,suchasmathematicalmodelsthatpredictlearningbasedonprobabilitytheory,andexperimentsonbackwardchildrenThemathematicaltheoryofattentiondevelopedbytheresearchinstitute,etc.

Thedevelopmentofcyberneticsandthewidespreaduseofcomputershavenotonlyenabledthedataofpsychologicalexperimentstobeprocessedinashortperiodoftime,butalsoprovidedconveniencefortheautomaticcontrolofthepresentationofstimuliandtherecordingofresponses,whichisusefulforsimulatingcomplexPsychologicalprocessopenedupnewways,andthendevelopedbehavioralinformationprocessingtheoryandcognitivepsychology,andgavenewexplanationstolearningandmemory.

Today,withthedevelopmentofpsychology,theissueofdebateisnolongerwhethertheexperimentalmethodisapplicabletotheresearchofpsychology,buthowtomaketheexperimentalmethodofpsychologymoreperfect,howtousethefindingsinthelaboratoryPsychologicallawstosolvepracticalproblems.

Výhody

Výhody

Výhodyofexperimentalpsychology:Themainadvantageisthatitcanbettercontroladditionalvariables.Anotheradvantageiseconomy.

Funkce

Tři charakteristiky experimentu: náhodnost, opakovatelnost (ověřitelnost) a systematická kontrola.

Variabilní

Vlastní variace

Definice:Thevariablemanipulatedbytheexperimenterintheexperimentthataffectstheparticipant’sresponse.(Variabilnísselectedandcontrolledbythesubjectdeterminethechangesinpsychologyorbehavior.

Forexample,thebrightnessofthelight,theloudnessofthesound,thetemperatureoftheroom,theamountoffoodtheanimaleats,

Forexample,whenstudyingthereaction,youwanttounderstandtheimpactofthesoundstrengthonthereactiontime.Thenthesoundstrengthbecomestheindependentvariable.

Typ:Assignmentindependentvariable:Environmentalindependentvariable,subjectfromVariabilnís,relatedvariables,independentvariables.

Závislá proměnná

Definice:Thephenomenonchangeorresultcausedbythechangeoftheindependentvariable.Thedependentvariableisthesubject’sresponsevariable,whichisindependentTheresultofthevariableisthebehavioralvariableobservedormeasuredbythesubject.

Jednokritérium stabilityproměnnézávislé.

Citlivost: stropní efekt, podlahový efekt.

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Typ

Responseindexasadependentvariable:reactionspeed,correctnessofreaction,difficultyofreaction,numberorprobabilityofreaction,intensityofreaction,oralrecord.

Další

Definice:Dalšívariablesarealsocalledirrelevantvariables,whichrefertovariablesthathavenothingtodowiththepurposeoftheresearch.

Inadditiontoindependentvariables,theycanaffecttheexperimentAsaresult,variablesthatneedtobecontrolled.Ithasnothingtodowiththeconditionsandbehaviorsstudied,butaffectstheresponsevariables(behaviororexperimentalresults)

Forexample,itisnecessarytostudythedifferenceinacademicperformanceofmaleandfemalestudentsinthesamecourse

Nezávislá proměnná:gender

Závislá proměnná: akademický výkon

Další proměnné: například, stupeň, úroveň inteligence, původní základ, učitel

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Další proměnné: jako výška, váha, oblečení, účes atd. není třeba brát v úvahu

Nový vývoj

Ekologizace výzkumných myšlenek

WiththeresearchThedeepeningofhumanandsocialneedsarebecomingmoreandmoreurgent.Laboratoryresearchhasincreasinglyrevealedthelimitationsofitsinherentmodel.Psychologicalresearchhasemergedanecologicaltrend,thatis,emphasizingthestudyofindividualsandnatureandsocietyfromreallifeandnaturalsituations.Theinteractionofvariousfactorsintheenvironmentrevealsthelawsofpsychologicaldevelopmentandchange.Thisresearchapproachmakespsychologicalresearchmoreobjective,trueandclosetonature,andimprovestheexternalvalidityandecologicalvalidityoftheresearchresults./p>

Multidisciplinární

Theresearchmethodismulti-scientific,andtheproblemsinvolvedinpsychologyarecomplexandoftenneedtobestudiedfromamulti-disciplinaryperspective.Multi-disciplinaryresearchinpsychologyTherearetwoways,oneisthecollaborationofvariousbranchesofpsychology,andtheotheristhecollaborationofpsychologyandotherdisciplines,suchasphilosophy,neuroscience,pedagogy,andsociology.

Kultura

Theresearchparadigmhascross-culturalcharacteristics.Withthedeepeningofpsychologicalresearchandthedevelopmentoftheories,researcherspaymoreandmoreattentiontothesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthebehavioralperformanceandpsychologicaldevelopmentofindividualsindifferentculturalbackgrounds.,Thatis,whichpsychologicalcharacteristicsareuniversalandwhichpsychologicalcharacteristicsarespecificunderdifferentculturalbackgrounds的等。Cross-culturalresearchisofgreatsignificanceforenrichingtheresearchresultsofpsychology,clarifyingtheinfluencingfactorsandlawsofindividualpsychologicaldevelopmentandthescopeofuse,andhasbecomeanewparadigmofpsychologicalresearch.

Integrace

Thecomprehensivetrendofpsychologyresearchmethodsismainlymanifestedin:①Advocatingtheuseofmultiplemethodstostudyandexplorepsychologicalphenomenaandtheirlaws,inordertocomparetheresultsobtainedfromdifferentmethodsTheresultsarecompared,supplementedandverified;②emphasizesandusesalargenumberofmultivariatedesignstorevealtheinterrelationshipsofvariousaspectsofmentalactivities;③emphasizestheuseofcomprehensivedesignmethods,suchasaggregatedcrossoverdesignwiththeadvantagesofbothverticalandhorizontaldesigns;④Focusoncombiningqualitativeandquantitativeresearchmethods.

Modernizace

Themodernizationofresearchmethods,alongwiththerapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,inpsychologyresearch,audio,video,video,photographicequipmentandvariousspecializedresearchinstruments,Tools(suchassportshouses,visualcliffdevices,signalgenerators,facialemotionchangetesters,motionanalyzers,automaticrecorders,analyzers,eyetrackers,etc.)havebeenwidelyused,andabatchofmodernobservationroomsandexperimentsChamberswereestablishedoneafteranother.Amongthem,thelarge-scaleapplicationofcomputertechnologyindataprocessing,experimentalcontrol,andpsychologicalprocesssimulationinpsychologicalresearchisthemostprominentmanifestationofthemodernizationofresearchmethods.

Kvantifikace

Thedevelopmentofcontemporaryscienceandtechnologyandmathematicshasacceleratedthetrendofquantificationinpsychologyresearch,whichisshowninthefollowing:①Increasinguseofmultivariateanalysismethodsinresearch②Computersandrelatedsoftwarehavebecomethemostimportantcalculationtools;③Inthefieldoftraditionalqualitativemethods,quantitativemethodssuchas"meta-analysis"havebeguntobeadopted;④Fuzzymathematicsisincreasinglybeingusedinpsychologicalresearch.

Význam zrození

Stát se vědou

odkazuje na obrat psychologie do vědy.

DiscoursesandresearchonhumanpsychologycanbetracedbacktoGreekphilosophicalworks,someofwhicharequitespecific.Butnomatterhowelaborateorrigoroustheyare,themethodtheyuseisamethodofintrospection.Theresultisliketwochildrenarguing,noonecanpersuadeeachother.Moreover,thepsychologicalthoughtsatthattimewereconceivedinphilosophicalthoughts.Wemightaswellcallthem"psychologyinaneasychair",whichmeansthatpsychologythoughtsatthattimewereproducedbyphilosopherssittinginaneasychairthinkinghard.Thestatelasteduntilthemid-19thcentury.

Kant,thefounderofGermanclassicalphilosophy,onceassertedthatpsychologycannotbecomeascience.Thisiscertainlyaviewofhisagnosticism,buthisjudgmentisnotbaseless.Becausepsychologyorconsciousnessisinvisibleandintangible,italsohasgreatindividualdifferences,groupdifferences,andmultipledimensionsandlevels.Taketheissueofmindandbody,forexample.Sinceancienttimes,therehavebeentheoriesofmind-bodyparallelismandmind-bodysympathy.Theorieshavedebatedeachother.Eveniftheoutcomeisdetermined,noonehasthoughtofexperimentingtoprovetheirviews.

Herbartwasthefirstpersontodeclarethatpsychologyisanindependentscience,andhewrotethepsychologybook"PsychologyTextbook",buthedidnotuseexperimentalmethodsasamethodofstudyingpsychology.Hehimselfthinksthatnoexperimentalmethodisneeded;GermanbiologistHaoLeonceproposedtouseexperimentalmethodtostudyscience.Later,Weber,Fechnerandothersusedexperimentalmethodtoconductsomeexperimentsonphysiologicalandpsychologicalresearch.AlthoughFechnerproposedpsychophysics,hehadnointentionofestablishinganewtypeofpsychology.Therefore,theyhavefailedtomakepsychologyscientific.

Oneoftheimportantcharacteristicsthatdistinguishessciencefromphilosophyisitsrigorousempiricalnature.Thereasonwhyascienceisrecognizedbypeopleisthatitcanbeprovedtobecorrectinfrontofpeople.Inordertoprovethecorrectnessofadoctrine,moresystematicandpreciseexperimentsmustbecarriedout.Ifpsychologyistobreakfreefromthe"easychair"philosophicallogic,itmusthaveempiricalscientificcharacteristics.ThefamousexperimentalpsychologicalhistorianE.G.Paulinwrote:"Theapplicationofexperimentalmethodstopsychologicalproblemsisanunparalleledgreateventinthehistoryofpsychologicalresearch."BeforeWundt,thosewhowereengagedinphysiologicalresearchbegantotryexperimentalmethods,suchasMiller,Weber,Fechner,etc.,andtheirresearchresultswereinheritedbyWundt.WhenWundtwasaprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofZurichin1874,hebegantostudypsychologyandphilosophy.In1875WundtwenttotheUniversityofLeipzigtoteachandengageinpsychologyresearch.SinceWundtcreatedthefirstpsychologicallaboratory,thetwowords"scientific"and"experimental"havebecomethecoremeaningof"psychology".Therefore,fromthisperspective,oneofthegreatsignificanceofWundt'screationofexperimentalpsychologyistoturnpsychologyintoanempiricalscience.

Onthesurface,itseemsthatthegodoffatefavorsWundt,makinghimthefounderofpsychologicalscience.BecauseHerbartfirstproposedthatpsychologyisanindependentscience,Höllerproposedtouseexperimentalmethodstostudylifeprocesses,Fechnerproposedpsychophysics,andWundtjustestablishedapsychologicallaboratory.ButitisnotthatWundt’sluckisgood,butonlyWundtsatisfiesthenecessaryconditionsforbeingthefounderofscientificpsychology-empiricalresearchmethods,clearcreativemotives,andresearchactivities.TheseconditionsarepreciselynotHerbartandsoon.Whatpeoplehaveatthesametime.

Metodologie

Význam metodiky narození:

Themethodologycurrentlyspokenhasthreelevels:generalphilosophicalmethodology,generalscientificmethodology,andspecificresearchMetodologie.InWundt'sera,thethreelevelsofmethodologyhavenotyetdifferentiated,andthethreelevelsareoftenmixedtogether,buttheyalreadyhavetheembryonicformofmodernmethodology.

Wundtwasinfluencedbyempiricistphilosophyanddeniedtheoldconceptof"soul"inphilosophicalpsychology.Hebelievedthatpsychologywasascienceofdirectexperience;ontheotherhand,hewasinfluencedbyelementalismatthetime.Influence,itisbelievedthathumanpsychologycanbebrokendownintothemostbasicelements,andpeople’spsychologycanbeunderstoodbyanalyzingthesebasicelements.Itisworthmentioningonceagainthatalthoughhedeniespositivism,heisinevitablyaffectedbypositivism,andpositivismrunsthroughhisresearchactivities.Therefore,empiricism,elementalism,andpositivismconstitutethephilosophicalmethodologyofWundt'sexperimentalpsychology.

Undertheconsciousandunconsciousguidanceofthesephilosophicalviews,Wundtadoptedtwopsychologicalmethods:oneisintrospection;theotherispsychologicalproductanalysis.IntrospectionisnotWundt’sowncreation,buttheoldestmethodinphilosophicalpsychology.Thisisamethodofobservingpsychologicalprocessesunderstrictlycontrolledmaterialconditionsinthelaboratory,whichisverysimilartotheobservationofbiologicalstructuresinabiologicallaboratorywithamicroscope.Wundtusesthis"microscope"toconductpreciseandsystematicself-observationtostudysimplepsychologicalphenomenasuchasfeeling,perception,attention,reactiontime,andassociation.ItcanbeseenthatWundt'smethodofintrospectionisanempiricaltransformationofancientphilosophicalthinkingmethods.Althoughthemethodisnowbackwardandhasnoapplicationvalue,itsobservationisnolongeran"easychair"typeofspeculativelogicalobservation,butaninstrumentalandsystematicempiricalobservation.PsychologicalproductanalysismethodisinspiredbyHerbartandothers.Byclassifyingandcomparinglanguageandotherculturalproducts,Wundttriestofindamethodofsocialpsychology.

AlthoughthesetwomethodswerenotcreatedbyWundthimself,Wundtdeliberatelyintroducedthesetwomethods,especiallyexperimentalmethods,intopsychologicalresearch,whichmakespsychologytrulyascience.ThepsychologicalhistorianD.Schultzoncesaid:"Theimportantdifferencebetweenmodernpsychologyanditspioneersofwisdomliesnotinthetypesofquestionsasked,butinthemethodsusedtoexploretheanswers."Asmentionedearlier,beforeWundtproposedthecreationofindependentpsychology,Herbarthaddeclaredforthefirsttimethatpsychologywasanindependentscience,butitwasunsuccessful.However,itcanbesaidthattheintroductionofexperimentalmethodsintopsychologicalresearchispsychology.Abreakthroughinresearchmethods.

Wundt’sexperimentalmethodisanintrospectiveexperimentalmethod,withconsiderabletracesofphilosophicalspeculation.ItwasemphasizedtotheextremebyhisdiscipleTiechenna,whileWatson’sbehaviorismcompletelyabandonedspeculation.Evenwiththeoreticalguidance,bothhavegonetoextremes.Therearetwomodernexperimentalmethods:oneisthenaturalexperimentalmethod,whichdoesnotrequirestrictvariablecontrol;theotheristhelaboratoryexperimentalmethod,whichrequiresstrictcontrolofvariousvariablesandcompliancewithoperatingproceduresinthelaboratory.Thegeneralexperimentalpsychologyworksmainlyfocusonthelaboratoryexperimentmethod.Withthedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologyandmodernstatisticalmethodsforconductingexperimentsandanalyzingexperiments,suchasmulti-factoranalysis,itisincreasinglyusedinthedesign,implementation,statistics,andanalysisofexperiments.Theapplicationofthesetechnologiesandmethodsisalsoamanifestationoftheempiricalspirit.

Vývojový význam

SinceWundtfoundedthefirstpsychologylaboratory,psychologyhasdevelopedatanunprecedentedspeed.In1883,only4yearsafterWundtfoundedthelaboratory,HauerestablishedthefirstAmericanpsychologylaboratoryintheUnitedStates;from1888to1895,thetrendofestablishingpsychologylaboratoriesintheUnitedStatesemergedthroughouttheUnitedStates..Fromtheendofthe19thcenturytothebeginningofthe20thcentury,variousschoolsofthoughtappeared,andallkindsofpsychologyweresurging,suchasWundt’sdiscipleTiechenner’sConstructivistPsychologySchool,Brentano’sMotivePsychologySchool,andFreud’sPsychoanalysisSchool,Watson’sBehaviorismSchool,etc.

Variousschoolsofpsychologyhavedifferentviewsandopinions,butmostschoolsofpsychologyattachimportancetoempiricalevidenceandprovideabasisfortheirviewsfromvariousperspectives.Constructivistpsychologyandfunctionalpsychologybothuselaboratoryexperimentmethodstostudythesensation,attention,perception,etc.relatedtophysiologicalpsychology,buttheyemphasizethestudyofpsychologicalstructureandpsychologicalfunctionrespectively.ThemethodofintrospectionwasemphasizedbyTichennatoanimproperdegree,whiletheexperimentalruleswereemphasizedandextendedbyWatson,andevenextendedtoequatehumanpsychologywithanimals,denyimplicitpsychologicalactivities,andstudytherelationshipbetweenanimalsandhumans.Behaviortounderstandpeople’spsychology.Watson’sbehaviorismopenedupanewfieldofresearchinpsychology,andatthesametimeledtoextremesintheobjectsandmethodsofpsychologicalresearch;Freud’spsychoanalytictheorywasalsosummedupinhislong-termmedicalpractice.Althoughrigorousexperimentalverificationisnotused,ithashisownsubjectiveassumptions.However,Freudhimselfisapositivist.Hebelievesthateverythinghasareasonandtriestofindvaluablecluesintheanalysisofdreams.Thusestablishedthetheoryofpsychoanalysis.

ThepositivismusedbyWundtunconsciouslyisempiricalpositivism.Withthein-depthdevelopmentofphilosophy,thetrendofphilosophicalthoughthasgraduallytransitionedtologicalpositivismrepresentedbytheViennaSchool,andlaterdevelopedtostructuralistphilosophy.Inaddition,theriseofhistoricismphilosophyhashadanimportantimpactonpsychologicalscience;ontheotherhand,theprogressofscienceandtechnology,theappearanceofcomputers,andtheentryofhumansocietyintotheinformationagealsohavedifferentinfluencesontheresearchofpsychology.Behaviorismhasbeensublatedduetoitsoverlyone-sidedresearchmethodsandobjects;Newbehaviorisminheritsbehaviorism,butithasnopowertorecover,anditdevelopsinthecognitivedirection;theemergenceofinformationtheoryandcomputershavefinallymadecognitivepsychologyEstablished.Regardlessofhowthevariousschoolsofthoughtopposeeachother,positivismhasneverbeenrejected.Eventhehumanisticpsychology,whichhastheleastempiricalspirit,isnotonlyproducedinhumanisticphilosophy,butistheresultofalotofinvestigationwork.

Fromtheabovebriefreviewofthedevelopmentofpsychologicalscience,itcanbefoundthatexperimentalmethodhasalwaysbeenasymbolofempiricalspiritandhasanimportantbasicroleinpsychologicalscience.Mostschoolsofpsychology,regardlessoftheirviews,useexperimentalmethods(includingbroadexperimentalmethodsandnarrowexperimentalmethods)astoolstoprovetheirviews.Tothisday,theexperimentalmethodisstillanindispensablemethodinthemethodsofpsychologicalscienceresearch.

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