Определение
Experimentalpsychologycanbedividedintobroadandnarrowsense.Inabroadsense,experimentalpsychologyisapsychologicalsystemrelativetothehumanisticorientation,alsocalledscientificpsychology.Inanarrowsense,experimentalpsychologyisasciencethatstudiesthebasictheoriesandbasictechniquesofpsychologicalexperimentsandintroducesexperimentalresearchresultsinvariousbranchesofpsychology.
История на развитието
Етап на философски спекулации
Beforethe19thcentury,mostoftheproblemsofpsychologywerediscussedinthefieldofphilosophy,usingspeculationandempiricalgeneralizationMethods.Atthattime,therewasabeliefthatexperimentalmethodswerenotapplicabletothestudyofpsychologicalphenomena.AftertheRenaissance,thematerialistphilosophicaltrendandthedevelopmentofnaturalsciencethatappearedinEuropegavebirthtothebirthofexperimentalpsychologyattheendofthe19thcentury.
TheformeristhematerialistempiricisminitiatedbyLocke,Hartley’sassociationismandthemechanicalmaterialismofLametrietal.;thelatteristhephysiologicalresearchonnerveconductionandthepositioningofbrainfunction.Thecontroversyandtheestablishmentofthetheoryofspecialnerveenergy,thetheoryofevolutioninbiology,theatomtheoryinchemistry,andtheestablishmentofvariouslaboratoriesinuniversities.
Етап на експериментално приложение
Althoughin1834Webermadethedeterminationofthetwo-pointthresholdandtheweightdifferencethreshold,in1860Fechnerproposedinthe"OutlineofPsychophysics"Theuniqueresearchmethodofpsychology—psychophysicalmethod.In1875,JamesestablishedapsychologylaboratoryfordemonstrationatHarvardUniversityintheUnitedStates.However,becauseВундorganizedandadvocatedtheuseofexperimentalmethodstostudypsychology,soPeoplestillregardhimasthefirstresearchpsychologylaboratoryestablishedattheUniversityofLeipziginGermanyin1879,aspsychologydifferentiatedfromphilosophyandbecameasymbolofanindependentdiscipline,andВундiscalledthefounderofexperimentalpsychology.
ВундandhisstudentTichennerbelievethatpsychologyshouldstudythedirectexperienceofpeople,andwhatpsychologyshouldseekishowtodecomposeconsciousnessintothesimplestandmostbasicelements.Inordertoachievethisgoal,theirpsychologicalexperimentistouseintrospectionundercontrolledconditionstoanalyzethecontentofconsciousnessintopsychologicalelementsbasedondirectexperience.
Theyadvocatethatapersoncanonlybeasubjectafterrigoroustraining.Whatthesubjectswantedtodescribewasthestateofconsciousnesscausedbythestimulusratherthanthestimulusitself,otherwiseitwouldbea"stimuluserror".Theybelievethatallfeelingshavethefollowingbasiccharacteristics:quality,intensity,extensibility,continuity,andclarity.Inordertoensureclearexperienceandaccuratereports,experimentsmustbecarriedout,becauseexperimentsarenotonlycarriedoutundercontrolledconditions,butcanalsoberepeated.Themoretheexperimentisrepeated,theclearertheexperienceandthemoreaccuratethedescriptionoftheexperience.
Butwhenthementalprocessisgoingon,tryingtoreportchangesinconsciousnesswillinterferewiththestateofconsciousnessatthetime.Inordertoovercomethisdifficultyofintrospection,themethodofrecallisoftenused.Onlythesubjectswhohavedevelopedthehabitofintrospectioncanmemorizeormakenoteswhileobservingwithoutdisturbinghisconsciousness.Вундalsobelievesthatexperimentalmethodsareonlysuitableforstudyingbasicpsychologicalprocesses,suchasfeelingsandassociations.Forhigh-levelpsychologicalprocesses,suchasmemory,thinking,socialpsychology,andpersonality,theycanonlybeexploredbyobservationorbystudyingthehistoryofhumannature,forwhichhewrote"NationalPsychology".
Развитие на експерименталната психология
Вунд
AlthoughexperimentalpsychologystartedinGermany,GermanpsychologicalexperimentsarenotIt'salldoneinВунд'sway.AfterВундpointedoutthatadvancedmentalprocessescannotbestudiedexperimentally,Ebbinghausfirststudiedlearningandmemoryproblemswithexperimentalmethods.Hecreatedmeaninglesssyllables,usedmeaninglesssyllablesasexperimentalmaterials,andusedthemethodofsavingtochecktheamountofstorageatdifferentintervalsaftermemorization.Thisnotonlyexpandedtheresearchscopeofexperimentalpsychology,butalsochangedВунд'straditionalpsychologicalexperimentmethodofanalyzingthecontentofconsciousness.Inaddition,Вунд’sstudentKülpwasinspiredbyEbbinghaus’sexperimentalmethodofstudyingmemory,sohebelievedthatthethoughtprocesscouldalsobestudiedexperimentally.Buthedidnotgetridofthemethodofintrospection,buthismethodofintrospectionwasdifferentfromВунд's.Heaskedthesubjectstocompleteataskfirst,andthenreviewtheexperiencegainedduringthecompletionofthetask.Participantsdidn'tknowwhattoobserveinadvance,onlyknewthattheyhadtoworkhardtocompletetheassignedtasks.Forexample,lettheparticipantsolveaproblem,andthenlethimstatehowtothinkstepbystepandhowtosolvetheproblem.Throughexperiments,hefoundthatnotallexperienceiscomposedofsensoryimages.Thinkingcanoccurwithoutanysensoryorimagecontent,thusestablishingtheWürzburgschoolofnon-imagethinking.
ThunderkandPavlov
InDarwin’s"ManandAnimalAfterthepublicationof"ExpressionofLove",althoughRomanesandMorganbothconductedresearchonanimalpsychology,mostoftheirobservationswereconductedundernaturalconditions.ItwasonlyinThorndikethatthestudyofanimallearningwascarriedoutunderstrictlycontrolledconditions.Thorndikecreatedtheexperimentalmethodofconnectionism.
Hisearlyexperimentswereconductedwithpuzzleboxes,andthesubjectswerecats.Heputthehungrycatinaslattedpuzzlebox,andputthefoodoutsidethepuzzleboxwherethecatcouldseeandsmell.Inordertoopenthedoorofthepuzzleboxtoeatfood,thecatmustpulltheappropriatelatch.Atthebeginning,thecattouchedandscratched,untilhehappenedtomaketherightresponseandopenedthedoortoeatthefood.Aftermanyattempts,thewrongresponsegraduallydecreased,andthetimerequiredtoopenthedoorgraduallyshortened,untilthecatwasputintothepuzzleboxandthecorrectresponsewasimmediatelymade,andthelearningwascompleted.ThislearningprocessthatconnectsreactionsandsituationsisThorndike’slawofeffect,whichThorndikecalls"trialandaccidentalsuccessfullearning",andissometimescalled"trialanderror"learninginpsychologybooks.
Pavlov’sexperimentalmethodofconditioningandThorndike’sexperimentalmethodoftrial-and-errorlearningwereestablishedalmostsimultaneously.Atypicalconditionedreflexexperimentistocombineastimulus(suchaslight)thathasnothingtodowithcausingacertainreaction(suchassalivation)withastimulus(suchasfood)thatcancausetheresponse.Iftheanimalsecretessalivaatthesightofthelight,thenTheconditionedreflexisformed.
ThunderkandPavlovbothdevelopedexperimentalmethodsaboutanimallearning,andtheybothlinkedspecificsituationswithspecificreactions.ThedifferenceisthatinPavlov’sexperiment,thesceneassociatedwithacertainreactionwaspresentedbythesubject,whilethesceneintheThorndikeexperimentwasdiscoveredbyaccident.Theformercanbesaidtobetheclassicalconditioningmethod,whilethelatteristhepioneerofthetooloroperatingconditioningmethod.Inthepast,itwasbelievedthatclassicalconditioningwaslimitedtothestudyofreflexresponsescontrolledbytheautonomicnervoussystem,whileinstrumentalconditioningonlystudiedtherandomresponsesassociatedwithskeletalmuscles.However,throughfeedback,Millerandotherssuccessfullytrainedthesubjectstocontroltheirownheartrate,intestinalcontractionandrelaxation,andtherhythmofbrainelectricity,andsoon.
Уотсън
Уотсънbelievesthatpsychologyisabranchofnaturalscience;whatpsychologystudiesisnotconsciousness,butthebehaviorofhumansandanimals;Thepurposeofstudyingpsychologyistopredictbehavior,findouttherulesofbehaviorandcontrolbehavior.Whathestudiesinthelaboratoryissomethingthatcanbeobjectivelyobserved.Hedoesnotrequirehumansubjectstoobservetheirownconsciousexperience.Instead,thetestersetstheexperimentalconditionsandobservesthesubjects'responsesundertheseconditions.Hedenieshumaninstinctandbelievesthatallactionsareconditionedresponsesformedinsociety.Therefore,theconditionedreflexmethodhasbecomethemostimportantmethodforhimtoconductpsychologicalexperiments.
Thetraditionalviewholdsthatthethinkingprocessthatoccursinthemindisdifficulttoobserveandexperiment.Уотсънseesthinkingasinternalspeechmovement,andobservesthethinkingprocessbyrecordingthemovementofthethroatandtongueofnormalpeopleandthemovementofhandsandfingersofdeaf-mutepeople.Althoughheopposesintrospection,hedoesnotabandonverbalreports,thinkingthatthisisalsoanobjectivebehavior.Inshort,hisexperimentalmethodistoobservetheresponsesofsubjectsundercontrolledconditionsandattempttodecomposecomplexbehaviorsinto"stimulus-response"units.Atthispoint,hehasnotgotridofthestereotypesofconstructivistelementalism.
Вертхаймер
Вертхаймерetal.proposedthatperceptionisnotthesumofsensoryelementsbutAunifiedoverallview.ThisisthecoreofGestaltpsychology.Theconceptofgestaltisnotonlyappliedtosensoryexperience,butcanalsobeappliedtoprocessessuchaslearning,memory,andthinking.Inshort,thewholeisnotdeterminedbyindividualelements,butthepartisdeterminedbytheinherentnatureofthewhole.Forexample,atunecomposedofsixtones,undercertainconditions,canberecognizedasthistunebychangingtheothersixtones.Inotherwords,werecognizethebasisofthattune,thereismorethanthesumofthesixtones,andthatistherelationshipbetweenthetones.Aslongasthisrelationshipremainsthesame,theoriginaltunecanberecognized.Forthisreason,theexperimentalmethodoftheGestaltschoolistotrytodiscoverthestructuralprinciplesofperceptionunderthecircumstancessetbythesubject.
Експериментални методи
Psychologymainlystudieshumanbehaviorindifferentsituations.Usually,humanparticipantsarerequiredtodocertaintasksinexperiments.Since1990,theapplicationofvariouscomputersoftwarehaschangedthepresentationofexperimentsandreducedexperimentalerrors.Inadditiontomeasuringthereactiontimeanderrorrate,theexperimentcanalsouseinvestigationandobservationmethodsbefore,during,andaftertheexperiment.
Лабораторни експерименти
Laboratoryexperimentsarecontrolledobservationsinthepsychologicallaboratoryusinginstrumentsandequipment.Itcanprovideaccurateexperimentalresultsandisoftenusedinthestudyofperception,memory,thinking,movementandphysiologicalmechanisms.
Humanbehaviorandconsciousnessareextremelycomplicated.Togetthecorrectresults,youmustchooseanappropriateexperimentaldesign.
Intheexperiment,itisnecessarytocontroltheadditionalvariables,reducetheexperimenter'sbias,balancetheexperimentsequence,selecttheappropriatesample,determinetheappropriateoperationdefinition,andselecttheappropriatestatisticalanalysismethod(veryimportant).
Други методи
Inadditiontolaboratoryexperiments,therearecasemethod,observationmethod,interviewmethod,investigationmethod,andnaturalexperimentmethod.
Psychologyisahighlyempiricalscience.Thecharacteristicsandlawsofthesubjects’psychologycanonlybeanalyzedandsynthesizedfromthecollectedactualmaterials,andcannotbeusedforgrantedbytheresearcher.Therefore,everyonewhostudiespsychologymustlearntouseresearchmethodscorrectly.Psychologicalphenomenaarecomplicated.Whichmethodtousedependsontheresearchobject,researchconditions,andresearchpurpose.Sometimesittakesseveralmethodstocollectvariousdata.
Variousresearchmethodsofpsychologyaredirectmeansofcollectingperceptualmaterials,withthepurposeofanalyzingandinducingregularthingsfromthem.Therefore,everypersonwhostudiespsychologymustalsousematerialistdialecticstomakeacomprehensive,profound,andinterconnectedrationalanalysisofperceptualmaterialstopreventone-sided,isolated,andstaticstudyofpsychologicalphenomena.
Статистика
TheapplicationofstatisticalmethodsinpsychologybeganwithGalton'sresearchonindividualdifferences.Later,Thurstonandothersdevelopedfactoranalysis.Butstatisticalmethodshavealwaysbeenlinkedtopsychologicaltests.Psychologicaltestsbasicallybelongtothecategoryofnaturalexperiments,whicharedifferentfromthenarrowexperimentalmethodsdiscussedhere.TheapplicationofstatisticalmethodstothedesignofpsychologicalexperimentsisinseparablefromFisher'swork.Fisherdevelopedthemethodofanalysisofvarianceandtheuseofsmallsamples,andproposedtheconceptofnullhypothesisandinferentialstatistics.
Hismethodwasfirstappliedtotheexperimentaldesignofbiologyandagriculture,andthenitwasextendedtothedesignofpsychologicalexperiments.Sincethen,theclassicaldesignmethodofcontrollingotherfactorstochangeonlyoneindependentvariableinpsychologicalexperimentshasbeenadvancedonestepforward,andthemulti-factordesignmethodofchangingseveralindependentvariablesatthesametimehasbeenapplied,andinformationontheinteractionbetweenvariousfactorscanbeobtained..
Withthedevelopmentofelectronicsandengineeringtechnology,theexperimentaldevicesandmeasuringinstrumentsofpsychologyhavebecomemoreandmoresophisticated,sothattheobjectivityandaccuracyofpsychologicalexperimentalresearchhavebeenimproved,andgraduallygetridofTheinfluenceandconstraintsofdifferentpsychologicalschoolsonexperimentalmethodsarediscussed.Throughcooperationwithengineering,experimentalpsychologyisappliedtothehuman-machinesystem,sothatthedesignedmachinecanbemoreinlinewiththestructureandfunctionofthehumanbody,therebyreducinglaborintensityandimprovingworkefficiency.
Becauseofthefurtherapplicationofmathematicstopsychology,aftermakingquantitativeassumptionsabouthumanbehaviorthroughexperiments,mathematicalmodelscanbemade,suchasmathematicalmodelsthatpredictlearningbasedonprobabilitytheory,andexperimentsonbackwardchildrenThemathematicaltheoryofattentiondevelopedbytheresearchinstitute,etc.
Thedevelopmentofcyberneticsandthewidespreaduseofcomputershavenotonlyenabledthedataofpsychologicalexperimentstobeprocessedinashortperiodoftime,butalsoprovidedconveniencefortheautomaticcontrolofthepresentationofstimuliandtherecordingofresponses,whichisusefulforsimulatingcomplexPsychologicalprocessopenedupnewways,andthendevelopedbehavioralinformationprocessingtheoryandcognitivepsychology,andgavenewexplanationstolearningandmemory.
Today,withthedevelopmentofpsychology,theissueofdebateisnolongerwhethertheexperimentalmethodisapplicabletotheresearchofpsychology,buthowtomaketheexperimentalmethodofpsychologymoreperfect,howtousethefindingsinthelaboratoryPsychologicallawstosolvepracticalproblems.
Предимства
Предимства
Предимстваofexperimentalpsychology:Themainadvantageisthatitcanbettercontroladditionalvariables.Anotheradvantageiseconomy.
Характеристика
Три характеристики на експеримента: случайност, повторяемост (или възможност за проверка) и систематичен контрол.
Променлива
Себевариация
Определение:Thevariablemanipulatedbytheexperimenterintheexperimentthataffectstheparticipant’sresponse.(Променливаsselectedandcontrolledbythesubjectdeterminethechangesinpsychologyorbehavior.
Forexample,thebrightnessofthelight,theloudnessofthesound,thetemperatureoftheroom,theamountoffoodtheanimaleats,
Forexample,whenstudyingthereaction,youwanttounderstandtheimpactofthesoundstrengthonthereactiontime.Thenthesoundstrengthbecomestheindependentvariable.
Тип:Assignmentindependentvariable:Environmentalindependentvariable,subjectfromПроменливаs,relatedvariables,independentvariables.
Зависима променлива
Определение:Thephenomenonchangeorresultcausedbythechangeoftheindependentvariable.Thedependentvariableisthesubject’sresponsevariable,whichisindependentTheresultofthevariableisthebehavioralvariableobservedormeasuredbythesubject.
Един критерий на зависимата променлива е стабилността.
Чувствителност: ефект на тавана, ефект на пода.
>Тип
Responseindexasadependentvariable:reactionspeed,correctnessofreaction,difficultyofreaction,numberorprobabilityofreaction,intensityofreaction,oralrecord.
Екстра
Определение:Екстраvariablesarealsocalledirrelevantvariables,whichrefertovariablesthathavenothingtodowiththepurposeoftheresearch.
Inadditiontoindependentvariables,theycanaffecttheexperimentAsaresult,variablesthatneedtobecontrolled.Ithasnothingtodowiththeconditionsandbehaviorsstudied,butaffectstheresponsevariables(behaviororexperimentalresults)
Forexample,itisnecessarytostudythedifferenceinacademicperformanceofmaleandfemalestudentsinthesamecourse
Независима променлива: пол
Зависима променлива: академично представяне
Допълнителни променливи: такъв възраст, клас, ниво на интелигентност, първоначална основа, учител
>Други променливи: височина, тегло, облекло, прическа и т.н. не е необходимо да се вземат предвид
Ново развитие
Екологизирането на изследователските идеи
WiththeresearchThedeepeningofhumanandsocialneedsarebecomingmoreandmoreurgent.Laboratoryresearchhasincreasinglyrevealedthelimitationsofitsinherentmodel.Psychologicalresearchhasemergedanecologicaltrend,thatis,emphasizingthestudyofindividualsandnatureandsocietyfromreallifeandnaturalsituations.Theinteractionofvariousfactorsintheenvironmentrevealsthelawsofpsychologicaldevelopmentandchange.Thisresearchapproachmakespsychologicalresearchmoreobjective,trueandclosetonature,andimprovestheexternalvalidityandecologicalvalidityoftheresearchresults./p>
Мултидисциплинарен
Theresearchmethodismulti-scientific,andtheproblemsinvolvedinpsychologyarecomplexandoftenneedtobestudiedfromamulti-disciplinaryperspective.Multi-disciplinaryresearchinpsychologyTherearetwoways,oneisthecollaborationofvariousbranchesofpsychology,andtheotheristhecollaborationofpsychologyandotherdisciplines,suchasphilosophy,neuroscience,pedagogy,andsociology.
култура
Theresearchparadigmhascross-culturalcharacteristics.Withthedeepeningofpsychologicalresearchandthedevelopmentoftheories,researcherspaymoreandmoreattentiontothesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthebehavioralperformanceandpsychologicaldevelopmentofindividualsindifferentculturalbackgrounds.,Thatis,whichpsychologicalcharacteristicsareuniversalandwhichpsychologicalcharacteristicsarespecificunderdifferentculturalbackgrounds的等。Cross-culturalresearchisofgreatsignificanceforenrichingtheresearchresultsofpsychology,clarifyingtheinfluencingfactorsandlawsofindividualpsychologicaldevelopmentandthescopeofuse,andhasbecomeanewparadigmofpsychologicalresearch.
Интеграция
Thecomprehensivetrendofpsychologyresearchmethodsismainlymanifestedin:①Advocatingtheuseofmultiplemethodstostudyandexplorepsychologicalphenomenaandtheirlaws,inordertocomparetheresultsobtainedfromdifferentmethodsTheresultsarecompared,supplementedandverified;②emphasizesandusesalargenumberofmultivariatedesignstorevealtheinterrelationshipsofvariousaspectsofmentalactivities;③emphasizestheuseofcomprehensivedesignmethods,suchasaggregatedcrossoverdesignwiththeadvantagesofbothverticalandhorizontaldesigns;④Focusoncombiningqualitativeandquantitativeresearchmethods.
Модернизация
Themodernizationofresearchmethods,alongwiththerapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,inpsychologyresearch,audio,video,video,photographicequipmentandvariousspecializedresearchinstruments,Tools(suchassportshouses,visualcliffdevices,signalgenerators,facialemotionchangetesters,motionanalyzers,automaticrecorders,analyzers,eyetrackers,etc.)havebeenwidelyused,andabatchofmodernobservationroomsandexperimentsChamberswereestablishedoneafteranother.Amongthem,thelarge-scaleapplicationofcomputertechnologyindataprocessing,experimentalcontrol,andpsychologicalprocesssimulationinpsychologicalresearchisthemostprominentmanifestationofthemodernizationofresearchmethods.
Количествено определяне
Thedevelopmentofcontemporaryscienceandtechnologyandmathematicshasacceleratedthetrendofquantificationinpsychologyresearch,whichisshowninthefollowing:①Increasinguseofmultivariateanalysismethodsinresearch②Computersandrelatedsoftwarehavebecomethemostimportantcalculationtools;③Inthefieldoftraditionalqualitativemethods,quantitativemethodssuchas"meta-analysis"havebeguntobeadopted;④Fuzzymathematicsisincreasinglybeingusedinpsychologicalresearch.
Значението на раждането
Becomingscience
се отнася до превръщането на психологията в наука.
DiscoursesandresearchonhumanpsychologycanbetracedbacktoGreekphilosophicalworks,someofwhicharequitespecific.Butnomatterhowelaborateorrigoroustheyare,themethodtheyuseisamethodofintrospection.Theresultisliketwochildrenarguing,noonecanpersuadeeachother.Moreover,thepsychologicalthoughtsatthattimewereconceivedinphilosophicalthoughts.Wemightaswellcallthem"psychologyinaneasychair",whichmeansthatpsychologythoughtsatthattimewereproducedbyphilosopherssittinginaneasychairthinkinghard.Thestatelasteduntilthemid-19thcentury.
Kant,thefounderofGermanclassicalphilosophy,onceassertedthatpsychologycannotbecomeascience.Thisiscertainlyaviewofhisagnosticism,buthisjudgmentisnotbaseless.Becausepsychologyorconsciousnessisinvisibleandintangible,italsohasgreatindividualdifferences,groupdifferences,andmultipledimensionsandlevels.Taketheissueofmindandbody,forexample.Sinceancienttimes,therehavebeentheoriesofmind-bodyparallelismandmind-bodysympathy.Theorieshavedebatedeachother.Eveniftheoutcomeisdetermined,noonehasthoughtofexperimentingtoprovetheirviews.
Herbartwasthefirstpersontodeclarethatpsychologyisanindependentscience,andhewrotethepsychologybook"PsychologyTextbook",buthedidnotuseexperimentalmethodsasamethodofstudyingpsychology.Hehimselfthinksthatnoexperimentalmethodisneeded;GermanbiologistHaoLeonceproposedtouseexperimentalmethodtostudyscience.Later,Weber,Fechnerandothersusedexperimentalmethodtoconductsomeexperimentsonphysiologicalandpsychologicalresearch.AlthoughFechnerproposedpsychophysics,hehadnointentionofestablishinganewtypeofpsychology.Therefore,theyhavefailedtomakepsychologyscientific.
Oneoftheimportantcharacteristicsthatdistinguishessciencefromphilosophyisitsrigorousempiricalnature.Thereasonwhyascienceisrecognizedbypeopleisthatitcanbeprovedtobecorrectinfrontofpeople.Inordertoprovethecorrectnessofadoctrine,moresystematicandpreciseexperimentsmustbecarriedout.Ifpsychologyistobreakfreefromthe"easychair"philosophicallogic,itmusthaveempiricalscientificcharacteristics.ThefamousexperimentalpsychologicalhistorianE.G.Paulinwrote:"Theapplicationofexperimentalmethodstopsychologicalproblemsisanunparalleledgreateventinthehistoryofpsychologicalresearch."BeforeВунд,thosewhowereengagedinphysiologicalresearchbegantotryexperimentalmethods,suchasMiller,Weber,Fechner,etc.,andtheirresearchresultswereinheritedbyВунд.WhenВундwasaprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofZurichin1874,hebegantostudypsychologyandphilosophy.In1875ВундwenttotheUniversityofLeipzigtoteachandengageinpsychologyresearch.SinceВундcreatedthefirstpsychologicallaboratory,thetwowords"scientific"and"experimental"havebecomethecoremeaningof"psychology".Therefore,fromthisperspective,oneofthegreatsignificanceofВунд'screationofexperimentalpsychologyistoturnpsychologyintoanempiricalscience.
Onthesurface,itseemsthatthegodoffatefavorsВунд,makinghimthefounderofpsychologicalscience.BecauseHerbartfirstproposedthatpsychologyisanindependentscience,Höllerproposedtouseexperimentalmethodstostudylifeprocesses,Fechnerproposedpsychophysics,andВундjustestablishedapsychologicallaboratory.ButitisnotthatВунд’sluckisgood,butonlyВундsatisfiesthenecessaryconditionsforbeingthefounderofscientificpsychology-empiricalresearchmethods,clearcreativemotives,andresearchactivities.TheseconditionsarepreciselynotHerbartandsoon.Whatpeoplehaveatthesametime.
Методика
Значението на родената методология:
Themethodologycurrentlyspokenhasthreelevels:generalphilosophicalmethodology,generalscientificmethodology,andspecificresearchМетодика.InВунд'sera,thethreelevelsofmethodologyhavenotyetdifferentiated,andthethreelevelsareoftenmixedtogether,buttheyalreadyhavetheembryonicformofmodernmethodology.
Вундwasinfluencedbyempiricistphilosophyanddeniedtheoldconceptof"soul"inphilosophicalpsychology.Hebelievedthatpsychologywasascienceofdirectexperience;ontheotherhand,hewasinfluencedbyelementalismatthetime.Influence,itisbelievedthathumanpsychologycanbebrokendownintothemostbasicelements,andpeople’spsychologycanbeunderstoodbyanalyzingthesebasicelements.Itisworthmentioningonceagainthatalthoughhedeniespositivism,heisinevitablyaffectedbypositivism,andpositivismrunsthroughhisresearchactivities.Therefore,empiricism,elementalism,andpositivismconstitutethephilosophicalmethodologyofВунд'sexperimentalpsychology.
Undertheconsciousandunconsciousguidanceofthesephilosophicalviews,Вундadoptedtwopsychologicalmethods:oneisintrospection;theotherispsychologicalproductanalysis.IntrospectionisnotВунд’sowncreation,buttheoldestmethodinphilosophicalpsychology.Thisisamethodofobservingpsychologicalprocessesunderstrictlycontrolledmaterialconditionsinthelaboratory,whichisverysimilartotheobservationofbiologicalstructuresinabiologicallaboratorywithamicroscope.Вундusesthis"microscope"toconductpreciseandsystematicself-observationtostudysimplepsychologicalphenomenasuchasfeeling,perception,attention,reactiontime,andassociation.ItcanbeseenthatВунд'smethodofintrospectionisanempiricaltransformationofancientphilosophicalthinkingmethods.Althoughthemethodisnowbackwardandhasnoapplicationvalue,itsobservationisnolongeran"easychair"typeofspeculativelogicalobservation,butaninstrumentalandsystematicempiricalobservation.PsychologicalproductanalysismethodisinspiredbyHerbartandothers.Byclassifyingandcomparinglanguageandotherculturalproducts,Вундtriestofindamethodofsocialpsychology.
AlthoughthesetwomethodswerenotcreatedbyВундhimself,Вундdeliberatelyintroducedthesetwomethods,especiallyexperimentalmethods,intopsychologicalresearch,whichmakespsychologytrulyascience.ThepsychologicalhistorianD.Schultzoncesaid:"Theimportantdifferencebetweenmodernpsychologyanditspioneersofwisdomliesnotinthetypesofquestionsasked,butinthemethodsusedtoexploretheanswers."Asmentionedearlier,beforeВундproposedthecreationofindependentpsychology,Herbarthaddeclaredforthefirsttimethatpsychologywasanindependentscience,butitwasunsuccessful.However,itcanbesaidthattheintroductionofexperimentalmethodsintopsychologicalresearchispsychology.Abreakthroughinresearchmethods.
Вунд’sexperimentalmethodisanintrospectiveexperimentalmethod,withconsiderabletracesofphilosophicalspeculation.ItwasemphasizedtotheextremebyhisdiscipleTiechenna,whileУотсън’sbehaviorismcompletelyabandonedspeculation.Evenwiththeoreticalguidance,bothhavegonetoextremes.Therearetwomodernexperimentalmethods:oneisthenaturalexperimentalmethod,whichdoesnotrequirestrictvariablecontrol;theotheristhelaboratoryexperimentalmethod,whichrequiresstrictcontrolofvariousvariablesandcompliancewithoperatingproceduresinthelaboratory.Thegeneralexperimentalpsychologyworksmainlyfocusonthelaboratoryexperimentmethod.Withthedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologyandmodernstatisticalmethodsforconductingexperimentsandanalyzingexperiments,suchasmulti-factoranalysis,itisincreasinglyusedinthedesign,implementation,statistics,andanalysisofexperiments.Theapplicationofthesetechnologiesandmethodsisalsoamanifestationoftheempiricalspirit.
Значение за развитие
SinceВундfoundedthefirstpsychologylaboratory,psychologyhasdevelopedatanunprecedentedspeed.In1883,only4yearsafterВундfoundedthelaboratory,HauerestablishedthefirstAmericanpsychologylaboratoryintheUnitedStates;from1888to1895,thetrendofestablishingpsychologylaboratoriesintheUnitedStatesemergedthroughouttheUnitedStates..Fromtheendofthe19thcenturytothebeginningofthe20thcentury,variousschoolsofthoughtappeared,andallkindsofpsychologyweresurging,suchasВунд’sdiscipleTiechenner’sConstructivistPsychologySchool,Brentano’sMotivePsychologySchool,andFreud’sPsychoanalysisSchool,Уотсън’sBehaviorismSchool,etc.
Variousschoolsofpsychologyhavedifferentviewsandopinions,butmostschoolsofpsychologyattachimportancetoempiricalevidenceandprovideabasisfortheirviewsfromvariousperspectives.Constructivistpsychologyandfunctionalpsychologybothuselaboratoryexperimentmethodstostudythesensation,attention,perception,etc.relatedtophysiologicalpsychology,buttheyemphasizethestudyofpsychologicalstructureandpsychologicalfunctionrespectively.ThemethodofintrospectionwasemphasizedbyTichennatoanimproperdegree,whiletheexperimentalruleswereemphasizedandextendedbyУотсън,andevenextendedtoequatehumanpsychologywithanimals,denyimplicitpsychologicalactivities,andstudytherelationshipbetweenanimalsandhumans.Behaviortounderstandpeople’spsychology.Уотсън’sbehaviorismopenedupanewfieldofresearchinpsychology,andatthesametimeledtoextremesintheobjectsandmethodsofpsychologicalresearch;Freud’spsychoanalytictheorywasalsosummedupinhislong-termmedicalpractice.Althoughrigorousexperimentalverificationisnotused,ithashisownsubjectiveassumptions.However,Freudhimselfisapositivist.Hebelievesthateverythinghasareasonandtriestofindvaluablecluesintheanalysisofdreams.Thusestablishedthetheoryofpsychoanalysis.
ThepositivismusedbyВундunconsciouslyisempiricalpositivism.Withthein-depthdevelopmentofphilosophy,thetrendofphilosophicalthoughthasgraduallytransitionedtologicalpositivismrepresentedbytheViennaSchool,andlaterdevelopedtostructuralistphilosophy.Inaddition,theriseofhistoricismphilosophyhashadanimportantimpactonpsychologicalscience;ontheotherhand,theprogressofscienceandtechnology,theappearanceofcomputers,andtheentryofhumansocietyintotheinformationagealsohavedifferentinfluencesontheresearchofpsychology.Behaviorismhasbeensublatedduetoitsoverlyone-sidedresearchmethodsandobjects;Newbehaviorisminheritsbehaviorism,butithasnopowertorecover,anditdevelopsinthecognitivedirection;theemergenceofinformationtheoryandcomputershavefinallymadecognitivepsychologyEstablished.Regardlessofhowthevariousschoolsofthoughtopposeeachother,positivismhasneverbeenrejected.Eventhehumanisticpsychology,whichhastheleastempiricalspirit,isnotonlyproducedinhumanisticphilosophy,butistheresultofalotofinvestigationwork.
Fromtheabovebriefreviewofthedevelopmentofpsychologicalscience,itcanbefoundthatexperimentalmethodhasalwaysbeenasymbolofempiricalspiritandhasanimportantbasicroleinpsychologicalscience.Mostschoolsofpsychology,regardlessoftheirviews,useexperimentalmethods(includingbroadexperimentalmethodsandnarrowexperimentalmethods)astoolstoprovetheirviews.Tothisday,theexperimentalmethodisstillanindispensablemethodinthemethodsofpsychologicalscienceresearch.