BiographyFaracters
Dětství
OnMarch31,1596, RenédedescarteswasbornTouraine-la-Sea, Indre-et-loire, Francie.Hecamefromalow-statusaristocraticfamily, ashisfatherjoachimwasemberofTithittanyparliamenTinnenSandalsoajudgeofTheDistrictcourt.
HismotherDiedEftuberculosis Whenhewasmorethanoneyearrold, ahewasalsoinficted, který Madehimfrailandsick.Descarteshadbeensicksincehewasachild, buthisfamily WaswealthysothattheschoollowedhimtoreAdearlyInbed.Doprovodně, HisfatherMerMovaltoanotercountryandRemarried, andleftdescartestohisgrandmotry.SINCETHEN, OtetondsonhaveRelyseeneachther, ButhisfatherhasalwaysProvidedFinancialhelpHathathecanReceiveagooDeducationAndPursueHisownCareerereerereerereerereererereerereerereerereerereererer.Zájem o to, že jsou uvedeny.ItalsodevelovesthehabitoflifeLongContemplationAsdawithDrawnCaracter.Vidění thishatewasquiteafilosofer, HisfateraffectionalyCalledhima „Littlephilosopher“.
In1606or1607,hisfatherhopedthatDescartescouldbecomeatheologianinthefuture,sowhenDescarteswaseightyearsoldhesenthimtothemostfamousaristocraticschoolinEurope—JesusinLaFlecheWillstudyattheRoyalGrandHenryCollege.Inordertotakecareofhisfrailbody,theschoolallowedhimnottoberestrictedbyschoolrules,andhedidnothavetogotoschoolinthemorning,andhecouldreadinbed.Proto hehasdeveragedahabitofbeingquietadGooDathinkingsingsidehewasachild.HestudieDattheschoolFor8years, obdržená tradičníkulturní astulta, a studovaná třída, historie, teologie, filozofie, právo, medicína, matematika, matriticsAndothernaturalsciences.Naučil se matematiku a fyziku, včetně práce Galileo.ButhewasquitedIsAppoindbyshehadlearned, protože vníma, thesubtleargumentsInThextBooksWerencOnlyAmbiguouSoreVendadictorytheorie.TheComfortisMatematika.
NohisanInterestingQuoteaboutthepHilosopherdescartes'StheoryofTestars.Oncedescarteswassitingonthestepsinfrontofhishouse, vzhledem k tomu, že se vyskytují.Apasserbyapproachedhimandasked: „Hej! Smartman, Mayiassk, Howmanystarsareinthesky?“ THEDPLED, „Blázen!..."
Mládí
AftergraduatingIndeCember1616, HefollowedHisher'SwishTobecomealawyeRenteredTheUniversityOfPoitierstudylawandmedicin.HewasinteresterestelAllkindsofnowledge, zejména matematika., AndObtaineranebachelor'sDreeanddiploma.Aftergraduating, descarteshasBeeNuncurseaBouthississiserChoice, AndisdeterMinedToTraveLoveReurope, connceratingonseekingthewisdominhe "bigbookofTheworld".
In1618, DescartesJoinedThearmyofmauritzinnassau, Holland.Nicméně, anarmistimeagreementWassignedbetweenthenetherlandsandspain, sodescartesusedThosfreeTostudymathematics.BěhemhismilitaryServiceandtravelingineurope, HecontinuedTopayAttentionto „GatherlingAllkindsOfnowledge“ a „TothinkaboutAllkindsofThingsheenCounteredeverywherewherewherewhere.„INDESCARTES'stime, Latinwasthelanguageofscholars.HealSoSignedHislatizedName-Renatuscartesius (Renatuscartesius) Onhiswritings, AsWascustomaryatthetime.Protože to thecartesiancoordinateSystemPioneredbysHimiSalsAlledthecartesiancoordinateSystem.
Descartes'terestincombiningMatematikaandphysicscameaboutWHenhewashintutcharmy.
OnNovMer10,1618, hehappenedtobeonheontsidebulletinboardsansawamathematicalquestionAskedInfliMish.ThisArousedhisIsIsInterestandedThePeoplearoundhimTotransLethefleMishLanguagehedid neundunstandintintolatin.THE THE ANANNEXTTOHIMISISAACBEECKMAN, WHOISIESIESTYEARSOLDERTHANHIM.BeckmanhashighatainmentsInMatematikaandphysics, andsoonbecamehismentor.FourMonthslater, Hewrotetobeckman: „YouretheonewhoawakenedMeFromindifference...„AndtoldhimthehadmadefourmajordiscoveriesInMatematika.
ItissaidthatdescArtesHadThReestrangedReamsinonenight.TheFirstdreamWatStscarteswasblownbyastorMaPlacewHerethewindCouldNotblow; theseconddreamwasthegottheKeytoopenthetreasurehofnature; thethirddreamwastHatheatenedThewaytotrueledgenowileledgenowiledles.TheSethReePeculiardsStrethenghendhisconfidesidIncreatinganewtheory.ThisdayWasturningPointIndescartes'tms, andsomescholarssetthisdayadaanthanalytalyticGeometry.
In1621, whendescartesreturtedfromthearmy, itwasthetimeofthefrenchcivilStrife.Soin1622, Attheageof26, descartessoldtheasSetSeftbyHisherdspent4yearstravelingineurope.Mezi ně, Hewasinitaly.Žil for2years, tehdy movedtoparisin1625.BecausethefrenchchurchwassopowerFonattHatTime, itwasunabletodiscusSreligioussuesfreely.
DescartesMovedTothenEherlandsin1628, kde se jedná o formorethan20.Během tohoto průzkumu descartesconductucdin-depthresearchinthefieldsoffilosophy, matematika, astronomie, fyzika, chemistry a adfyziologie a devoced asselftophilophilosophicalresearch.blízký vztah.
TéměřallofHismajorworkswereCompleteDenthenetherlands.
In1628, Hewrote "Principles forguidingPhilosophy."
In1634, Hecoteted "OnTheWorld" založené.TheBookSummarizeshisViewsonphilosophy, MatematikaAndManynaturalscienceIssues.
In1637,hewrotethreeessaysinFrench"RefractiveOptics","Meteorology"and"Geometry",andwroteapreface"MetodologiefortheCorrectUseofReasonandthePursuitofTruthinScience"forthispurpose,Referredtoas"Metodologie"(Discoursdelaméthode)(1637)inthehistoryofphilosophy.Publikováno ainleimenleidenonjune8.
"PrinciplesofPhilosophy"(lesPrincipesdelaphilosophie)(1644).
"MéditationsMétaphysiques" (1641) asoon, descartesbecameoneofthemostinfluentialphilosophersineurope.
Odešel
HediedInfebruary1650attheageof54.Nesezdaný forlife.DuetotheChurch'sobstruction, OnlyafewfriendsDiedforhim.Afterhisdeath, hepublikováno "OnThelight" (1664) asoon.
In1663, HisworkswereIncludeDentheBandBookCataLogissBeedBepopeofThevaticAninromeandparis.Nicméně, Thespreadofhisideassnothinderedbythis.DescartesbecameoneofthemostinfluentialmasterSineuropeanphilosophyandscientististshe17thCenturyandBeyond.
In1740, parisliftedtheban, který sewastoprovideanalternativetothenewtonianworldsystemhthatwaspopularInfranceatthattTathime.
AfterthefrenchrevolutionIn1789, descartes'ashesandrelicsWeresentTothefrenchhistoryMuseum.
In1819, HisasashesWeremovedtothechurchofsaint-Germain-Des-Prés.
HishilosophyandMatematikahaveaprofoundimpactonhistory.PeopleInscriptedThissentenceonhistombstone: „Descartes, sincetheeuronerofinasrenaissance, theFirstPersonTofightForandGuaranteerationalRightsformankinkindIn."
Osobní život
Descartes'Marges: Likespinoza, Newton, Andleibniz, descartesisUnMarriedforlife.Hehadanilligitimovaná, bunun bohužel, která se wasapityforherLife.
Náboženské přesvědčení
Descartes'religiousbeliefShavebeenstrictlydebateDinacademiccircles.HeClaimStobeadeVoutromancatholic, a na „meditaci“ istomaintainthechristianfaithaithaithaithristianfaithait.BUTINHISOWNTIME, DESCARTESWASACUSUDESOFPREACHESSECRETDEISMADATHEISM.Blaise Pascal, jeho současník, řekl: „Nedokážu se nekonečným;.ButHeCous NotaskgodTouchitLeghtlyInOrderTomaketheworldmove.; Kromě toho, hedoes notneedgodanymore.“
STEPHENGOKROG'SBIOGRAGIEFDESCARTESSORS.AndKeptituntilthedayofHisdeath, withofirMandPossionateDeretoexplorethetRuth.„AfterdescartesDiedInsweden, QueenChristinagaveupherthroneandConvertedToroMancatholicism (švédlawrequirestHereleRisaProtestant).Theonlycatholicshehasbeenincontactwithisdescartes, whowasherpersonaltutor.
Descartes'mainMathematicalmaticAchievementsAreconcentratedInhis "geometrie".AttTattime, algebrawasstillanewscience, ageometrichinghinkingStiloCuesAdominantPositionInThemindsofMathematicians.Beforedescartes, geometryandalgebraweretwodifferentResearchFieldsinMatematika.StálátHeheightOfMetodologieoLologyoLologyOnturalphilosofie, descartesbelidedTheghegreeks'GeometryWastoodoodependendennOnfigures, které konminovali, emaginace.Pokud jde o topularalgebraatthetime, hefeltTatitwasmpletelysubordinatetolawsandform, a CouldnotbeasciencetoimProveintelligence.Proto heroposedTheadvansOntagesOmetryAlGebramustbecombinedToestablishakindof „truemathematics“.TheCoreofDescartes'thiss: toducegeometryproblemStoalgebraicProblems, usealgebraicMetHodstocalculateaN a aastoachievethimatimateofOalofsolvinggeometricproblems..Založená na základě, hefounded "analytickágeometrie".
In1637, descart -caspubliced "Geometry" a CreatedAplanectangularcoordinateSystem.HeusesthedistanceFromaPoinTheplaneTotWoFixedSstraightLestodeterMethePositionOfThePoint, asescoordinatestodescribodethethepointinspace.Hethencreatedanalyticgeometry.TheEmergenceofanalyticGeometryChangedTetrendofseparationOfalgeBraandgeometrysinCientGreece.HeunifiedtheopPosite "Number" a "Shape" a CombinedGeometriccurveswithalgebraicequations..ThisGeniusCreationOfDescarteSlaidthefoundationForthecreationOfcalculus, theopeningUpabroadfieldFvariableMatematika.TheSostVaubleThingTHathesTasCarteSusedThePointofViewofMotionToregardtheCurveThrajectorejectorofThemovementOfApoint.HENOTONLYSKTIELSTHELDEMORDINGRINGRELAtionShipBetheenthepointandtherealNumber, ButalsoopposedsHeshape (včetně bodu, linie, povrch) a „číslo“.TheObjectsOfareunified, a responspondingRelationshipBetweenthecurveanttheequationIseSeated.TheSestableSthissishorSorespondingRelationshipNotonlymarkedThegerminaFtheConcececeptofFunction, bulasoMarkedtheentryofvariablesSathematics, která mátreattransitionInTonanthewayofthinkingInMatematika-thePeriodFomConstantMathematicTovariatics..DialekticsenteredMatematika, andwithvariables, diferenciationAndIntegrationBecamesenSivelmeDivelydly.THESEACHEVESOUSFDESCARTSPAVEDTHEWAYFORTHELATERDISCOVYOFCALCULUSBYNEWTONANDLEIBNIZ, ANDONENEDTHEADTHEWAYRORALGENUMBEROFNOFNISCORIESBYMATHEMATICAIANS.
Publishingbooks
Moje úspěchy
Descartes'contributionstosciencearemultifaceted.DescartesnotonlyopenupaneWanewPathinthefieldOffilosophy, butatatthesametimedescartesWascientientwhohadtheCourageToexplore.HehadCommendableInsightsinthefieldsofyzics, fyziologie atd.., zejména inmathematika, hefoundedAnalytická geometrie.TaktoedenedThedoorofModernMatematika, která HASEPOCH-MAKINGIFICIFICANCEISHISTORYOFSCIENCE.
ButhisfilosophicalsmsMetodologieoccupiesAmoreportantPositionInhiSlifeActivities.HisfilosophicaltHesingshadagreaTeatInfluenceonteSubSentdevelopmentOfPhilosophyandscience.
Filozofické aspekty
DescartesiswidelyregardedasoneofThefoundersOfModernWesternphilosophy.HewasthefirsttocreateaCompleteSoffilosophicalSystems.Filozoficky, descartesisAdualistandrationista.DescartesbeliedTHathumanssHouldbeabletouseMathematicathEtHods - Thats, Racionality - profilosofické kinking.HebelievesthatreasoRismorereliabhansense.(Hegaveanexample: Whenwedream, Wethickweareinarealworld, ButinfacThisjustanilusion, Seezhuangzhoumengdie).Hefound4rulesfromLogic, geometryandalgebra:
Thefirstoneis: cokoli, co je to thihavenotclearlyrecognized,.Itherwords, bezohledně aavoidIndiscreetJudgmentsAndPreconceideideiDopinions.Kromě přípravků, které jsou nalezeny areartedInmyheartandmakemeunableTodoubTtall, Donsulitlittlemoreintomyjudgment.
Thesecondarticleis:DivideeachproblemIreviewedintoseveralpartsaccordingtothedegreeofpossibilityandnecessity,sothattheycanbeproperlysolvedonebyone.
ThethirDarticleis: iwillthinkinorder, startwiththesimplestandeasiestObjects, a graduallyincresting cogradually, WileKnowThemostCosClicedObjects; EventHoSethatarenotinOrderrelatedthingssosetanorderforthem.
TheLastoneis: Neupsanycumstances, wemustconctorhoroughInvestigationsmuchaspossibleandre-examineaswidelyaspossibletomakerethattherearenoomissionssions.
DescartesAppkliedshodTodnotonlytophilosophicalthing, bucaltogeometrie a kreatedalytalyticgegeometrie.
Proto descartes'firststepisthatDoubTHestStartingpoint.The KnowledgeofSensoryPerceptionCanbedoUBted, andwecannottrustroussens.DescartesemfasizedtHathePurposeofScienceistobenMankindandmakemanthemasterAndrulerofnature.Heopposescholasticphilosophyandtheology a Proposeda "SystematicMethodofDoubt" todoubteverythingthing.Sohewouldnotsay „Vidím, proto jsem“, „Poslouchejte, proto“.FremhereherealizedRuth: WhatweCannOtdoubtis "OurDoubt.„Význam: WhatweCannotDoubtisthe„ pochybnost “, kdy se ozve„ pochybnosti “.OnlyinthiswaycanwesurethaTour „pochybnost“ isauthenticandnotafalseproduct.HewaspuzzledbythingsthatpeletookforgrantandorwereaccustomedTo, AndheCameupWithtHefamousphilosophicalPoposition- „ithink, tedy ithink“ (cogitoergosum).DůraznětHattheeexistenceOfindentSpiritualentIties withthinkingasitSattributeCannnotbebted, a demonstratestheexistenceofindentphysicalityswithensionAssionSitSattribute.
HebeevesthattheabovetwoentiesarefiniteentIties a putthemtogether, který sekhesThatheSatypicalDualistinMaphysicsicsicsorOntology.DescartestookthisasthemostbasicstartingpointInTaphysics, od ní.DescartesalsotSidToprovetheeeeenceofGodfromThisStartingpoint.DescartesbelievesthatHatweallhavetheconceptofaperfectentity.Od společnosti WeCannotGetaperFectConceptFromanimperfectentity.To je, GodIsThecreatoranDultimateCauseoffiniteentIties.Fromthetwopointsobtained,Descartescontinuedtoinferthatsincetheperfectthing(god)exists,thenwecanbesurethatthepreviousdemonhypothesiscannotbeestablished,becauseaperfectthingcannotallowsuchademontodeceivepeople,soThroughconstantdoubt,wecanbesurethat"thisworldreallyexists",andthemathematicallogicaftertheproofshouldbecorrect.ThereMeranyCharacteristicsInTherealworldthatcanbedetedBeason, to je, jejich matematická charakteristika (takové, šířka, výška atd..).WHYOURREASONSONCLERALYRECOGNIZIZETINGETIZ.To je, descartesappliedthegeometricreasondingMeToDandDeductiveMetHodtophilosofie, věřila, že to, že se vyskytují, a put -forwardthe "innanateconcececece".
Descartes'viewofnaturalphilosophyisComplelyOpposedtoaristotle'stheory.HebelievesthatallMaterialthingsheMachinesGovernedBheSemeMechanicallaw, eventhehumanbody.Atthesametime, hebeledTatinadditionTothemechanicalworld, tam byl.ThisDualisticViewLaterbecametheFundamentalwayofthinkingingforeuropeans.
Přestože se uskutečnilo, co se týče, hebeledtherearetwodifferentItiesInTheuniverse, jmenovitě tvorba (mysl) a theExternalworld (materiál), bodově.Hebelievesthatonlyhumanshavesouls a thethhumansAsAreadualistitistice -existence, schopný provést a.Zvířata BelongonlytothematerialWorld.
DescarteSemphAsizedTheStartingPointThTHesisUnquestionable, který HadanimportantinfluenceOneuroneropeanphilosophyAfThis.IthinkthattheControverSythihavegeneratedLieSintheSo-calledexistenceofGodandanimalmonism (šimpanze, chobotnice, papoušci, delfíni, sloni atd..areallproventohaveintelligence),andthemainideaofsuspiciondoescontributetoresearch.
Metodologie
Descarteswantedtointroducehisscientificresearchresultsinabookentitled"TheWorld",butwhenthebookwasabouttobecompletedin1633,helearnedthattheItalianchurchTheauthorityGalileowasguiltybecausehesupportedCopernicus'heliocentrictheory.Přestože nascartesNotPerSecutedbytheCatholicauthorityintherotherlands, hedesidedtoProcedetious acollectthemanuscriptsInTothebox, protože HheDeFedefendedToctRineofCtrineofcopernicusinthebook.BUTIN1637HepublicedHismSostFouswork "MetodikaForCorrectThinkinganddiscoveryofScientificTuths", obvykle refferedtoas "metodika".
DescartesPointeDoutIn „Metodika“, která sethereeRereFourstepStudytHeproblem:
1.NeverpaceptanytRuththidon neče.Bezohlednost adbříd areverylearandCiredBasedonOnone'SownJudgment a thereisnoDODODODODOUBTOUTTHETHRUTH.Thatistosay, aslongasyouhavenotexperiendTheproblemSyouHavePersonAllyExperiend, nottershauthoritativeConclusionSyhave, youcandoubtitit.ThisThefAMous „Doubteverything“ teorie.Forexample, aristotleonconcludedthatthatwomenhavetwofewerteeththanmen.buttisNotThetruth.
2.TheCmplexproblemTobeStuDedCanBebrokendownIntoanumberatiativesSimplesMallProblessasmuchaspossibleandsolvedoneByone.
3.Uspořádat se od společnosti Simpletocomplex, od začátku s snadno řešeními.
4.Poté, co se všemiTHOBLEBLESSARESOLLEDED, BUDEBILLBETESTETTERTOGETHERTOSEEIFISCOMPLETEANDESPHETHETHOTHOBLEBLEMISCOMPLETELYSOLSOLLED.
Beforethe1960s, WesternScientificResearchMethods, Frommechanicalto -Humananatomy, WresebassicalscarrieridOutInAccordanceWithDescartes „TalkingMethods“, které segaverisetoterapiddevelopmentOfModernSesternScience.Značná promoce.ButtherearealsoCerelflaws, taisthefunctionfthehumanbody, který je v rozporu s.ItwasNotuntiltheeMergenceofTheapollo1moonLandingProjecttscientistsDiscoredToMoMomplexPloblemsCouldbeDecoMosedSosed amUstBetreateDinacomplexway.ThisLetTotheemergenceofSystemSengineering, a athethodologicalApproachwasthefirstTatacomprehensiveApProachwasadopted.nahradit.TheEmergenceofSystemSengineeringhasgreatlypromotedManarge-ScalewesterTraditionAlsciences, taysenvironmentalscience, meteorologie, biologie, umělá služba a soon.
"Ithink,thereforeIam"
Descartes'tframousThother.Z „metodiky“.Latina: Cogitoergosum.Angličtina: Myslím, že jsem proto.Francouzština: Jepense, Doncjesuis.
Literalmeaning:Latinoriginalmeaning:Ithink,SoIexist.
In-depthmeaning:Descartes’sphilosophicalpropositionsusetheso-called"doubtmethod"toverifywhetherthesourceof"knowledge"isreliable.Wecandoubteverythingaroundus, tedy nejedná se o to.Itherwords, WeCannotdoubt "OurDoubt", protožeOnlyinthiswaycanour "pochybnost" beaffirted.Descartesproved"theexistenceofGod"fromhis"Myslím, tedy jsem".BecausethesubjectOfThetHofThothof „I“ nemůžu „pochybovat“, thenthereisahigher „bys“ thatEnablesthe „i“ toexist.Itcotherwords, protožeiexist, The AremustBean „existují“, které dokáže, a „existují“, které jsou makesMeexistMASTAlSobethe „existují“.Proto „existující“ whocanmakeallthingsexistBepossibleOnlywithgod.
ThisfAMousquote, který jedestoothestartingpointOfhisphilosophicalsystem, WASREGARDEDEGEGeneralrepresentativeFexTremeSubjelalisMinisMineasterneuropeBeForEtheForethe17thCenturyAntHineSacademiccirclesSthe21stCturyUryury..Těžká kritika.Mnohopeopleevenuse "existenceMemustPrecedeCingness" a "Bez the BodytherecanbenotHound" Asarguments, ThinkthatDescartesis "Pithecartberothehorse" a "směšné".Descartes'SusicionisNotasuspicionofCiveSPecificThorsSorsSpecificPrinciples, butanabsolutesipionionofMankind, Theworld a godd a.Z tohoto thisabsolutespicipion, descarteswantedtoleadTounquestionablePhilosophicalPrinciples.
Infyzika
DescarteshasmadeuseullcontributionstophysicsbyrelyingongeniuniusintuitionStrictMathematicalSasoning.
ScencereadingJohanneSkepler'Sopticalworksin1619, descarteshasbeenpayingatentiontolentheory; hehasparticatedvenatureoflight, reflection arefractiveIndexFromboththeoretical apracticalAScakts.Athestudyofgrindinglenses.HeregardedThetheoryofLidentAstHeMoRSportantPartofTheentire -KnowledgeSystem.DescartesfirmlybeliedsTthatslightsPreads „okamžitě“.Insisworks "Onman" a "Principlesoffilosophy", HeafullypplaisedTheConcepcepTofTenatureofLight.DescartesusedshiscoordinategeometrytoEngageinopticalResearch, a forthefirsttimein "refraktivníptics", heputforwaratherooreticalArgumentforthefractionOflight light.SharetheHonorofDiscoveringTheLawOfRactionOfLightWithsnellofThentherotherlands.HebelievesthatHatlightSthePropagationFpressureintheether.Z toho, že je třeba, Heusesthemodelofatenisballontheclothtocalculatethereflection, refractiontotalreflectionOfLightThetTeterfaceoftWomediadia.ThisisthefirsttimeThelawofrefractionisderivedundertheassumptionthatthevelocitycomponentparalleltotheinterfaceisconstant;however,hisassumptioniswrong,andhisdeductionleadstothewrongconclusionthatthespeedoflightincreaseswhenthelightenterstheopticallydensemediumfromtheopticallythinmedium.HealSoperformedanopticalAnalysisofthehumaneye, vysvětlil, že.
HealSouSouSestHelawOflightrefractiontoExplaintherainbowphenomenon, andalyZescolorsHroughThoroughThoroughTrotationsPeedofelementParticles.
Inmechanics, descartesDeveloredThetheoryofterelativityofGalileoMotion.FORMAPLECT, v knize „PrinciplesSphilosophy“, thereErevividexAmplessChesThewatchtHeamen'SpocketsOnsonseagoingshipShipSinage, toillustratetheprinciplicipleofchoosingareference -forformotionstaticstatic.
InTheseCondChapterOf "PrinciplesPhilosophy", descartesDescriptedTheLawoFinerTiatiatitivelyInTheformOfTheFefirStandSecondLawSofnature: aslongastheobjectstartstomove, itwillContinuToMoVeatthesaimesPeed.AndmovealongthesamestraightlineuntiliTenCountersOrdordeReviationscausedBySoMoMeexternalcause.HereHeemphAsizedTheLinearityofinerTialMotiontHatiotMotiontHatileoDotexpresscpresslyly.
Inthischapter, HealsoClearlyProposedThelawOfConservationOfMomentumFortheFirstTime: theTotaLountOnTofMatterandMotionWillalwaysremainthesamesame.LaidthefoundationforthelawOfConservationOfenergy.
DescartesDiscoveredTheoRiginalformFtheprincipLofConservationOfMomentum (TEMOMENTUMDUDENDEDENIDENTYDESCARSABSOLUTEVALUE, NOTaVetor, SohisprincipleofConservationOfMmentumWaslaterProvedTobewrong).
DescartesdidpreliminaryResearchOnissuessuschascollision acentrifugalforce, který se vyskytuje.
Astronomie
DescartesAppliedHismechanicViewTocelestialBodies, rozvinutéthetheoryofcosmiceVolution, a formoredhistheoryontheotheoccurrenceAndStructureofTheuniverSeuniverses.HebelievesthatitisEasierToundandThingsFomTheperspectiveSofdevelopmentR.Hefoundthewhirlpooltheory.HethinksthatthereeHugeVortices astarsaroundthesun.
HebelievestHatthemovementOnChelestialBodiessfromTheiNertiaAndthepressureoFaceCosmicMaterialVortexOnelestialBodies.The AmUstBeaCirelestialbodyNentEnterofVorticesOfVarioussizes.ThishypothesisIsUsedStoexplaintheternteinter-CelestialBodyInterAction.Descartes'sModelofThericVortextheoRiginofThesunReliedOnMechanicsIndeadofTeologyFortHefirstTimeTexplaintTheFormationProcessofcelestialBodies, thesun, planety, satelity, komety atd. Atd..Itwasaceturyearlierthankant'snsNebula, awasthemostauthoritativeinthe17th.Kosmologie.
Descartes’theoryofcelestialbodyevolution,vortexmodel,andclose-rangeactionviews,justlikehisentireideologicalsystem,ontheonehandfeaturesrichphysicalthoughtsandrigorousscientificmethods,andactsagainstscholasticphilosophyTheroleofinspiringscientificthinkingandpromotingtheadvancementofnaturalscienceatthattimehadaprofoundimpactonthethinkingofmanynaturalscientists;ontheotherhand,theyoftenstayedintheintuitiveandqualitativestageinsteadofstartingfromquantitativeexperimentalfacts,sosomeconcreteconclusionsareoftenThereweremanydefects,whichbecamethemainantithesisofNewtonianphysics,whichledtowidespreadcontroversy.
HebelievestHatthereeHugeVorticesAroundthesun, kterýdrivestheplanetstocontinuetorevolve.TheparticlesfMatterAreinaunifiedVortex, athetreeelementsFearth, airandfireAredifferentiatedTuringThemovement.TheEarthformstheplanet, a thefireformsthesunandthestars.
HealSodeveloptedtheoreticaltheoriessuchthetheoryofCosmiceVolutionAndAndVortextheory.AčkolivhecificTorieshaveManyflaws, oni se vrhají na to.
Matematika
TheSostimportantContributionOfDescartestomathematicsIcStheccreationOfanalyticGeometry.Inthedescartesera, algebrawasstillarelativewsubject, andgeometrichinghinkingStiloCusiesAdominantPositionInThemindSofMathematicians.DescartesdevotedHimSelftotheStudyoftheConnectionbetweenalgeBraandgeometry, a asccessesslynconlectedTealgebraandgeometrythereCompleelelySarateattHatthime.In1637, AfterthecreationofTheCoordinateSystem, analytickágeometrie.HISACHIEVEMENTLAIDTHEFONDACEFortheccreationOfcAlculus, který má doprovodit.AnalyticalGeometryIsIlloneofTheimportantMathematicathEtHodssuntilnNOW.
DescartesnotonlyputForwardthemainthinkinkingMethodofanalyticGeometry, bucalsOpointeDoutItsDevelopmentDirection.Insisbook „Geometry“, DescartescombinedLogic, Geometry, AndalgebraicMethods.BydiscussingDrawingproblems, HeoutLinedanewMethodofanalyticGeometry.SINCETHEN, NumberssapeshaveCometogether, athenampenderaxisNumberandshape.TheFirstContact.AndtoproveTotheworldthatgeometricproblemscanbered toAlgebraicproblems, bulasothRoughalGebraicTransformationTodiscoverandProvegeometricProperties.DescartesinntroducedTheConceceptofcoordinateSystemAndlinesegmengmentoperations.Heinovovativně překládán'geometricfiguresSintoalgebraiceQuationStosoltEmetricPoblemSalgebraicky.„Analytickágeometrie“ nebo „souřadnicovágeometrie“ této Thistoday “.
ThecreationOnalyticGeometryisanepoch-thakingTurningPointhehistoryofMatematika.TheSestableSofThePlaneRectangularCoordinateSystemsheBasishortheestabSonalyticGeometry.ThecreationofThecartesiancoordinateSystemBuiltabridgeBetweelgeBraandgeometry.Itenabledgeometricconceptstobeexpressedinalgebraicform,andgeometricfigurescouldalsobeexpressedinalgebraicform,soalgebraandgeometrybecameafamily.
Nepříjemná, mnoho matematicalsymbolsusedNowarethefirSusedBydescartes, které včlenili známémnumbersa, b, candunknownnumbersx, y, z atd. Atd.., aswellasexPonenTialexpression.HealSodiscoveredTherelationshipBetweentheedges, vrcholy afacesofaconvexpolyhedron, pozdější známé apheeuler-descartesformula.HealSodiscoveredTheComConcArtesianFractalLineincalculus.
CartesianCoordinateSystem
Inmathematics,CartesianCoordinateSystem(CartesianCoordinateSystem),alsoknownasRectangularcoordinatesystemisanorthogonalcoordinatesystem.TheTwo-dimensionAltRectangularCoordinateSySmitisCoposeftwonumberesthatareperPendiculartoeachotherandCoincideWithZeropoints.Intheplane, theCoordinateSonaPyPointareSetactordingTothecoordinatesOfToreRorespondingpointOntheNumberaxis.Intheplane, TheCorespondencebetweenNyPointAndCoordinateSisiMilartotheCorrencebetweenSandCoordinateSontheNemumperaxis.
PoužívánírectangularCoornitates, geometricshapescanbeClearlyExpressedByalgebraicform.TheRectangularCoordinatesofeachpointOfThegeometricshapemustCmplySplsThThisalgebraicformula.
TheCartesianCoordinateSystemwascreatedbytheFrenchmathematicianRenéDescartes.In1637, DescartSpublicedHisMasterpiece „Metodika“.ThisBookDedictedTotheStudyandDiscussionofwesternscholarshipsProvidedMonyCorrectinSightSandGoodSeggestions, andmadeagreatConburtTothelaterdevelofOfWesternCademics.
INORDERTOSHOWTHEADVANTAGESAFEFECTSOFTHTHENEWMethod, andtohelphimsoresoNonalSientificificResearch, HeaddedaNotherbook "Geometry" Totheappendixof "Metodika".TheresearchontheCartesianCoordinateSystemappearsinthebook"Geometry".
Descartes'ResearchontheCoordinateSystemCombineSalgebraandeuclideangeometry, andhasakeyinsightInToLaterachievementssiveNanalyticGeometry, Callulus acartography.
Anekdote: thecreationOfSpiderWebsAndtheplanectangularCoordinateSystem
ItissaidttonedaydescartesfellilinbeddandWasinaveryseriouscondition.Nicméně HeialsOthaedbautAquestionagainadagain: geometricfigurasereintuitive, andalgebraicequationsarerelativněabstract.Cangeometricfiguressandalgebraicequationsbecombined, theistosay, cangeometrigureseused toexpresequations? ToachieveThisgoal, TheKeyishowToHookupThePointsTackeupTheGeometriguresachSeachSetSof "čísla"."Připojit.Najednou HesAwaspideronthecorneroftheroof, pullingathreadhangingdown.Afterawhile, thespiderclimbedupThethReagain, kreslingsilkfromleftTorightoNtheupperside.Thespider's "Performance" Madedescartes'thingingsdenlyopenpen.Hethaght, thespidercanberegardedasapoint.Hecanmoveup, dolů, levý a pravý.CareachPositionOfTHespiderBeterMinedByaseTofNumbers? HethaetagainthattHetWoadjacentwallsintheroomhadtHreelinesCrossingtheground.IfTheCordersonthegroundWeretakethestartingpointThreethelinesWeretakethetHeeNumberAxes, thentheposioNoFanyPoinTheSpaceCouldbeontheehreelines.FindthRenumbersinOrderontheNumberline.Naopak, AnyGivenSeTofThreeSquentialNumbersCanalsOfIndaPointpCoresportingToitinspace.Inthesameway, aetofnumbers (x, y) canrepresentapoinToinTeandapoinToinTheplane.ItCanasOberePresedByaseToftwosequentialNumbers, které jsou proprotototypeofthecoordinateSystem.
TheLawOfDescartessigns
TheLawOfDescartessignswasfirstdescribedbyDescartesinhiswork"LaGéométrie",Isamethodfordeterminingthenumberofpositiveornegativerootsofapolynomial.
Pokud je to-variablerealcoeftientPolynomialialIsarrangedInScendingpower, poté-potom-oramultipleof2leStHepolynomialiseiteRequalTothemberembesintSofadjacentn-koerocoefficeints, oramultipleof2lessthanitinit.Takové5,3,1or4,2,0.Then-PakEmOfNegativerootsistHemumberOfChangeSintEgnofThepolynomialObtainedFecoeficientiensOfAllodd-ordermRechanged, oramultipleof2lessthanita.
SpecialCase: NotHeThatifyouknowtHepolynomialHAsonlyRealroots, youcanuSetHetHodToCompletelyDerMentEtHenumbemmpositiveroots.SinCetherepeatibilityOfZeroroorootsiseasytoCalculate, poté - pak - CHORMOFNEGATIVIVEROOTSCANALSOBECALED.THenthembolsofallootsCanbeterMined.
Euler-Descartesformula
Theeuler-descartesformulaisaformulaulaingeometry.
Thecontentoftheformulais:inanyconvexpolyhedron,letVbethenumberofvertices,Ebethenumberofedges,andFIsthenumberoffaces,thenV−E+F=2.
ThisforlulawasFirstProvedByFrenchMathematicDescartesAround1635, butitidanot.ThePost-SwissMathematianleonhardeuleRindenlyprovelsThisforlulain1750.V roce 1860, descartes pracoval, a FormulawastHencaldeuler-Descartes Formule.
Kartesianfoliage
TheKartesianfoliageisanalgebraiccurve,firstproposedbyDescartesin1638.
ImplicitequationsOfThecartesianlobedliare
TheequitionsInpolarCoordinatesare
ThenamecomesfromtheLatinwordfolium,whichmeans"leaf".
CharakteristicsOfCurve: PoužíváníTerivationRuleoFimplicityFunction, wecanfindy ':
Používání Shoet-SlopeequationOfAightline, WecanFindTheTangeTequationAtThePoint ()::
HorizontAllandVerticaltangent: Kdy, kartesianleavesthetangentoftheshapelineishorizontální.Tak:
Kdy, thetangentofthecartesianleafshapelineisvertical.Tak:
ThisCanBeexpplainedBetheSymmetryofThecurve.WecanseethatthecurvehastwohorizontalTangentsAndtwoverticaltangents.ThecartesianlobedLineIsSymMetricalABOuty = x, soifTheHorizontAngenthasacoordinate (), ThereMustBeaCorreasponringVerticalTangentWiththecoordinate ().
Asymptote: thecurvehasanasymptote: x+y+a = 0
TheSlopeofThissymmptoteis-1, obaxandyinterceptsyes-a.
ThostoryofDescartesAndchristineova linie tvaru srdce (tj. Srdeční linie)
Srdeční linie
V tom seNorigorousevidenTheHeheartLineWasinVententBydescartes.
The HeartLineisanepicycloidWithasharppoint.Itherwords, whacirclerollsalonganothercirclewiththesameradius, thetrajectoreonongopointhecicleirtheheheartline.
Srdeční linieisakindofepicycloid,anditsnis2.Itcanalsobeexpressedinpolarcoordinates:r=1+cosθ.ThePerimeterofsuchaheartlineis8 a Theenclosedareais.
TheheartLineisalsoakindofCocklesLine.
TheFigureIntheMiddleofTheMandelbrotsetaHeartline.
TheenglishnameofTheheartline "kardioid" WaspublikedBydecastillonin "PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheroyalsociety" v 1741; itmeans "likeaheart".
IntheCartesianCoordinateSystem:theparametricequationoftheheartlineis:
whererIstheradiusofthecircle.Thecuspofthecurveislocatedat(r,0)
TheequationIntepolarcoordinateSystems:
ρ (θ) = 2r (1-cosθ)
Plocha:
ThequationInpolarCoordidinateSistobeinvestigated, thesForreferenceOnly.
„TheStoryofMatematika“ TalkEdaboutTheloveStoryofMathematicDescartes.DescarteswasbornRencein1596.WHentheblackdeathbrokeoutontheeuropeanContinent, Hewanderedtosweden.Hemet Kristina, osmnáctiletá princessinasmallprincipalicipalityinsweden, andlaterbecamehermathteacher.TheprincessTaylor, král, se stal filmem.Později, protože Ofhisdaughter'splea, HewasexilelTofrance.PrincesschristinewasalsoplacedUndernUnderhousearrestbyhisfather.DescartescontractedtheblackdeathshortlyAfterreturningtofrance.Hewrotetotheprincesseveryday, butbecausehewasinterceptedbytheking, ChristineneverReceiveDetterfromdescartes.DescartesDiedFersingThethirteenthleenthletTochristin.ThethirteenthletterContainonLyashortformula: r = a (1-sinθ).Thekingcouldn’tunderstandandfeltthatthetwoofthemdidn’talwaystalkaboutlove,sohehandedthislettertoChristine,whowasalwaysglum,andwhentheprincesssawit,sheimmediatelyunderstoodthelover’sintentions,andsheimmediatelysetaboutThegraphoftheequationwasdrawnandshewasveryhappyseeingthegraph.SheknuwthatthatheloverSTILLLIVEDHER.Thegraphoftheequation Wasintheshapeofaheart.THE PRINCESSESSESTOLALCOORDIDATESYSTEMONPAPER, TrastedThePointSoftheequationwithapen, SawtheHearlinerePresatedbytheequation, andunstoodDescartes'deeploveforHerElferElferElferElferElferElferElferElferElferElferferElferElferElferElferElferferElferferElferElferElferferElferElferElferElferElferElferElferElferElferElferElferElferElferHerEngersElferElferHerEngersElf.ThisThefAMous „srdeční tvar“.
Doprovodně, ChristinabeCameentHroNeDandimeDentSentPeletolookforhersweethearteverywherewherewhereineurope.TheHelplessperson byldesendaded, shetookastepfirst, opouštětheraloneintheworld...
Itissaidthatthisworld-renowNedalternativeLoveletterisSTIllPerservintheMorialHallofdescartesineurope.
Instory, descartesandchristinadidhavefriendships.Butdescartescametoswedenonoctober4,1649attheinvitationofchristina, Whoatthatthimehadbecomethequeenefsweden.DescartesandchristinatalkaboutphilosophicalIssRatherthanthanMatematika.ItisDocumentedthatDueToTheTetightscheduleofqueenchristina, descartescoulsOnlonlyDiscussphilosophysHeratFiveo'clockinthemorning.TherealcauseofdesCartes'DeathwaspneumoniausedByColdWeatherAndoverwork, nottheblackdeath.
Analytická geometrie
TherenassanceEnabledeuropeanscholarstoinheritthegeometryofantientGreeCeandalSecceptTealgebraintroduced fromtheast.TheEdevelopmentFthescienceOfScienceandTechnologyHasmadetheuseofMathematicTodStoDScripportSacentralissueofConCern.DescartesanalyzedtheadvansAdsAdvantAgesOfgeometryAndalgebra, říká, že „viz formotermetHodTatincludestHeadvantAgeSofThesetWosciences withutheirdisAdvantAges."
Započítat „geometrie“ (Apartf „Metodics“), HeuseSthedistanceFromaPoinThePlaneTotWofixedSraightLilinestodeTermineTetEtheDetheDetiseoFapoint, AndusesCoordinateStodeSScriphetheTheSpacePoint.HethenfoundedAnalytická geometrie,showingthatgeometricproblemscannotonlybereducedtoalgebraicforms,butalsocanberealizedthroughalgebraictransformationstodiscovergeometricpropertiesandprovegeometricproperties.
DescartestransformedgeometryproblemsIntoalgebraicproblemsand aProposedaunifiedDrawingMetforgeometricproblems.Tothisend, heintroducedUnitlinenesegments, aswellastheconceceptsofaddition, odčítání, násobení, divize, asquarerootingoflinesegment., Tato bude formanequation ", ahendrawagraphBasedTherelationshipBetweentheLeSgmentsrepresentedBesTolutionOlutionoLofTheequation.
IntheseCondvolume, whendescartesusedthisnewMethodtosolvethepapsProblem, HeuseusestraightLeastheBaselineOnTheplane, specificastartingPointForit, a vybral arotherinterSectingone.Rovné, které jsou osou osou, původ, osa, FormanobliquecoordinateSystems.THENTHEPOSOFONANYPOINTONTHEPLONECANBEUNIKELYDEMEMERIDINEDS s (x, y).Papps'probleIstransformedIntoaquadraticInterInteRimeniteEquationwithtwoun známé.DescartesPointeDoutTHatthedegreeofTheequationHasnothingTodowiththoiceofTheCoordinateSystem, socurvescanbeclassifiedCordingTothedegreeofTheequation.
The Book „Geometry“ staví se zaznamenává angaideasandSofanalyticGeometry, označení.SINCETHEN, LIDOSSHAVETEREDTHESTHESTAGEOFVARIAMATHEMATICS.
Entome3, descartosPointeDoutThataneQuationMayhaveManyrootsAsSitsDegree, andhealsoproposedTheFAMousDescartesLawOfNotation: the the the themaxiMiMiMiMUMNUMBEROFPoTootSofaneQuationisequalTothesignignofitsCoeftientIent..Thenumberoftimes; TheMaxiMUMNUMBEROFitsNegativeroots (Whishecalledfalseroots).DescartellsoimprovedTheSymbolSystemCreatedByvedic, pomocí, b, c,...Označit známá množství a x, y, z,...Todenoteunknownquanties.
TheEmergenceofanalyticGeometryChangedTetrendofseparationOfalgeBraandgeometrysinCientGreece,unifyingtheopposing"number"and"shape",andcombininggeometriccurveswithalgebraicequations.ThisGeniusCreationOfDescarteSlaidthefoundationForthecreationOfcalculus, theopeningUpabroadfieldFvariableMatematika.
Asengelssaid: "TheTurningpointInMatematikaIscartesianvariables.Withvariables, MotiontersMatematika, Withvariables, DialectIcsentersMatematika, andwithvariables, Diferenciation antegrationSoitBecameneTeatedlymeDiveledive."
Psychologie
Descartes'viewSandmajordiscoveriesInpsychologyHavehadaCosiderableimPlactonlaterpsychology.
HeisafamousrepresentativeOfModernDualisMandAndAdidealismtheories.HismajordiscoveriesOfReflection areflectionArcProviDideDamportantBasiscoworthesis, že „zvířetemachiny“.A aputforwardthehypothesisOfResponse-stimulus.
Butdescartes'concecencefreflectionIsMechanical.HeemfAsizedThedifferencebetween -Humansansanimals.Animalshavenominds, Buthumanshaveminds.TaninferenceISatyPicalManifestationOfDualism.Nepřijevo, thetheoryofmind-mindsymmpatyisanotherTypicalManifestationOfDescartes'Dualisminntherelationshipbetweens mezend a.HebelidedtHehuMumanbodyscomposedofMaterialentItiesAndthehumanmindisposedSofSpiritualentIties.Thesindandthehumanbodycaninfluenceeachther, Causeandeffecteachethother a Interact.
HebelievestHatthereAresixPrimitiveEmotionsOffeople: překvapení, láska, nenávist, touha, radost a nasazení.OtherMotionSarebranchesorCombinationsOfTheSesixprimitiveMotions.
Přestože seDescartes'DualisticPsychologieThisThisTheoreticalswrong, itwasveryPropelingand aprogresiveSurdeSurdeSocialbackgroundoftThetime.HeusesDualismTogeTridoftheabsoluteControlOfScienceBeology.Vedenípeople'stHedStorationationalThinkingand aspecificResearch, sohiscontributiontopsychologycannotbeignored.
Příspěvektotheoryofinstinct.TheAuthorthomasAsquinas (1225-1274) navrhované.Hearguedthathumanbeingshavedualnatures-materialandnon-material,orphysicalandmental(intellectual)-butthelawsgoverningthematerialnatureofhumansaredifferentfromthosegoverninganimals.ThereasovenforthisDifferenceItComsFomTHeviewThat „ManisaspecialProductcreatedBygod“ “.MnohoarlysScientistsAedoverTrofoundsiMiMilationsbetweennimalMotivesandHumanMotives.OnTheSurface, lidsansanaMimalAlsareControlledbythesamelaws, Butthereseemstobeadifeanifeanifeanifeanifeanife.DescartesproposesennexplanationtcanReconCilletheTetWopointsOfView: Fyzikální behavioratthelelelofvolitionAlactionCanbeexplainedMechanically (instinct), butbehavioreredtorelatedToningsSuchasMoralCundundentHedTheControlOlOfvolition.DescartesarguedthatthebodyandSpirit (Will, Soul) interaguje a.BearephysicalBehavioři, takové, že se vyskytují.ThisDualViewCanechotheViewSofScientistsAndtholicCurchatthesametime.ItwasofPositiveSitifificanceatThetime.
Charakteristika
Afterdescartes'death, HistombwasexcavatedByBbers, AndhissKullhaschedHandsSeveraltiMeveraltimesime.Itisnowinthemusséedel ', Palaisdechaillot, Paříž, Francie.Homme).
DescartesfirmdesherelationshipBetweenhimandthegermanrosicrucian, butthereeremanycoincicidencinherelevantDocumentSheleftBehind.HedoesnotadmitthaybecauseofTHechurchatthetime.
DescartessharedhisearlierresearchontetegrationOfgeometryAldalgebrawithbeckman, Andoncesaid: „ifyouhavetheopportunity, youdon'tWantToAbandonMyresearchOrideas, youcanexpress..„.ThismadesCartesinsulted, Sohecondemnedbeckmanovo „hloupost."
Socialevaluation
DescartesisAdualistinphilosophyandgardsGodasthecreator.ButdescarteswasamechanistwithIntescopeofNaturalscience, který byl propprogressIsInIsIfificanceatThetime.
DescartesisOneofThefoundersOfModerneuropeanphilosophy.Hegelcalledhim "TheFatherofModernphilosofie".Heformedhisownsystém, FusingMaterialisMandidealismintoone, andhadaprofoundInfluenceistoryoffilosophy.
Descartes'MetodologieHasanimportantinfluenceonthelaterdevelopmentOfyzics.HeakedadedaductionMethodBasedonMatematikaonhebasisofTeancientDeductionMethod: založená na založení, začátek z evidentanTinTiTiTiveaxioms, pomocí matematicallologicalDeductionTodrawConclusions.Tento method, kombinovaný s východou, jethethodadvocatedByBacon, HasbecomeaNportantMethodinfyzics, zejména theoreticalphysics, skromněmprehensiveapplicationOfhuygensandnewton.AsoneofThemostSuccessExamplesFhisuniversalMethod, descartesudesalgebraicMetHoDSolTometricproblemsAndestAltedTheBasisofcoordinateGeometry, thesis, analytictionGeometry.
TwomorepointSareworthNotingIndescartes'thodology.
Nejprve heisgoodatusingintuitivní „modely“ toillustratephysicalphenomena.FORECTOMPLED, „tenis“ modelovaně dogulustratetherefrakce;.
Zadruhé, headvocatestheuseofHypothesesandhypotheses, takový, takový, costhevortextheoryintheorthestructuretructuretructureuctureuniverse.Nepřijevo, HealSoputforwardtheprincipleof „generalSusicion“.ThisPrincipleplayedErEreatroleinopposingCurchrule, obhajováníAuthorita, AdvocatingRationality a AdvocatingsCienceSunderthehistoricalConditionSattHattime.
DescartescanberegardedasoneofthemostinfluentialMasterSineropeanphilosophyandscienceInThe17ThenturyandBeyond, aeisknownashe „předchůdce“.