datová linková vrstva

Úvod

Thedatalinklayerdefineshowtotransmitdataonasinglelink.Theseagreementsarerelatedtothevariousmediabeingdiscussed.Examples:ATM,FDDI,etc.Thedatalinklayermusthaveaseriesofcorrespondingfunctions,mainly:howtocombinedataintodatablocks.Inthedatalinklayer,thisdatablockiscalledaframe,whichisthetransmissionunitofthedatalinklayer;howtocontroltheframeTransmissiononthephysicalchannelincludeshowtohandletransmissionerrors,howtoadjustthetransmissionratetomatchthereceiver;andtoprovidemanagementoftheestablishment,maintenance,andreleaseofdatalinkchannelsbetweentwonetworkentities.

Physicallink(physicalline):Itiscomposedoftransmissionmediumandequipment.Theoriginalphysicaltransmissionlinereferstothebasicphysicaltransmissionmediumandequipmentthatdoesnotusehigh-levelerrorcontrol.

Datalink(logicalcircuit):Onaphysicalcircuit,thetransmissionofthesedataiscontrolledthroughsomeproceduresorprotocolstoensurethecorrectnessofthetransmitteddata.Thehardwareandsoftwarethatimplementtheseproceduresorprotocolsareaddedtothephysicalcircuittoformadatalink,thetransmissionpathfromthedatasendingpointtothedatareceivingpoint.Whenmultiplexingtechnologyisused,therecanbemultipledatalinksononephysicallink.

Základní funkce

Thedatalinklayerhastwomainfunctions:framecodinganderrorcorrectioncontrol.Frameencodingmeansdefiningadatapacketthatcontainsinformationfrequency,bitsynchronization,sourceaddress,destinationaddress,andothercontrolinformation.Thedatalinklayerprotocolisdividedintotwosub-layers:logicallinkcontrol(LLC)protocolandmediaaccesscontrol(MAC)protocol.

Themostbasicfunctionofthedatalinklayeristoprovidetransparentandreliabledatatransmissionbasicservicestousersofthislayer.Transparencymeansthatthecontent,format,andcodingofthedatatransmittedonthislayerarenotlimited,andthereisnoneedtoexplainthemeaningoftheinformationstructure;reliabletransmissionallowsuserstoavoidtheworryofmissinginformation,interferenceinformation,andincorrectorder.Thesesituationsmayoccurinthephysicallayer,anderrorcorrectioncodesmustbeusedtodetectandcorrecterrorsinthedatalinklayer.Thedatalinklayerstrengthensthefunctionofthephysicallayertotransmittheoriginalbitstream,transformingtheerror-pronephysicalconnectionprovidedbythephysicallayerintoalogicallyerror-freedatalink,makingitappearasanerror-freelinetothenetworklayer.

Synchronizace snímků

Inordertoretransmitonlylimiteddatawitherrorsaftererrorsoccurintransmission,thedatalinklayercombinesbitstreamsintoEthernetframesfortransmission.Inadditiontothedatatobetransmitted,eachframealsoincludesacheckcodesothatthereceivercanfinderrorsinthetransmission.Theorganizationalstructureoftheframemustbedesignedsothatthereceivercanclearlyidentifyitfromthebitstreamreceivedbythephysicallayer,thatis,thestartandendoftheframecanbedistinguishedfromthebitstream.Thisistheproblemofframesynchronization.problem.

(1)Bytecountingmethod:Thisisaframesynchronizationmethodthatusesaspecialcharactertoindicatethebeginningofaframeandaspecialfieldtoindicatethenumberofbytesintheframe.Thereceivercandistinguishthestartoftheframefromthebitstreambyrecognizingthespecialcharacterandknowthenumberofdatabytesthatfollowintheframefromthespecialfield,sothattheendpositionoftheframecanbedetermined.ThetypicalrepresentativeofthesynchronizationprotocolforbytecountingistheDigitalDataCommunicationsMessageProtocol(DDCMP)ofDEC.

ThecontrolcharacterSOHmarksthebeginningofthedataframe.Inactualtransmission,twoormoresynchronizationcharactersareusedtodeterminethestartofaframebeforeSOH.Sometimes,theheadoftheframeisallowedtofollowtheendofthepreviousframe.Atthistime,thereisnoneedtoaddsynchronizationcharactersbetweenthetwoframes..Thecountfieldhasatotalof14bitstoindicatethenumberofbytesofdatainthedatasegmentintheframe.Themaximumvalueofthe14-bitbinarynumberis16383,sothemaximumdatalengthis131064.TheDDCMPprotocolreliesonthisbytecounttodeterminetheendpositionoftheframe.TheACK,SEG,ADDR,andthe2ndbitsCRC1andCRC2intheDDCMPframeformatintheFLAGperformdoublecheckontheheaderpartandthedatapartrespectively.ThereasonfortheseparatecheckoftheheaderpartisemphasizedthatoncetheCONUTfieldintheheaderpartiswrong,Whichlosesthebasisofframeboundarydivision.Sincetheuseofcharactercountingmethodtodeterminetheendoftheframewillnotcauseconfusionofdataandotherinformation,datatransparencycanbeachievedwithoutanymeasures(thatis,anydatacanbetransmittedwithoutrestriction).

(2)Thefirstandlastdelimitermethodusingcharacterpadding:Thismethodusessomespecificcharacterstodelimitthestartandendofaframe,inordertopreventthespecificcharactersfromappearinginthedatainformationbitThesamecharacterismisjudgedasthebeginningandenddelimiteroftheframe.Anescapecontrolcharacter(DLE)canbefilledinfrontofthisdatacharactertoshowthedifference,soastoachievedatatransparency.However,thismethodismoretroublesometouse,andthespecificcharactersusedareexcessivelydependentonthecharacterencodingsetused,andthecompatibilityisrelativelypoor.

(3)Head-to-tailmarkingmethodusingbitstuffing:Thismethodusesasetofspecificbitpatternstomarkthestartandendofaframe.

(4)Illegalcodingmethod:Thismethodisusedwhenthephysicallayeradoptsaspecificbitcodingmethod.Forexample,amethodcalledManchesterencodingistoencodethedatabit"1"intoa"high-low"levelpair,andthedatabit"0"intoa"low-high"levelpair.The"high-high"levelpairandthe"low-low"levelpairareillegalindatabits.Theseillegalcodingsequencescanbeusedtodelimitthestartandendoftheframe.ThismethodisadoptedintheIEEE802standardforlocalareanetworks.Theillegalcodingmethoddoesnotrequireanyfillingtechnologytoachievedatatransparency,butitisonlysuitableforspecialcodingenvironmentsthatuseredundantcoding.DuetothefragilityoftheCOUNTfieldinthebytecountingmethodandthecomplexityandincompatibilityofthecharacterpaddingmethod,themorecommonlyusedframesynchronizationmethodisthebitpaddingandillegalencodingmethod.

Kontrola chyb

Apracticalcommunicationsystemmusthavetheabilitytodetect(ie,detect)sucherrors,andtakecertainmeasurestocorrectthem,sothattheerrorscanbecontrolledwithintheallowableThisistheerrorcontrolprocessandoneofthemainfunctionsofthedatalinklayer.Theerrorcode(suchasparitycheckcode,checksumorCRC)canbecheckedtodeterminewhetheranerrorhasoccurredduringthetransmissionofaframe.Onceanerrorisfound,itcangenerallybecorrectedbyfeedbackretransmission.Thisrequiresthereceivertofeedbackamessagetothesenderwhetherthereceptioniscorrectafterreceivingaframe,sothatthesendercanmakeadecisionwhetheritdoesnotneedtobere-sent,thatis,thesenderwillonlyreceivethemessagethatthereceiverhasreceivedcorrectly.Onlyafterthefeedbacksignalcanitbeconsideredthattheframehasbeencorrectlysent,otherwiseitneedstobere-sentuntilitiscorrect.Thesuddennoiseofthephysicalchannelmaycompletely"overwhelm"aframe,thatis,theentiredataframeorthefeedbackinformationframeislost,whichwillcausethesendertoneverreceivethefeedbackinformationfromthereceiver,whichwillcausethetransmissionprocesstostall.InordertoavoidWhenthishappens,atimerisusuallyintroducedtolimitthetimeintervalforthereceivertosendbackfeedbackinformation.Whenthesendersendsaframe,thetimerisalsostarted.Ifthereceiverfailstoreceivethefeedbackwithinthelimitedtimeinterval.Thefeedbackinformation,thatis,thetimerexpires(Timeout),itcanbeconsideredthatthetransmittedframehasbeenerroneousorlost,andthenitneedstoberesent.Becausethesameframeofdatamayberepeatedlysentmultipletimes.Inordertopreventthisdanger,youcanusethemethodofnumberingthesentframes,thatis,assigningasignaltoeachframe,sothatthereceivercandistinguishfromthesequencenumberwhetheritisanewlysentframeoraframethathasbeenreceivedbutsentagain.,Inordertodeterminewhethertosubmitthereceivedframetothenetworklayer.Thedatalinklayerusescountersandsequencenumberstoensurethateachframeisfinallydeliveredtothetargetnetworklayercorrectly.

Řízení toku

Řízení tokuisnotauniquefunctionofthedatalinklayer.Manyhigh-levelprotocolsalsoprovideflowtimingcontrolfunctions,buttheobjectsofflowcontrolaredifferent.Forexample,forthedatalinklayer,itcontrolsthetrafficonthedatalinkbetweentwoadjacentnodes,whileforthetransportlayer,itcontrolsthetrafficfromthesourcetothefinaldestination.Duetothedifferencebetweentheworkingspeedoftheequipmentusedbythesendingandreceivingpartiesandthebufferstoragespace,thesendingcapacityofthesendermaybegreaterthanthereceivingcapacityofthereceiver.Withproperrestriction,theframesthatweretoolatetobereceivedinthefrontwillbe"overwhelmed"bytheframesthatarecontinuouslysentintheback,resultinginthelossofframesanderrors.Itcanbeseenthatflowcontrolisactuallythecontrolofthedataflowofthesendersothatthesendingratedoesnotexceedtheabilityofthereceiver.Thisprocessrequiresacertainfeedbackmechanismtoletthesenderknowwhetherthereceivercankeepupwiththesender,thatis,thereneedtobesomerulessothatthesenderknowsunderwhatcircumstancesitcancontinuetosendthenextframe,andunderwhatcircumstancesmustbesuspended.,Inordertowaitforreceivingsomekindoffeedbackinformationtocontinuesending.

LinkManagement

Thelinkmanagementfunctionismainlyusedforconnection-orientedservices.Beforethenodesatbothendsofthelinkwanttocommunicate,theymustfirstconfirmthattheotherpartyisinareadystate,andexchangesomenecessaryinformationtoinitializetheframesequencenumber,andthentheconnectioncanbeestablished,andtheconnectionmustbemaintainedduringthetransmissionprocess.Ifthereisanerror,itneedstobere-initializedandtheconnectionisautomaticallyestablishedagain.Afterthetransmissioniscompleted,theconnectionmustbereleased.Theestablishment,maintenanceandreleaseofdatalinklayerconnectionsiscalledlinkmanagement.Whenmultiplesitessharethesamephysicalchannel(forexample,inaLAN),howtoallocateandmanagechannelsamongsitesthatrequirecommunicationalsobelongstothecategoryofdatalinklayermanagement.

Související protokoly

Thedatalinkcontrolprotocolisalsocalledthelinkcommunicationprotocol,whichisthedatalinklayerprotocolintheOSIreferencemodel.Linkcontrolprotocolscanbedividedintotwocategories:asynchronousprotocolsandsynchronousprotocols.

Hlavní protokoly vrstvy datových odkazů jsou:

(1)Point-to-PointProtocol(Point-to-PointProtocol);

(2)Ethernet (Ethernet);

(3)High-Level DataLinkProtocol;

(4)FrameRelay;

(5)Asynchronní režim přenosu;

Asynchronní protokol

Thecharacterisanindependentinformationtransmissionunit,andthecharacterisstartedatthebeginningofeachcharacter.Thebitswithinaresynchronized,buttheintervalbetweencharactersisnotfixed(thatis,thecharactersareasynchronous).Sincethetwoagreedclocksofthetransmitterandreceiver,whichareapproximatelythesamefrequency,canbesynchronizedinarelativelyshortperiodoftime,theclocksynchronizedatthebeginningofthecharactercanbeusedtosampleeachbitinthecharacterwithouttheneedEachbitissynchronizedbyothermethods.Intheasynchronousprotocol,redundantbitssuchasstartbit,paritybit,andstopbitareaddedtoeachtransmissioncharacter,sothechannelutilizationisverylow,anditisgenerallyusedforoccasionswithlowdatarates.

Synchronizační protokol

Synchronizační protokolisadatablockorganizedbymanycharactersormanybits—frameasthetransmissionunit,synchronizedatthebeginningoftheframe,sothattheframeiskeptfixedClock.Infact,thefixedclockismixedinthedataandsentoutbythesendingendthroughacertaintechnology,sothatthereceivingendcanseparatetheclockfromtheinputdata.Itismorecomplicatedtoimplement.Thisfunctionisusuallyperformedbythedemodulator.Finish.Becausetheframeisusedasthetransmissionunit,thesynchronizationprotocolcanmakemoreeffectiveuseofthechannel,anditisalsoconvenienttoimplementfunctionssuchaserrorcontrolandflowcontrol.Thesynchronizationprotocolcanbedividedintothreetypes:character-orientedsynchronizationprotocol,bit-orientedsynchronizationprotocolandbytecounting-orientedsynchronizationprotocol.

HDLC

HDLCisageneraldatalinkcontrolprotocol.Whenadatalinkisestablished,aspecificoperationmodeisallowed.Theso-calledlinkoperationmode,inlayman'sterms,referstotheoperationofacertainstationasamasterstation,orasaslavestation,orboth.Thestationusedtocontrolthedestinationonthelinkiscalledthemasterstation,andotherstationscontrolledbythemasterstationarecalledslavestations.Themasterstationisresponsiblefororganizingthedataflowandrecoveringfromerrorsonthelink.Theframesentbythemasterstationtotheslavestationiscalledthecommandframe,andtheframereturnedbythestationtothemasterstationiscalledtheresponseframe.Linkswithmultiplestationsusuallyusepollingtechnology.Thestationthatpollsotherstationsiscalledthemasterstation,andeachstationinthepoint-to-pointlinkcanbethemasterstation.Themasterstationneedsmorelogicfunctionsthantheslavestation,sowhentheterminalisconnectedtothehost,thehostisalwaysthemasterstation.

Způsob provozu

Existují tři běžně používané režimy provozu v HDLC:

(1)NormalresponsemodeNRMisanunbalanceddatalinkoperationMode,sometimescallednon-balancednormalresponsemode.Thismodeofoperationissuitableforterminal-orientedpoint-to-pointorpoint-to-multipointlinks.Inthismodeofoperation,thetransmissionprocessisinitiatedbythemasterstation,andtheslavestationcanonlytransmitinformationtothemasterstationasaresponseafterreceivingacertaincommandframefromthemasterstation.Theresponsemessagecanconsistofoneormoreframes.Ifthemessageconsistsofmultipleframes,itshouldindicatewhichoneisthelastframe.Themasterstationisresponsibleformanagingtheentirelink,andhastherighttopoll,selectslavestations,andsendcommandstotheslavestations.Itisalsoresponsibleforthecontroloftimeout,retransmissionandvariousrecoveryoperations.

(2)AsynchronousresponsemodeARM,whichisalsoanunbalanceddatalinkoperationmode.UnlikeNRM,thetransmissionprocessofARMisinitiatedbytheslavestation.Theoneoragroupofframesthattheslavestationactivelysendstothemasterstationmaycontaininformation,oritmaybeaframesentonlyforthepurposeofcontrol.Inthismodeofoperation,theslavestationcontrolsthetimeoutandretransmission.Thismethodisindispensableforthemulti-stationlotusroadthatadoptsthepollingmethod.TheARMoperationmodeisshowninFigure3.7(b).

(3)AsynchronousbalancemodeABM.AsynchronousbalancemodeABMisanoperationmodethatallowsanynodetostarttransmission.Inordertoimprovelinktransmissionefficiency,ahigheramountofinformationtransmissionisrequiredbetweennodesinbothdirections.Inthismodeofoperation,anystationcanstartthetransmissionoperationatanytime,andeachstationcanbeusedasbothamasterstationandaslavestation,andeachstationisacombinedstation.Eachstationhasthesamesetofprotocols,anystationcansendorreceivecommands,andcanalsogivearesponse,andeachstationhasthesameresponsibilityfortheerrorrecoveryprocess.

Frameformat

InHDLC,dataandcontrolmessagesaretransmittedinastandardframeformat.TheframeinHDLCissimilartothecharacterblockofBSC,butthedatamessageandcontrolmessageintheBSCprotocolaretransmittedindependently,andthecommandinHDLCshouldbetransmittedinaunifiedformataccordingtotheframe.ThecompleteframeofHDLCiscomposedofflagfield(F),addressfield(A),controlfield(C),informationfield(I),framechecksequencefield(FCS),etc.

(1)Flagfield(F):Theflagfieldisabitpatternof01111110,whichisusedtomarkthestartoftheframeandtheendofthepreviousframe.Theflagfieldcanalsobeusedasapaddingcharacterbetweenframes.Usually,atthemomentwhentheframeisnotbeingtransmitted,thechannelisstillintheactivestate.Inthisstate,thesendercontinuouslysendstheflagfield,anditcanbeconsideredthatanewframetransmissionhasstarted.The"0bitinsertionmethod"canbeusedtoachievetransparenttransmissionof0data.

(2)Addressfield(A):Thecontentoftheaddressfielddependsontheoperationmodeused.Intheoperationmode,therearemasterstations,slavestations,andcombinedstations.Eachslavestationandcombinationstationisassignedauniqueaddress.Theaddressfieldinthecommandframecarriestheaddressoftheoppositestation,andtheaddresscarriedintheaddressfieldintheresponseframeistheaddressoftheownstation.Anaddresscanalsobeassignedtomorethanonestation.Thistypeofaddressiscalledagroupaddress.Framestransmittedusingagroupaddresscanbereceivedbyallstationsinthegroupthatownthegroup.Butwhenastationorcombinedstationsendsaresponse,itshouldstilluseitsuniqueaddress.Itisalsopossibletouseall"1"addressestoindicateaddressesthatincludeallstations,calledbroadcastaddresses,andframescontainingbroadcastaddressesaretransmittedtoallstationsonthelink.Inaddition,italsostipulatesthatall"0"addressesarenon-stationaddresses.Thistypeofaddressisnotallocatedtoanystationandisonlyusedfortesting.

(3)Controlfield(C):Thecontrolfieldisusedtoformvariouscommandsandresponsestomonitorandcontrolthelink.Thesendermasterstationorcombinationstationusesthecontrolfieldtonotifytheaddressedslavestationorcombinationstationtoperformtheagreedoperation;onthecontrary,theslavestationusesthisfieldasaresponsetothecommandandreportsthecompletedoperationorstatuschange.ThisfieldisthekeytoHDLC.Thefirstorfirstandsecondbitsinthecontrolfieldindicatethetypeoftransmissionframe.TherearethreedifferenttypesofframesinHDLC:informationframe(Iframe),monitoringframe(Sframe)andunnumberedframe(Uframe).ThefifthbitofthecontrolfieldistheP/Fbit,thatis,thePoll/Finalbit.

(4)Informationfield(I):Theinformationfieldcanbeanybinarybitstring.Thelengthofthebitstringisnotlimited.TheupperlimitisdeterminedbytheFCSfieldorthebuffercapacityofthecommunicationstation.1000~2000bitsaremorecommonlyusedinternationally;thelowerlimitcanbe0,thatis,noinformationfield.However,themonitoringframe(Sframe)stipulatesthattheremustnotbeaninformationfield.

(5)Framechecksequencefield(FCS):Theframechecksequencefieldcanuse16-bitCRCtocheckthecontentoftheentireframebetweenthetwoflagfields.

Typ rámce

HDLC má tři různé typy rámců: informační rámec (Iframe), monitorovací rámec (Snímek) a nečíslovaný rámec (Uframe).

(1)Informationframe(Iframe):Informationframeisusedtotransmitvalidinformationordata,usuallyreferredtoasIframe.TheIframeismarkedbythefirstbitofthecontrolwordas"0".TheN(S)inthecontrolfieldoftheinformationframeisusedtostorethesequencenumberofthesendingframe,sothatthesenderdoesnothavetowaitforconfirmationtosendmultipleframescontinuously.N(R)isusedtostorethesequencenumberofthenextframethatthereceiverexpectstoreceive,N(R)=5,whichmeansthatthereceiverwillreceiveframe5inthenextframe,inotherwords,theframesbeforeframe5arereceived.

(2)Monitoringframe(Sframe):Monitoringframeisusedforerrorcontrolandflowcontrol,usuallyreferredtoasSframe.TheSframeismarkedwith"10"asthefirstandsecondbitsofthecontrolfield.TheSframehasaninformationfieldandhasonly6bytes,thatis,48​​bits.ThethirdandfourthbitsofthecontrolfieldoftheSframeareSframetypecodes.Therearefourdifferentcodes,whichrespectivelyindicate:

00——ReceiveReady(RR),whichissentbythemasterstationortheslavestation.ThemasterstationcanusetheRRtypeSframetopolltheslavestation.TheslavestationtransmitsanIframenumberedN(R).Ifsuchaframeexists,itwilltransmit;theslavestationcanalsorespondwithanRRtypeSframe,whichmeansThenumberofthenextIframethattheslavehopestoreceivefromthemasterisN(R).

01——Reject(REJ),sentbythemasterstationortheslavestationtorequestthesendertoretransmittheframestartingfromthenumberN(R)andallsubsequentframes,thisItalsoimpliesthatIframesbeforeN(R)havebeenreceivedcorrectly.

10——Receivenotready (RNR), což znamená, že Iframe s menším počtem než N(R) byl přijat, ale je v zaneprázdněném stavu a není připraven přijmout Iframe s počtem N(R) snímků, které lze použít k řízení toku odkazů.

11——Zamítnutí (SREJ), které vyžaduje, aby odesílatel odeslal jeden snímek očíslovaný N(R), a znamená, že všechny rámce vyhovující počtu byly potvrzeny

(3)Unnumberedframe(Uframe):UnnumberedframegetsitsnamebecauseitscontrolfielddoesnotcontainthenumbersN(S)andN(R),referredtoasUframe.TheUframeisusedtoprovidelinkestablishment,removalandvariouscontrolfunctions.Thesecontrolfunctionsaredefinedby5Mbits(M1,M2,M3,M4,M5,alsocalledcorrectionbits).5Mbitscandefine32additionalcommandfunctionsor32responsefunctions,butmanyarevacant.

Vrstva ovládání logických odkazů

Inthelogicallinkcontrolsublayer,weperformastoporwaitforautomaticrepeatretrieval(ARQ)protocoltodetecterrorsandrequestretransmissionoferrorframes.ThesourcenodeAwaitsforanacknowledgement(ACK)fromthetargetnodeBbeforesendingthenextframeofdata.Ifthereceiptisnotreceivedwithinthepresetpausetime,Aretransmitsthisframeofdata.Duringthetimeperiodwhenthedataframetravelsbackandforth,thechannelremainsidle.Inafull-duplexcommunicationlink,ifnodeAcontinuouslytransmitsthesamedataframewhilewaitingforanACK,thenetworkthroughputcanbeincreased.

TheDLSLlayersubsystemscanbedividedinto:DLSLinitializationmodule,DLSLstatemachinemodule,DLSLdataservicemodule,DLSLmanagementservicemodule,DLSLprocessingMAClayermessagemodule,communicationschedulingmodule,channelfrequencyhoppingModulesandsecuritymodules.

MediaAccessControl Sublayer

ThemostcriticaltechnologyofthedatalinklayerisMediaAccessControl(MAC).Itsfunctionistoevenlydistributechannelresourcesamongcompetingandhigh-throughputnodes.Themultipleaccesswithcollisionavoidance(MACA)protocolusestwosignalframescalledrequest/send(RTS)andclear/send(CTS)todetectcollisions.ItisacommonlyusedprotocolintheMACsublayer.WhenthesourcenodeAwantstosendinformationtothetargetnodeB,itwillfirstissueanRTScommand.IfNodeBreceivesRTS,itwillsendbackaCTScommand.IfnodeAdoesnotreceivetheCTSwithinthepredeterminedtime,itwillresendtheRTS.AssoonasnodeAreceivestheCTS,itimmediatelystartstotransmitdataframes.AnyothernodethatlistenstotheCTSwilldelayapacketlengthtoavoidcollisions.

MACAWprotocolisanimprovedversionofMACAprotocol,whichimprovestheperformanceandreliabilityofUAN.

TheMAClayersubsystemcanbedividedinto:MAClayerinitializationmodule,MAClayerstatemachinemodule,MAClayerdataservicefunctionmodule,MAClayermanagementservicefunctionmodule,MAClayerprocessingRFmessagemodule,timeSlotprocessingmoduleandtimesynchronizationmodule.

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