Bonhard Riemann

ThesynonymRiemanngenerallyreferstoBonhardRiemann

Charakter zkušenost

Riemann (3 fotografie)

September17,1826,HewasborninBreselenz,asmalltownintheKingdomofHanover(nowGermany).HisfatherFriedrichBonnhardRiemannwasalocalLutheranpriest.Herankssecondamongsixchildren.Heisaquiet,sickandshyperson,wholikestobealoneallhislife.HiscolleagueDedekindisoneofthefewpeoplewhoknowhim.AccordingtoDadekin,inadditiontoRiemann'sreallybadphysicalcondition,heisalsoahypochondriasis.

In1840,RiemannmovedtoHanovertolivewithhisgrandmotherandenteredmiddleschool.

In1842,afterthedeathofhisgrandmother,hemovedtoJohanneuminLüneburg.

In1846,RiemannenteredtheUniversityofGöttingentostudyphilosophyandtheology.Duringthistimehewenttolistentosomemathematicslectures,includingGauss'slectureonleastsquares.Aftergettingpermissionfromhisfather,heswitchedtomathematics.IwenttotheUniversityofBerlinfortwoyearsduringtheuniversity,andwasinfluencedbyC.G.J.JacobiandP.G.L.Dirichlet.

Inthespringof1847,RiemanntransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandjoinedJacobi,DirichletandSteiner.HereturnedtoGöttingentwoyearslater.

In1851,hereceivedadoctoratedegreefromtheUniversityofGöttingen.

In1851,thenecessaryandsufficientconditionsforthederivabilityofcomplexvariablefunctions(ieCauchy-Riemannequation)weredemonstrated.WiththehelpofDirichlet'sprinciple,theRiemannmappingtheoremwasexpounded,whichbecamethebasisofthegeometrictheoryoffunctions.

In1853,theRiemannintegralwasdefinedandthecriteriafortheconvergenceoftrigonometricserieswerestudied.

In1854,hecarriedforwardGauss’sdifferentialgeometryresearchoncurvedsurfaces,proposedtousetheconceptofmanifoldstounderstandtheessenceofspace,andusethepositivedefinitequadraticunderstandingmetricdeterminedbythesquareofthedifferentialarclengthtoestablishLiTheconceptofMannspaceincludedEuclideangeometryandnon-Euclideangeometryintohissystem.

In1854,hemadehisdebutonthestageandgaveaspeechentitled"Theoryasthebasisofgeometry",whichcreatedRiemanniangeometryandprovidedamathematicalfoundationforEinstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativity.

In1857,hewasawardedanon-staffprofessorattheUniversityofGöttingen

In1857,hepublishedaresearchpaperontheAbelianfunction,leadingtotheconceptofRiemannsurface,andcombiningAbelianintegralwithAbelianThetheoryofBellfunctionbroughttoanewturningpointandmadesystematicresearch.Amongthem,theRiemannsurfacehasbeenstudiedindepthfromtheperspectivesoftopology,analysis,andalgebraicgeometry.Hecreatedaseriesofconceptsthathadaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofalgebraictopology,andclarifiedtheRiemann-RochtheoremwhichwaslatersupplementedbyG.Roch.In1857,hewaspromotedtoasupernumeraryprofessorattheUniversityofGöttingen.In1859,hesucceededDirichletasaprofessor.Andpublishedthepaper"Onthenumberofprimenumberslessthanagivenvalue",andputforwardtheRiemannhypothesis.

V roce 1862 se oženil s EliseKochovou.

OnJuly20,1866,hediedoftuberculosisinSelascaduringhisthirdtriptoItalytorecuperate.

Hlavní příspěvky

In1859,thepaperonthedistributionofprimenumbers"Onthenumberofprimenumberslessthanagivenvalue"studiedtheRiemannzetafunctionandgaveAfterdiscussingtheintegralrepresentationofthezetafunctionandthefunctionalequationitsatisfies,hepointedoutthatthereisaprofoundconnectionbetweenthedistributionofprimenumbersandtheRiemannzetafunction.ThecoreofthisassociationistheintegralexpressionofJ(x).

In1854,Riemann'sspeechentitled"OntheHypothesisastheBasisofGeometry"publishedattheUniversityofGöttingenfoundedRiemanniangeometry.Riemannregardsthesurfaceitselfasanindependentgeometricentity,ratherthantreatingitasjustageometricentityinEuclideanspace.In1915,A.EinsteinusedRiemanniangeometryandtensoranalysistoolstocreateanewtheoryofgravity—generalrelativity.

Inaddition,hehasmadesignificantcontributionstopartialdifferentialequationsandtheirapplicationsinphysics.Itevenmadeimportantcontributionstophysicsitself,suchasheat,electromagneticnon-over-distanceinteraction,andshockwavetheory.

Riemann’sworkdirectlyaffectedthedevelopmentofmathematicsinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Manyoutstandingmathematiciansre-examinedthetheoremsthatRiemannhadasserted.UndertheinfluenceofRiemann’sthought,manybranchesofmathematicsmadebrilliantachievements..

Riemannfirstputforwardnewideasandnewmethodsofusingcomplexvariablefunctiontheory,especiallyusingζfunctiontostudynumbertheory,whichopenedaneweraofanalyticnumbertheory,andhadaprofoundunderstandingofthedevelopmentofsingle-complexvariablefunctiontheory.Influence.Heisoneofthemostoriginalmathematiciansinthehistoryofmathematicsintheworld.Riemann'sworksarenotmany,buttheyareextremelyprofoundandrichinconceptcreationandimagination.

Jeho jméno se objeví v Riemannzetafunkci, Riemannově integrálu, Riemannlematu, Riemannově manifoldu, Riemannově prostoru, Riemannově mapovacím teorému, Riemannově-Hilbertově problému, Cauchyho-Riemanově rovnici, Riemannově myšlenkové matici.

funguje

Riemann’sworksmainlyinclude:"BasicsoftheGeneralTheoryofFunctionsofSingleandComplexVariables","AssumptionsBasedonGeometry",and"UsingTrigonometricSeriestoRepresentFunctions"Possibility,"DifferentialEquationsinMathematicalPhysics"(co-authoredwithWeber),"EllipticFunctionTheory","Gravity,Electricity,andMagnetism","NumberofPrimeNumbersNotExceedingKnownNumbers",etc.

DaDejinpublishedthecompleteworksofRiemannin1876.TheRiemannstudentscollectedtheirlecturenotesandpublishedthemin1902asasupplementtothecompletecollection.

Riemannova domněnka

OneoftheproblemsthatRiemannleftforposterityisthefamousRiemannova domněnka,whichwasproposedbyHilbertin1900.Theeighthquestionofthisquestionisnowlistedasoneofthesevenmajorproblemsofthemillennium.Whatitneedstosolveisthatthenon-trivialzeropointsoftheRiemannZetafunctionζ(s)arealllocatedonthestraightlineofthecomplexplaneRe(s)=1/2.Mathematicianscallthisstraightlinethecriticalline.Usingthisterminology,Riemann’sconjecturecanbeexpressedas:allnon-trivialzerosoftheRiemannζ(s)functionarelocatedonthecriticalline.

InSeptember2018,MichaelAtiyahdeclaredthatheprovedRiemann’sconjectureandwillbepresentedattheHeidelbergPrizeWinnersForumonSeptember24.OnSeptember24,MichaelAtiyahpostedapreprintofhisproofofRiemann'shypothesis(conjecture).

CharakterEvaluation

SirEddingtonsaid:"AgeometricscholarlikeRiemanncanalmostforeseemoreimportantfeaturesoftherealworld."

Gausssaid: "Riemann...má tvořivou, aktivní a opravdovou mysl matematika, s brilantní a bohatou kreativitou."

ThehistorianofmodernmathematicsBellbelieves:"AsamathematicianThegreatnessofRiemannliesinthepowerfuluniversalityandunlimitedscopeofthemethodsandnewideasherevealedtopureandappliedmathematics."

TheGermanmathematicianKleinsaid:"RiemannhasWithextraordinaryintuitiveability,hisunderstandinggeniussurpassesallmathematiciansofthesamegeneration."

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