Въведение на характера
Джон Роджърс Сърл (роден на 31 юли 1932 г. в Денвър, САЩ), професор по философия.
Hemainlystudiesthe"purposiveness"oflanguage.Hedisagreeswiththeterm"strongartificialintelligence",andbelievesthatperceptionappearsintheentirephysicalcharacteristicsofacreature.Humanconsciousnesshasapurpose,whilecomputershavenopurpose,socomputershavenoconsciousness.
Hediscoveredthecharacteristicsofapurposephenomenonandcalledit"suitabledirection".Forexample,whensomeoneseesaflower,hisstateofconsciousnessissuitableforthestateoftheoutsideworld.Theappropriatedirectionforthisprocessisfromconsciousnesstotheworld.Butifhereachesouttopickthisflower,thenhewilladaptthestateoftheexternalworldtohisstateofconsciousness.Therefore,theappropriatedirectionatthistimeisfromtheworldtoconsciousness.Healsoproposedatechnicalconceptcalled"background".Thisconcepthascausedsomephilosophicaldiscussions.Inshort,the"background"isthesurroundingenvironmentofapurposefulaction,whichincludestheactor'sknowledgeoftheworldandothers'understandingandknowledgeofhispurpose.
Пет точки
Hetheoreticallyprovedthecollectivepurposeofasocialenvironment.Putforwardfivearguments:
1.Collectivepurposeactivitiesexist,andtheyarenotthesameasthesumofnon-personalpurposeactivities.
2.Collectivepurposescannotbereducedtopersonalpurposes.
3. Горните два аргумента имат две ограничения:
A.Asocietyisonlycomposedofindividuals,andasocietyhasnoindependentgroupawarenessorgroupawareness;
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B.Thepurposeofanindividualorgrouphasnothingtodowiththeauthenticityofpersonalbeliefs.
Inordertosatisfythesearguments,heinventedawayofdescribingcollectivepurposetoconnectcollectivepurposeandindividualpurpose,whileatthesametimedistinguishingthetwo.Theresultisthatindividualpurposecanconstitutecollectivepurpose.Toconstituteacollectivepurpose,onemustknowthatotherscanparticipateinhispurpose.Therefore:
4.Thepremiseofcollectivepurposeistounderstandthebackgroundofothersasmembersofsociety:otherscanparticipateinthecollectivesports.
Комбинирайки тези аргументи заедно, ние получаваме:
5.Thetheoryofpurposeandtheabovebackgroundcanexplainthepurposeofcollective.
Heapplieshisanalysisofpurposetothestructureofsociety.Hisinterestliesinhowcertainaspectsofourworldbecomethecommonpurposeofusingtheseaspects.Forexample,afive-yuanbanknoteonlybecomesafive-yuanbanknotebasedonitscollectivepurpose[lackofthiscollectivepurpose,forexample,inanothercountry(region),thisbanknoteisjustapieceofpaperwithpatterns].Onlybecauseeveryoneinthesocietythinksitisworthfiveyuancanitfulfillitstraderole.Thishasnothingtodowithwhetherthegovernmentsupportsitsvalue(ifeveryonedoesnottrustitsvalue,thenevenifthegovernmentforcesit,itwillstillnotgetitsvalue,whichiswhythereisablackmarketprice).Thiskindofsocialstructurefillsourlives.Thelanguageweuse,ourownershipofourprivateproperty,andourrelationshipswithotherpeopleareallbasedonthispurpose.
Hisresearchresultsonsocialstructureareverydifferentfromotherargumentsthatdonotagreewithsuchfactsthathavenothingtodowithconsciousness.Hebelievesthatwhatwecalltruthisasocialstructure.
Инцидент със сексуално насилие
OnMarch21,2017,JoannaOng,a24-year-oldChinesefemaleassistant,accusedHillerofsexualharassmentandbroughtHillerandtheUniversityofCaliforniaboardofdirectorstocourt.Askforcompensationforsexualharassmentandsexualassault.
OngbecameHiller’sassistantinJuly2016.Afteraweekofwork,everythingchangedforHiller.Hebegantoflirtwiththefemaleassistantandevenmovehisfeet.HillerrepeatedlyassuredOngthathewouldbeabletomeetallherneedsinlife,aslongasshemaintaineda"fulltrust"relationship.
Веднъж обсъждахме американския империализъм с Хилър, но Хилър каза: Американският империализъм? Звучи страхотно, нека си легнем и да го практикуваме сега (Американският империализъм? О, момче, това звучи страхотно, скъпа! Хайде да легнем и да го направим веднага!).
Ong’sprosecutionhasplungedtheinternationalphilosophicalcommunityintoasexscandal.
AccordingtoareportbytheAmericanmediaBuzzFeedonMarch24,Hillerhasstoppedhisundergraduatephilosophycoursethismonth,butretainshishonorarytitle.