Basicinformation
Pinyin:là,zhà,chà
radical:insect
Wubiinputmethod:jajg
Numberofstrokes:14
Strokeordernumber:25121412212511
InterpretationofChinesecharacters
Wax(qù)
Thelarvaofthefly."Shuowen·Chongbu":"Wax,fly䏣also."(Note:"䏣"istheorthographiccharacterof"maggot",and"maggot"isavulgarcharacter)
Wax(là)
[Name]
1.Pictophone.CongChong,(liè)sound.
2.Theoilproducedbyanimals,mineralsorplantshasplasticity,canburnandmelt,isinsolubleinwater,andisafattyacidesterofmonohydroxyalcoholorsterol.
Candlehasaheartandbidfarewelltotearsuntildawn.——DuMu's"Farewell"
Thewaxtorchturnsintograyandthetearsbegintodry.——LiShangyin"Untitled"
3.Abbreviationforcandle.
Anotherexample:waxfire(candlefire);waxsmoke(candlesmoke);waxred(candleflower);waxincense(thesmellproducedwhenthecandleislit);waxlight(candlelight).
Wax(là)
【Activity】
1.Paintwithwax.Suchas:waxlead(waxcoatedonpaperorclothtopreventmoisture);waxbook(paintedonsilkwithwax,copiedfromthepicturebook);waxpaper(papercoatedwithwaxonthesurface).
2.Seealsozhà.
Wax(zhà)
【Activity】
1.Ancientsacrificialnames.TheZhoudynastycelebratesallthingsattheendoftheyear.
2,theemperor'sgreatwaxeight.——"BookofRites·SpecialSacrificesinSuburbs"
Anotherexample:waxwax(year-endsacrifice);waxaltar(waxsacrificealtar);waxbin(ahelperofyear-endsacrifice);waxrope(YouwaxFestival);WaxTemple(theancestralhallforwaxsacrifices);WaxPalace(apalaceforwaxsacrifices);WaxMoon(referstotheDecemberoftheweekcalendar);WaxDay(thedayoftheyear-endwaxsacrificetotheEightGods);WaxSacrifice(sacrificename.Year-endsacrificetothegodofallthings).
3.Seealsolà.
Explanationofancientbooks
KangxiDictionary
"JiYun"and"ZhengYun"𠀤seventhoughtscut,sound覻."SaidWen"isalsoagall."ZhouLi·QiuGuan·WaxNote"wax,fleshandbloodrancid,waxalsousedbyfliesandinsects."TheOrderoftheMoon"said:buryingtheskeletonandburyingthebones,thisofficialpositionisalso.
Againtohelpthedrivercut,thesoundissudden.Year-endfestivalname."RitualLiYun"ZhongNiandYuWaBladder."Notes"Xiasaidthesacredceremony,YinsaidJiaping,Zhousaidwax,andQinsaidla."SuburbSpecialSacrifice"isalsoawaxer,soalso.InDecember,gatherallthingstogetherandenjoyit.
Again"YuPian"hassixcuts,andthesoundisfrowning.Insectname.Thewaxofthewaxfestival."GuangYun"maybewritten."LiuShuZhengzheng"fromthesoundofinsects.Don'tmakeamistake,followtheshow,anddon't.
DialectCollection
◎Gandialect:læp5
◎Hakkadialect:[Hailuqiang]za5lap8[MeixianDialect]za5[TaiwanFourCountyDialect]za5lap8[HakkaEnglishDictionary]lap8[Baoanqiang]za5|lap8[HakkaPinyinVocabulary]lab6za4
◎Cantonese:caa3caai3zaa3
◎Chaozhoudialect:lah8
◎p>
Textualresearchontheorigin
Thecandleoriginatedfromthetorchoftheprimitiveage.Primitivessmearedfatorwaxonbarkorwoodchipsandbundledthemtogethertomaketorchesforlighting.Thebeeswaxthatappearedaroundthe3rdcenturyBCmaybetheembryonicformofcandles.IntheWest,foraperiodoftime,beeswerekeptinmonasteriesandusedtomakebeeswax.ThiswasmainlybecausetheCatholicsbelievedthatbeeswaxwasasymbolofvirginconception,sobeeswaxwasregardedasapurelightandwasenshrinedonchurchaltars..Judgingfromtheexistingliterature,thetimewhenbeeswaxwasproducedinmycountryisroughlythesameasthatintheWest.JapanwasintroducedfrommycountryduringtheNaraperiod(710-784).Comparedwithmoderncandles,ancientcandleshavemanyshortcomings..LiShangyin,apoetintheTangDynasty,hadapoemsaying"Whyshouldwecutcandlesinthewestwindowtogether".Whydoesthepoetcutthecandle?Atthattime,thecandlecorewastwistedwithcottonthreadandstooduprightinthecenteroftheflame.Sinceitcouldnotbeburnedoutandcharred,itwasnecessarytocutofftheendoftheremainingcandlecorewithscissorsfromtimetotime.Thisisundoubtedlyatroublesomething.In1820,theFrenchmanJohnParcherieinventedthecandlecoremadeofthreecottonthreads,whichmadethecandlecorenaturallyloosenwhenitburned,andtheendjustbendstotheoutsideoftheflame,soitcanbecompletelyburned.Butthecandleneedstobefurtherimproved.Itsmaterialisgenerallyanimalfatwithmanyshortcomings.ItisSchereeretal.tosolvethisproblem.BetweenJuneandJuly1809,Coca-Scheffler,France,receivedaletterfromatextilefactoryaskinghimtoanalyzeanddeterminethecompositionofasoftsoapsampletheysent.Heheldthisletterandthoughtforalongtime,thinking:Tostudysoap,itseemsthatyouhavetostartwithrawoils.Inschoolexperimentswithverysimpleequipmentandsimpleequipment,hestudiedthevariousoilsthatneedtobeusedinthesaponificationprocess.Afteralotofexperiments,hediscoveredforthefirsttimethefactthatinallfats,regardlessoftheirsource,thecontentoffattyacidsaccountedfor95%,andtheremaining5%wasglycerinproducedduringthesaponificationprocess.Throughresearch,heclarifiedthenatureofthesaponificationprocess.Atthesametime,healsomadeamajordiscovery:becauseoftheglycerininthecandlesmadeofgreaseatthattime,theyburnedwithsmokeandsmelledunpleasant.Ifstearicacidisusedtomakecandles,notonlywilltheflamebebrightwhenburning,butalsotherewillbealmostnoblacksmokeandnoairpollution.SchaefflertoldGuy-Lussacofhisdiscoveryandsuggestedthatthetwojointlystudyhowtosolvethisproblemindetail.Theysaponifiedtheoilwithastrongbase,andthendecomposedthesoapwithhydrochloricacidtoremovestearicacid.Thisisawhitesubstancewithagreasyfeeltothehand.Candlesmadefromithaveasofttextureandarecheaper.In1825,SchaefflerandGuy-Lussacobtainedapatentfortheproductionofparaffinstearincandles.Theemergenceofparaffinstearincandlesopenedanewerainthehistoryofhumanlighting.Later,someonediscoveredalargeoilfieldinNorthAmerica,soalargeamountofparaffincanbeextractedfromtheoil,andtheidealcandlehasbeenpopularizedandpromotedallovertheworld.
Istumbleduponanarchaeologicalmagazine.ItseemsthatcandleswereinventedbytheEgyptiansmorethan5,000yearsago.WhendidtheChineseusecandles?Atleastinthenineteenthpoems,oillampswereused.,IsuddenlyrealizedthattherewasnosuchthingasacandleinancientChina.IntheancientbooksoftheHanDynasty,waxandcandleweregenerallydiscussedseparately,butthewordcandlewasrarelyusedtogether.
EveryonesawthebronzelampintheHanDynastyinChina.Thereisoftenalongnail-shapedflameinthecenterofthelampshade.Accordingtoitsexistence,archaeologically,Hanlanternsaredividedintotwocategories:oillampsandcandlelamps.
IcheckedthebooksforalongtimeandfoundthatintheHanDynasty,lampswereactuallydividedintotwocategories:oillampsandcandlelamps.Thelamppostsofoillampswerealsocalled"candles"."Candle"meansthatthelamppostmustbeimmersedingrease;thegreaseisanimalfat,andvegetableoilwasusedtolightthelampatthattime."QiMinYaoShuZong.MaZiPian"said:"Juma(thatis,thefemaleplantofcannabis)hasblackseeds,solidandheavy,poundedtomakecandles,nothemp.""Candlesticks"refertolightsandhavelittletodowithcandles.
Asforthefuelforlightingthelamp,Isawthatthearchaeologicalmagazinementionedthat"theyellowwaxcakewasfoundoccasionallyinthetomboftheHanDynasty."ThisshowsthatthegeneralsituationoftheHanlanternisthatthelampisfilledwithgrease,butwaxcanalsobeusedtoburnthelamp.Thewaxinthewaxlampwasmeltedandusedasanointment.Peoplefinallyfoundanexample,asmentionedinthe"ReportontheExcavationoftheTomboftheNanyueKingintheWesternHanDynasty";inthelateEasternHanDynasty,thewaxplatformwasthefirsttoappearintheHantombinGuangzhou.Itprovesthattheslendercolumnarcandleshaveenteredtheranksoflightingsuppliesatthattime.
Finally,therewerecandlesinChinainthelateEasternHanDynasty,buttheywerenotwidelyused,andtheirshapesweredifferentfrommodernones.Pushingupfurther,whethercandleshavebeenusedduringtheWarringStatesandQinandHanDynastiesisanunresolvedquestion.ItismentionedintheliteraturethatcandlesfirstappearedintheJinDynasty."JinShuZhouZhuanBiography"wrotethatsomeone"threwitwithalightedcandle.""ShiShuoXinYu"hasthestoryofShiChong"usingcandlesascooking".AftertheJinDynasty,thereweremanyreferencestocandlesintheliterature.Asforthepre-Jinperiod,thereisstillalackofreliablewrittenrecords.Infact,thereareonlyasmallamountofarchaeologicalmaterials,suchasthearchaeologicalmaterialsmentionedabove;
<Guitianlu>Oillamps.Especiallygoodatnightbanquetsanddrinks,althoughthedormitoryalsoburnscandles.Everytimeafterdismissal,peoplegototheofficialresidence,seethetoiletandtearsontheground,ofteninpiles."ItcanbeseenthatuntiltheSongDynasty,itisstilloil*candleexpensive.
Thereisanarticlesaying:"XijingMiscellaneousNotes"has"theKingofMinyuepresentsGaodi...200honeycandles"sayingthat"honeycandlesarecandles",butIthinkitisalonelyevidence.What'smore,therecordsin"XijingZaji"canonlybeusedasreference.
Lookattherawmaterialsofcandles,thereareyellowwax,whitewaxandsoon.Yellowwaxisbeeswaxandwhitewaxisthewaxsecretedbytermiteinsects.TheuseofbeeswaxisgenerallybelievedtohaveoriginatedintheTangDynasty,andsometextualresearchbeganintheHanandWeiDynasties.Theabove-mentioned"theoccasionaldiscoveryofyellowwaxcakesinHantombs"isphysicalevidence,sotheuseofbeeswaxwasearlierthanthatofwhitewax.Therearerecordsofbeeswaxorbeeswaxin"ShenNong'sMateriaMedica",ZhangHua's"NaturalHistory",TaoHongjing's"FamousDoctors",whichareusedformedicinalpurposes.Fromthispointofview,thewaxusedintheEasternHanDynastywasbeeswax.Butprobablythenumberisnotlarge,andtheuseisnotcommon,sothelampcandleisstillmadewithgrease,oralayerofwaxisplacedoutsidethegreasecandletoreducethetearsofthecandle,oralittlewaxisaddedtothegrease.Somedataindicatethatthemeltingpointisrelativelylowwhengreaseisusedasacandle,sothecandlesatthattimearerelativelythickandshort.ThismaybewhythecandlelightsinthestoneportraitsoftheHanDynastyarerelativelythickandshort,insteadofthelongandthinshapesdepictedinthemuralsofTangLishou'stomb.
Commonlyusedwords
Waxwhite,waxplate,crayon,waxyellow,waxcarving,batik,waxwax,waxpaper,candle,waxfigure,waxoil.