Meaning
Themodernviewofknowledgedividesknowledgeintodeclarativeknowledgeandproceduralknowledgeaccordingtothedifferentformsofreflectionactivities.Declarativeknowledgeisalsocalleddescriptiveknowledge,whichisknowledgethatanindividualcandirectlystatewithlanguage.Thistypeofknowledgeismainlyusedtoanswerquestionsabout"what"and"how"thingsare,andcanbeusedtodistinguishanddistinguishthings.Thiskindofknowledgeismoreconsistentwiththeconceptualconnotationofknowledgethatpeopleusedaily,andisalsocallednarrowknowledge.
Type
1,Nameortag.Forexampleforeignlanguagewords.
2,facts.
3.Organizeddiscussion.
Representation
Psychologistsgenerallybelievethatdeclarativeknowledgeismainlycharacterizedandfunctionedbypropositions,schematicrepresentations,representationsandlinearsequences.
Proposition
Incognitivepsychology,apropositionreferstothesmallestunitofmeaningexpressedbywords.Apropositioniscomposedofarelationshipandasetofpropositions.Relationsaregenerallyexpressedbyverbs,adverbsandadjectives,andsometimesalsoexpressedbyotherrelatedwordssuchasprepositions;thesisgenerallyreferstoconcepts,andisgenerallyexpressedbynounsandpronouns.Thecommonwaytoexpressapropositionistouseacircle(orellipse)toexpressaproposition,andusearrowstoconnectthepropositionandrelationshipoftheproposition.Forexample,thereisapropositioninthesentence"XiaoMingbuysbooks",thethesisis"XiaoMing"and"book",andtherelationshipis"buy".TheabovemethodisshowninFigure1:
Inthecognitivestructureofthebrain,thepropositionalrepresentationofdeclarativeknowledgeisnotequaltothesentenceinourdailymeaning.Asentencelike"I'mgoingtoBeijingtotravel"containstwomeanings:I'mgoingtoBeijingtotravelwithme.Thesetwomeaningsareeachrepresentedbyapropositioninthecognitivestructure,sothissentencecontainstwopropositions.Wecanunderstandtherelationshipbetweensentencesandpropositionsinthisway:propositionsareexpressedinsentences,butpropositionsarenotequaltosentences.Thepropositiononlyinvolvesthemeaningexpressedinthesentence.Whatpeoplekeepinlong-termmemoryisnotthesentenceitself,butthemeaningofthesentence.
Propositionnetwork,iftwopropositionshaveacommoncomponent,severalpropositionscanbeconnectedtoeachothertoformapropositionnetworkthroughthiscommoncomponent.Thiscommoncomponentisgenerallythethesisintheproposition.Forexample,"thetigerinthezoobitessomeinnocentpeople",suchasentencecontainsthreepropositions,namely:(l)thetigerisinthezoo,(2)thetigerbitespeople,and(3)peopleareinnocent;itsThetopicsare"tiger","zoo","people",and"innocent";therelationshipis"is"and"bite".Throughthetwothemesof"tiger"and"person",suchasentenceconstitutesapropositionalnetwork.Theexpressionis:
Schematic
JRAndersonbelieves:"Fortherepresentationofsmallmeaningunits,propositionsaresuitable,butfortherepresentationoflargermeaningsrelatedtosomespecialconceptsOrganizationalinformationcombination,propositionisnotsuitable."Comparedwiththepropositionnetwork,schemahasthefollowingcharacteristics:1)Schemaisnotasimpleextensionofproposition,itisapropositionorperceptionofsimilarthingsCommoncodingmethod.Itisgeneralandabstract,ratherthanconcreteorspecial.
2)Inadditiontothepropositionalrepresentationofaclassofthings,theschemaalsoincludestheperceptualinformationcharacteristicsofthisclassofthings,suchastheshapeofa"bird",whichismainlyaperceptualimagerepresentation.
3)Therearetwocharacteristicsofattributes(variables)andvaluesintheschema.Forexample,inthe"house"schema,itsattributesarematerials,functionalsizes,shapes,etc.;whilethematerialisbrickorwood,itisthevalueofthisattribute.
4)Therelativityofschema.Comparedwithanotherschema,aschemamaybeitsuppersetorlowerconcept.Forexample,"house"isasubordinateconceptof"building",butitisalsoasuperiorcollectionof"rooms"or"walls".
Moderncognitivepsychologydistinguishestwotypesofschemas.Oneistheschemaabouttheobject,andtheotheristheschemaabouttheeventordoingthings.Theformerislikepeople'sschemasabouthouses,animals,antiques,etc.;thelatterislikegoingtorestaurants,goingtothehospital,orgoingtothecinematowatchmovies.Thelattertypeofschemaisalsocalledscript.Theschemaoftheevent,liketheschemaoftheobject,alsohasahierarchicalorganizationofupperandlowerlevels.Ifwatchingamovieisalowerexampleofentertainmentactivities,ticketpurchasecanalsobecalledasub-patternofwatchingamovie.
Declarativeknowledgeismainlyrepresentedintwoforms:propositionandschema.Theformerisusedtocharacterizesmallmeaningunits;thelatterisusedtocharacterizelargerorganizedinformationcombinations.
Representationform
Whenweimagineacertainthingorsituationthatisnotinfrontofoureyes,weoftenexperiencetheirappearance.Thiskindofrepresentationbasedonthingsisnotlikepropositionsthatretaintheperceptualcharacteristicsofthings.Itisgenerallybelievedthattherearetwoformsofrepresentationbasedonperception:representationandlinearsequence.
Characteristicsofrepresentation:1.Representationcancharacterizeconstantlychanginginformation.Sincetheimaginarystructurehassimilarstructuralfeaturestotheobjectitrepresents,therepresentationcanrepresenttheobjectivespatialfeaturesmorerealistically.2.Representationscanwithstandvariouspsychologicaloperationsimposedonthem.Peoplecanrotate,scan,ororganizeanddividetheappearanceintheirminds.Peoplecannotchangethestructureofsymbolsatwill,buttheycanconstantlychangethestructureofanalogsintheirimagination.3.Althoughrepresentationscanrepresentconstantlychanginginformation,comparedwithactualperception,thisformofrepresentationmaybemorevague,moregeneral,orlesscompleteandlessprecisethanactualperceptionwithoutspecialneeds.4.Thepsychologicalrepresentationofcomplexfiguresformedbyhumansisahierarchicalstructure,andtheexistenceofthisstructurewillalsocauseacertainsystematicdistortionofhumanpsychologicalrepresentations.
Linearsequenceisthecodingofaseriesofelementsinlinearorder,suchasMonday,Tuesday,Wednesday,etc.,arrangedinacertainorderinthemindofeachother.Thedifferencebetweenlinearsequenceandpropositionisthatthepropositiononlyretainsthebasicsemanticrelationshipbetweenthetopicsmentionedintheproposition,buttheorderoftheelementsisnotnecessary;thedifferencebetweenlinearorderandrepresentationisthatrepresentationretainstheintervalrelationshipbetweenperceptualfeatures,Thatis,therelativedistancebetweeneachfeature,linearsortingarrangestheorderofagroupofelementsfrombeginningtoend,butdoesnotinvolvethedistancebetweeneachelement.
Theconnectionbetweenthetwo
Theacquisitionofdeclarativeknowledgeisoftenthebasisoflearningproceduralknowledge,andtheacquisitionofproceduralknowledgeprovidesareliableguaranteeforacquiringnewdeclarativeknowledge(suchasWhenlearningaforeignlanguage,thelearningofvocabularyandgrammaticalrulesistomasterdeclarativeknowledge.Whenweunderstandanduseforeignlanguagesasfluentlyasournationallanguagethroughalotofrepeatedpractice,declarativeknowledgeaboutforeignlanguagesistransformedintoproceduralknowledge.了);theacquisitionofdeclarativeknowledgeandtheacquisitionofproceduralknowledgearetwoconsecutivestagesinthelearningprocess(forexample,"thefirsttosolveequationsistoknowtheruleofbalanceonbothsidesoftheequation".Theonethatcantellthisruleisdeclarativeknowledge,Andtheskilloftheoperationprocessisproceduralknowledge).
Comparativedistinction
ThedifferencebetweenDeclarativeknowledgeandProceduralknowledge:
DeclarativeknowledgeThemaindifferencesbetweenproceduralknowledgeandproceduralknowledgeareasfollows:
1.Declarativeknowledgeisknowledgeof"what",whichischaracterizedbypropositionsandtheirnetworkofpropositions;proceduralknowledgeis"howtodo"Knowledgeisrepresentedbyproduction.
2.Declarativeknowledgeisakindofstaticknowledge,anditsactivationisthereproductionofinputinformation;whileproceduralknowledgeisakindofdynamicknowledge,anditsactivationisthedeformationandoperationofinformation.
3.Theactivationofdeclarativeknowledgeisrelativelyslow,whichisanintentionalprocessthatrequireslearnerstorecognizeorreproducetherelevantfacts;whiletheactivationofproceduralknowledgeisveryfast,whichisakindofautomationTheinformationdistortedactivities.
Inmanyactivities,thetwotypesofknowledgearecombined.Inthelearningprocess,theyareinitiallyacquiredintheformofdeclarativeknowledge.Onlyafteralotofpractice,theproceduralknowledgeisautomatedspecialty.Theproceduralknowledgemasteredbythelearnerwillalsopromotethelearningofnewdeclarativeknowledge.Generallyspeaking,theproceduralknowledgeismainlyusedinactivitiesunderfamiliarconditions.