Characterrelationship
ChiudiErrorCorrection
LoverXuGuangping È stato segnalato un errore 1362254
WifeZhuAn È stato segnalato un errore4777048
SonZhouHaiying È stato segnalato un errore 2492347
FatherZhouBoyi È stato segnalato un errore4944360
MotherLurui È stato segnalato un errore11007946
TheyoungerbrotherZhouJianren C'è stato un errore 768273 Feedback
BrotherZhouZuoren È stato segnalato un errore 253877
GrandfatherZhouJiefu È stato segnalato un errore 3946336
GrandsonZhouLingfei Sì, è stato segnalato l'errore 2601288
Daughter-in-lawMaXinyun È stato segnalato l'errore 82698
Great-granddaughterZhouJingxin È stato segnalato un errore 1510604
Sister-in-lawYuTaixinzi È stato segnalato un errore 8722429
MyfriendZhaoJiabi È stato segnalato un errore 2505801
FriendTaiJingnong È stato segnalato un errore1820138
FriendBernardShawp> È stato segnalato un errore 953235
ComradeFengNaichao È stato segnalato un errore1357943
TeacherZhangTaiyan È stato segnalato un errore 119131
TeacherFujinoYanKuro L'errore 148644 ha ricevuto feedback
StudentXiaoHong L'errore 16911 ha ricevuto feedback
StudentSunFuyuan È stato segnalato un errore 1844460
Characterexperience
Iuvenis
La giovinezza di LuXun(3foto)
OnthethirddayofAugust,Xinsiyear,theseventhyearofGuangxu(September25,1881),hewasborninShaoxing,ZhejiangDongchangfangXintaimenZhoujia.TheyoungnameisAZhang,Changgen,ChangGeng,andthescientificnameisZhouZhangshou.IntheeighteenthyearofGuangxu(1892),heenteredtheSanweiBookstoreandstudiedwithShouJingwu,takingpicturesafterclass.EstablishedfriendshipwithZhangRunshui.
Inthe19thyearofGuangxu(1893),hisgrandfatherZhouJiefuwasimprisonedbecauseofanaccident,andhisfatherZhouBoyibecameseriouslyill.Everydayforhisfatherinandoutofqualityshopsandpharmacies,hewascold-eyed.
Inthe22ndyearofGuangxu(1896), pater ejus. Familiasituationis pejus.
Inthetwenty-thirdyearofGuangxu(1897),thefamilyhadameetingtodividetheroomandgaveLuXunthepoorandsmallones.LuXunrefusedtosignandwasreprimandedbyhisuncles.
Strivetostudy
DuringLuXun'sstayinJapan (5photos)
InAprilofthe24thyearofGuangxu(1898),heenteredthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.TeacherAcademy,renamedZhouShuren.InDecember,Iwasurgedbymyuncletotakethecountyexam.Afterwinningtheranking,hestoppedtakingthegovernmentexamonthegroundsthathisfourthbrotherwasill,andcontinuedtostudyinJiangning.Inthetwenty-fifthyearofGuangxu(1899),hewastransferredtotheMiningRailwaySchoolattachedtotheJiangnanLushiSchooltolearnaboutmining.Duringthisperiod,hecameintocontactwithHuxley's"TianYanLun",whichhadacertaininfluenceonhislaterthinking.Inadditiontoreadingnewbooks,heloveshorseridinganddarestocompetewiththechildrenofQirenonhorseback.
InJanuaryofthe28thyearofGuangxu(1902),IgraduatedfromtheMiningRoadSchool.InMarch,togetherwithLiSuizhiandQianJunfu,wenttoJapantostudyatpublicexpense.InApril,IenteredtheJiangnanClassofHongwenCollegeGeneralCourse(aJapaneselanguagelearningcrashclass),andthethreeofthemwereinthesameclassinthesamedormitory.
Putthepigtailsinthe29thyearofGuangxu(1903).Afterclass,Iliketoreadbooksonphilosophyandliterature,payingparticularattentiontoissuesofhumannatureandnationalnature.
InAprilofthe 30th year of Guangxu (1904), hegraduated fromHongwenCollege.
InJanuaryofthethirty-secondyearofGuangxu(1906),watchingthe"Japanese-RussianWarEducationalFilm"duringthebreakwasdeeplystimulatedanddecidedtoabandonmedicineandgotoliterature.InJune,thestudentstatuswasincludedintheGermanlanguageschoolsetupbythe"TokyoSoleLanguageAssociation".Insummerandautumn,hewasdeceivedtoreturntoChinatomarryZhuAn.SoonhereturnedtoJapan.InJuly,hereturnedtoTokyofromSendai,nolongerenrolledinschool,andspecializedinliteraryandartistictranslationwork.Inthefollowingyears,helearnedGermanandRussianindifferentways.
Inthirty-quarto anno imperii Guangxu (1908), studuit a Mr. ZhangTaiyan, fuit amember of the "Recuperatio Societatis", et translatus "Collection of Foreign Novels" cum fratre secundo, scriptor.
In primo anno Xuantong (1909), duo volumina "Collection of Foreign Novels" divulgata sunt.
Perplexedanddistressed
InAugustofthefirstyearofXuantong(1909),hereturnedtoChinaandservedasateacherofphysiologyandchemistryinHangzhouandZhejiangNormalSchoolsandaJapaneseteacherofSuzukiKanshou’sbotanytranslation.
InAugusto secundo anno imperii Xuantong (1910), magistram servavit et supervisorem ofShaoxingMiddleSchool.In1911, hewrote his first novel "Desiderium" inclassicalChinese.
InthefirstyearoftheRepublicofChina(1912),theProvisionalGovernmentwasestablishedinNanjing.AttheinvitationoftheDirectorofEducationCaiYuanpei,heservedastheChiefoftheFirstSectionoftheSocialEducationDepartmentoftheMinistryofEducation.InAugust,hewasappointedbythePresidentasamemberoftheMinistryofEducationoftheBeijingGovernment.Fromthisyearto1917,hecopiedalargenumberofancientsteles,compiledinscriptionsoninscriptionsonstonesteles,andproofreadtheancientbooks,amongwhichhealsoconductedcertainresearchonBuddhistthought.
InthesixthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1917),onJuly7th,ZhangXunresignedduetochaosandresigned.Onthe14th,hereturnedtotheMinistrywhenthechaoswassettled.
InJanuaryoftheseventhyearoftheRepublicofChina(1918),heparticipatedinthereorganizationof"NewIuvenis"andservedasaneditorialboardmember.
Pioneerintheliteraryworld
LuXun's "WhathappenedafterNoraisgone" oratio (2photos)
MayintheseventhyearoftheRepublicofChina(1918),PublishedunderthepseudonymLuXun,thefirstvernacularshortstorywritteninamodernstyleinthehistoryofmodernChineseliterature,"TheDiaryofaMadman",whichwaspublishedin"NewIuvenis"Volume4,No.5.IntheninthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1920),hetaughtthehistoryofChinesenovelsatPekingUniversityandBeijingNormalSchool.InJune,hereadtheChineseversionoftheCommunistManifestoandpraisedthetranslator.InSeptember,publishedthenovel"Storm".
InAugustofthetwelfthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1923),thecollectionofnovels"Scream"waspublished;heseparatedfromhisyoungerbrotherZhouZuorenandmovedtoNo.61XisitaHutong.Thereasonfortheseparationisunknown.InDecember,hegaveaspeechon"WhathappenedafterNorawasgone",andconcurrentlyservedasateacherofWomen'sNormalUniversityandEsperantoSchool;thefirstvolumeof"ABriefHistoryofChineseNovels"waspublished.
In Iulyoftheththethththththththththenthrethingenth year of Re Public of China (1924), IwenttoXi'antolectureon "TheHistoricalChanges of Chinese Novels".ReturntoBeijingin August. In Novembr, "Yusi" hebdomadismagazine divulgata est, LuXunpublished "De Fallof Leifeng Pagoda.
DemocracyFighter
Inthe14thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1925),the"WomenTeachers"wasfurtherescalated.LuXunwasrelievedofhispostbytheChiefEducationOfficerZhangShizhaoforsupportingthejuststruggleofprogressivestudents.Inthesameyear,LuXunsuedZhangShizhaotothePingzhengyuan.
InMarchofthe15thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1926),the"March18thMassacre"occurred.InApril,LuXun's"DeathPlace"and"RemembranceofLiuHezhen"criticizedDuanQirui'sgovernmentforslaughteringstudents.HewashunteddownandtookrefugeinYamamotoHospital.Duringtheasylumperiod,hecontinuedtoworkhard.InAugust,"Wandering"waspublishedandwenttoXiamenUniversityasaprofessorintheDepartmentofChineseLanguageandLiterature.ResignedinDecember.
Inthe16thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1927),hewenttoteachatSunYat-senUniversityinJanuary.InMarch,metwithChenYannian,secretaryoftheCPCGuangdongandGuangxidistrictcommittees.OnApril1,hewenttotheWhampoaMilitaryAcademytodeliveraspeech"LiteratureintheRevolutionaryEra".Onthe12th,the"April12counter-revolutionarycoup"tookplace.Onthe29th,therescuedprogressivestudentsresignedwithoutsuccess.InAugust,published"WeiJinStyleandtheRelationshipbetweenArticlesandMedicineandLiquor".InSeptember,hewrotetoTaiJingnong,refusingtobeacandidatefortheNobelPrizeinLiterature,leavingGuangzhouforShanghai,andbeganlivingtogetherwithXuGuangpinginShanghai.InDecember,therewasadisputewithLiangShiqiuandothersonthe"thirdperson"andthe"freeperson."
InthespringoftheseventeenthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1928),heparticipatedintheChineseRevolutionaryMutualAidSociety.Thisyear,IstartedadebatewithmostmembersoftheCreationSocietyandtheSunSocietyontheissueof"revolutionaryliterature".Thisyear,IbegantocollectandtranslateMarxistworks.Atthesametime,hebegantoadvocaterevolutionaryartandthemodernwoodcutmovement.
OnSeptember27intheeighteenthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1929),XuGuangpinggavebirthtoason,andLuXunnamedhim"ZhouHaiying".Attheendoftheyear,withFengXuefengseveraltimestonegotiatetheformationofthe"ChineseLeft-wingWritersLeague."
LeftLeagueLeader
InFebruaryofthe19thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1930),theChinaFreedomMovementLeaguewasestablished.Asoneofthepromoters.OnMarch2,attendedtheinauguralmeetingoftheChineseLeft-wingWritersLeagueandwaselectedasastandingcommitteemembertogiveaspeechon"OpinionsontheLeft-wingWritersLeague".
OnJanuary20thinthe20thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1931),RouShiwasarrestedandLuXuntookrefugeinhisapartment.Returntotheoldapartmentonthe28th.
Mr.LuXun funeral(9photos)
OnJanuary29,the21styearoftheRepublicofChina(1932),therewasawarinthelineoffire.ShetookrefugeintheUchiyamaBookstorethenextday.OnFebruary6,escortedbyafriendoftheNeishanBookstoretotheNeishanbranchintheBritishconcessionfortemporaryshelter.Initiatedthe"SpringFieldArtResearchInstitute"withAiQingandothers.InJanuaryofthe22ndyearoftheRepublicofChina(1933),CaiYuanpeiinvitedhimtojointhe"ChinaCivilRightsProtectionLeague"andwaselectedasanexecutivemember.OnFebruary17,CaiYuanpeiinvitedtoSoongChingLing'shousetowelcomeBernardShaw.ImissRouShias"ACommemorationforOblivion".
In January of the 23th year of the Reipublic of China (1934), the "BeijingAnnotation Book" co-edited withZhengZhenduo editum est.
Thetranslation of Gogol's "DeadSoul" incoepit in February of the Reipublic of China (1935). In Iunio integravit "NewLiteraturae seriem·SecondEpisode Novellarum", et praefatio longi.
InJanuaryofthe25thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1936),severepainsappearedintheshouldersandribs,andthelastinnovativework"NewStories"waspublished.InFebruary,begantotranslatethesecondpartof"DeadSouls".OnMay15hehadarelapse,thedoctordiagnosedastomachproblem,butthefeverhasnothealedsincethen.OnMay31,Ms.SmedleyinvitedtheAmericandoctorDengtomakeadiagnosis,butthesituationwasnotoptimistic.InJune,hisbodyimprovedslightly,andLuXunandthepeoplearoundhimthoughtthat"Mr.LuXuniswell".Iwrote"AnAnswertotheTrotskyites"onJune9th,"AnAnswertoXuMaoyongandQuestionsabouttheAnti-JapaneseUnitedFront"onAugust5th,and"TwoorThreeThingsRemindedbyMr.TaiYan"inOctober,October17Theolddiseaserelapsed,andthediseasebrokeoutbeforedawnonthe18th.
Thecharacterpassedaway
Hepassedawayat5:25amonOctober19,1936.
Vita personalis
Familiares
LuXunfamilymembers(9photos)
ZhouJiefu:LuXun'sgrandfather(1838—1904),therealnameZhifu,laterchangeditsnametoFuqing,thewordZhensheng,thenameisJiefu,thenumberoneMeixian.BorninHanlin,hewasonceexpatriatedasthemagistrateofJinxiCounty,JiangxiProvince,andwaslaterimprisonedduetoanimprisonmentcase,whichcausedtheZhoufamilytodecline.ZhouJiefu's"propositionandpracticeoffreereading"has"openedagapintheclosedsystemoftraditionaleducation"forLuXun..
PanDafeng:LuXun'sgrandmother(orAuntPan),ZhouJiefu'sconcubine.
ZhouBoyi:LuXunspater (1861-1896), cuius nomen ZhouFengyi, Boyi dicitur. Erat aperta animorum inpatientia motus occidentalis.
Hefamily:GrandmaLuXun,ex GaofuTown,KuaijiCounty,edita ab patre suo.
LuRui:LuXun'mater (1858-1943), fuit benigna et stabilis, benigna et magnanima, et cogita- tiones erant late apertae, quae magnae erant influentia in LuXun.
ZhouZuoren:LuXun secundus frater (1885-1967), olim notus, ZhouXiashou, famosus modus ayist.
DuanGu:SisterLuXun,shediedbeforeshewasoneyearold,aboutoneyearolderthanZhouJianren.
ZhouJianren:Tertius frater LuXun (1888-1984), olim nominatus ZhouSongshou, abiologus.
ZhouChunshou:LuXun'sfourthbrother (1892-1898) mortuus est, cum hewas6 yearsold.
ZhuAn:LuXun'slegalwife (1878-1947), anative ofDingjiaLane,Shanyin,Zhejiang(nowDingxiangLane,ShaoxingCity), duxit XXV annosLuXunattheageof28in1906.SheandLuXunhadbeenamarriedcouplefortwentyvit.
XuGuangping:LuXun'slover (1898-1968), anative of Panyu, Guangdong, wasstudentofLuXun.
ZhouHaiying:SonofLuXunandXuGuangping(1929-2011),radioexpert.
Motusexperience
BrothersDiscord
Inhispersonallife,twothingshithimhard.Oneishismarriedlife,andtheotherishisdisharmonywithhisyoungerbrotherZhouZuoren.LuXunandZhouZuorenhavealwaysbeenreluctanttotalkaboutthismattertoothers,whichhasmadethismattermoreandmoreconfusingandhasbecomethemostincomprehensibleeventinthehistoryofmodernChineseliterature.Overtheyears,theresearchcommunityhasformedthreeviewpoints:"economictheory","disrespecttheory",and"familydisputetheory".Thefirst"economictheory"isthatZhouZuoren'swifeYuTaixinzispenttoomuchmoney,causingthefamilytomakeendsmeet,andfinallycausinggapsbetweenthebrothers.ThesecondargumentisthatLuXunhadanaffairwithXinzi,whichcausedtheZhoubrotherstofeud.ThethirdargumentisthateveryoneintheZhoufamilyisdissatisfiedwithXinzi,causingtensioninthebrotherhood.Asfarasthedenialof"brothers'discord"isduetotheideologicaldifferencesbetweenthetwo,thesethreepointsofviewareconsistent.Butotherthanthat,theacademicresearchbasicallyhasn'tmademuchprogress,andthethreeviewpointscan'treallyconvincereaders.
Matrimonium andLove
InLuXun’slife,hewasmarriedormarriedtotwowomen.Theloverelationship.First,whenhewas26yearsold,hereturnedtoShaoxingfromJapantomarryMs.ShanyinZhu'anundertheauspicesofhismother,LuRui;LuXundidnotreleaseitwithhersincehemarriedZhuAnuntilhisdeath.Thiskindofmaritalrelationship(LuXunknewthatoncehedivorcedhiswife,ZhuAnwouldsufferdeathorinhumanexperience,sohedidnotdivorce).DuringLuXun’stimeoutside,ZhuAnhasbeentakingcareofLuXun’smother’slifewithoutcomplaints;thesecondisWhenhewas47yearsold,hearrivedinShanghaifromGuangzhouandlivedwithXuGuangping,Panyu,whohadfollowedhimforalongtime.AfterLuXun'sdeath,Ms.ZhuAn,likeComradeXuGuangping,maintainednormalcontactwithsocietyasLuXun'ssurvivorformorethantenyears.
PersonalWorks
CollectionofNovels
"Scream" inAugust1923, published by BeijingXinchaoNewsAgency
"Vagus" August1926,BeijingBeixinBookstore
"NewStories" 1936, ShanghaiCulturalLifePublishingHouse
CollectionofEssays
EachofthecompleteworksofLuXunListofkindsofeditions(5photos)
TheessayscreatedbyLuXunbeforehisdeathwerecompiledandpublishedbyCaiYuanpeiandXuGuangping.Afterhisdeath,theywereincludedinthefirsteditionofLuXun'scompleteworks.However,thetimeisrushed,anditisinevitabletobeleftbehind,1948In1952,TangTaocompiledandpublished"SupplementtotheCompleteWorksofLuXun"and"SupplementtotheCompleteWorksofLuXun".ThesearticleswerelaterincludedinvariousversionsofLuXun'scompleteworksindifferentclassifications.Therearemanynames,andthefollowingarebasedonthe2005editionof"TheCompleteWorksofLuXun"byPeople'sLiteraturePublishingHouse.NameofWork | Informationofthefirstedition | Nameofwork | Firsteditioninformation |
|---|---|---|---|
"Sepulcrum" | March1927, WeimingSociety | "HotWind" | 1925November2008,BeijingBeixinBookstore |
"TheHuagaiCollection" | August1926,BeijingBeixinBookstore | "TheHuagaiCollectionSequel" | May1927,BeijingBeixinBookstore |
Thesequeltothesequel | 1948, ShanghaiPublishingCompany | "JustCollection" | October1928, ShanghaiBeixinBookstore |
"SanxianJi" | September1932, ShanghaiBeixinBookstore | "NanqiangbeiCollection" | April1934, samebookstoreinShanghai |
"TwoHeartsCollection" | |||
p> | 1932, ShanghaiHezhongBookstore | "LaceLiterature" | June1936,ShanghaiLianhuaBookstore |
"Pseudo-Liber" | October1933,ShanghaiQingguangBookstore | "ZhunfengyueTan" | December1934,ShanghaiLianhuaBookstore |
"QiejietingEssays" | July1937,ShanghaiSanxianBookstore | "QiejietingEssayTwoCollection" | July1937,ShanghaiSanxianBookstore |
TheLastCompilationofQijietingEssays | July1937,ShanghaiSanxianBookstore p> | 《Jiwaiji》 | 1935InMay, ShanghaiMassBookCompany |
"DiwaijiCollection" | 1938, The WorksofLuXunPublishingHouse | "SupplementtoJiwaiji" | 1952, ShanghaiPublishingCompany |
Theaboveinformationiscompiledfrom |
Translationes
Translationes | Firsteditioninformation | Translationes | Firsteditioninformation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
WallNextTranslationCollection" | April1929, ShanghaiBeixinBookstore | "ModernJapaneseNovelCollection" | June1923, ShanghaiCommercialPress | |
"Quaestiones ofModernNewLiterature" | ||||
p> | April1929, ShanghaiDajiangBookstore | "PeachyCloud" | July1923,BeijingXinchaoClub | |
"ArtTheory" | June1929,ShanghaiDajiangBookstore | "SymbolofDepression" | December1924, BeijingUnnamedSociety | |
Literature andCriticism | June1929,ShanghaiShuimoBookstore | "OutoftheIvoryTower" | December1925, BeijingWeimingSociety | |
"TraveltotheMoon" | 1903, TokyoEvolutionSociety, Iaponia | "LittleJohn"; | January1928, BeijingWeimingSociety | |
"WorkerSuihuiluofu" | May1922, ShanghaiCommercialPress | "Cogitationes·Tandscape·characteres | May1928, BeijingNewZealandBookstore | |
"ModernNovelSeriesTranslation" | July1922, ShanghaiCommercialPressLibrary | "ModernArtHistoryTrends" | 1929, BeixinBookstore | |
"Aroshenko'sFairyTales" | Iulii1922, ShanghaiCommercialPress | "Paulus Petrus" | November1929, ShanghaiChunchaoBookstore | |
"Literary andArtPolicy" | June1930,ShanghaiShuimoBookstore | "ArtTheory" | July1930,ShanghaiGuanghuaBookstore | |
"Perditio"; | September1931, ShanghaiDajiangBookstore | "Hymnus" | 1933Septembris | |
"Octobris" | February1933, ShanghaiShenzhouGuoguangSociety | "OneDay'sWork" | March1933,ShanghaiLiangyouBookCompany | |
《表》 | July1935, ShanghaiCulturalLifeBookstore | "RussianFairyTales" | August1935,ShanghaiCulturalLifeBookstore | |
"DeadSouls" | In1938, ShanghaiCulturalLifePublishingHouse | "BadChildrenandOtherAnecdotes" | June1936,ShanghaiLianhuaBookstore | |
Plantsandothers" | June1936, ShanghaiCommercialPress | "MonsPeople'sPastoralSinging" | p> | In1938, the CompleteWorksofLuXunPublishingHouse |
"TranslationSupplement" | March2008,FujianEducationPress | |||
"Subterranea" | March1906,ShanghaiPopularBookstoreandNanjingQixinBookstore | |||
TheCollectionofExtraterritorialNovels | March1909, volumen | |||
Theaboveinformationiscompiledfrom |
AcademicMonographs
"ABriefHistoryofChineseNovels" | December1923, Volume I; |
"TheOutlineoftheHistory ofChineseLiterature" | In1938, the CompleteWorksofLuXunPublishingHouse,organizedbytheCommitteeoftheCompleteWorksofLuXun |
"TheHistoricalChangesofChineseNovels" | 1938TheCompleteWorksofLuXunPublishingHouseandtheCompleteWorksCommitteeofLuXunorganizeditin2009> |
Artworks
Coverdesign (delecti) | PekingUniversitySchoolemblem(Luxunoriginalversion) | ThedesignofthenationalemblemintheearlyRepublicofChina |
|---|---|---|
Selfsymbol (ibis) | Pingis (ibis) | Copyworks |
|---|---|---|
Otherworks
Nameofwork | Firsteditioninformation | Dicta |
|---|---|---|
"WildGrass" | July1927,BeijingXinchaoClub | Acollectionofprosepoems |
"ThePickingUpintheMorningFlower" | September1928,BeipingWeimingSociety | ProseCollection |
"AncientBookPrefaceandPostscriptCollection" | In1938, the CompleteWorksofLuXunPublishingHouse | CompiledandcompiledbytheCommitteeoftheCompleteWorksofLuXun |
ThePrefaceandPostscriptofTranslations | In1938, the CompleteWorksofLuXunPublishingHouse | LuXunCompiledandeditedbythecommitteeofthecompleteworks |
"BookofTwoPlaces" | 1933,ShanghaiIuvenisGuangshuBureau | AcollectionoflettersfromLuXunandXuGuangping |
"LuXun'sLetters" | In1937,SanxianBookstore | XuGuangpingarrangedit |
"Luxun'sDiary" | 1951, ShanghaiPublishingCompany | CollectedbyXuGuangping |
Theaboveisorganizedfrom |
LuXun'smanuscript
"LuXunManuscriptSeries" (15volumes), Popularis Litterae Publicae, 2014;
CharacterEvaluation
PositiveEvaluation
MaoZedongClassrevolutionist):"LuXun'sbonesarethehardest,hedoesn'thavetheslightestsenseofslaveryorcharm.Thisisthemostpreciouscharacterofthecolonialandsemi-colonialpeople.LuXunisanationalheroontheculturalfront."LuXunisthemasteroftheChineseCulturalRevolution.Heisnotonlyagreatwriter,butalsoagreatthinkerandagreatrevolutionary.""
KimYangshou(Koreanliterarycritic):"ThewriterwhooccupiesthelargestterritoryonthemapofEastAsiancultureinthe20thcentury."
AlexanderAlexandrovichFadeyev,SovietUnionWriter):"LuXunisatrueChinesewriter.Becauseofthis,hehascontributedalotofnationalandinimitableworkstotheworld’sliterature.Hislanguageisinafolkstyle.AlthoughhisironyandhumorarecommontomankindHischaracter,butitalsohasnationalcharacteristicsthatcannotbeimitated."HealsocommentedonLuXunas"China’sGorky."
GuoMoruo(Poet,Scholar):"LuXunisarevolutionarythinkerandanepoch-makingliteratureandart.Awriterisahistorianwhoseekstruthfromfacts,aneducatorwholeadsbyexample,andaninternationalistwholongsfortheliberationofmankind."
YoshimiTakeuchi (TakeuchiYoshimi, Japaneseliterarycritica): "LuXunisamodernChinesecitizen Themotherofculture."
Neutralevaluation
HuShi(modernthoughtenlightenmentist):"LuXunisaliberalandwillneverbesuccumbedtoexternalforces.LuXunisourperson"
WangMeng(theformerMinisterofCultureoftheRepublic,afamouscontemporarywriter):"IsittoogoodforourwriterstobelikeLuXun?Notnecessarilyatall.ItisaverygreatthingtohaveLuXunintheliteraryworld.WhatiftherearefiftyLuXun?MyGod!"
XiaZhiqing (Chinese-American, historicus famosus): "vulgo loquens, LuXunisat in misericordia suae aetatis, non haec commentarium et satietas temporum."
Negativeevaluation
ChengFangwu(proletarianrevolutionist):"WeChinesehaveacommonproblem.Whennovelsbecomepopular,weusewhateverwordsareItiscalledanovel,whichiseasytomisunderstand.Theauthorisadmiredbythousandsofpeople,andhisinfluenceonordinaryyoungpeopleisgreat.Iamparticularlydissatisfiedwithhimlikethis."
.
WangShuo(contemporarywriter):"IhaveneverfeltthatLuXun’snovelsarewellwritten,andhisnovelsaretoodull.LuXun’skindofpositiveinthe1920sand1930sThevernaculartextthatisinitsinfancyandhasnotcompletelyseparatedfromtheinfluenceofclassicalChineseisalsoalittlelumpy,anditisalwaysabitambiguoustoread."
Articcharacteristics
Novellae
"AMadman'sDiary" woodcutpaintedbyZhaoYannian(6photos)
LuXun'snovelsareuniqueintheirselectionofmaterials.Inthechoiceofsubjectmatter,LuXunonlyselects"thewarriorandthetactician,thethief,themonster,themonsterThemodelofgods,talentedmenandbeautifulwomen,laterprostitutesandclients,andrascalslaves”hasbeenreformed,withtheconceptof“forlifeThe"Enlightenment-style"creationpurposecreatedthetwomainthemesofmodernliterature"showingfarmersandintellectuals".Hismaterialsare"mostlytakenfromtheunfortunatepeopleinamorbidsociety."LuXunhasanextremelyuniqueperspectivewhendealingwiththesesubjects.Whenobservingandexpressinghisprotagonist,hehashisownuniqueperspective,thatis, healwayspaysattentiontothemental"sickness"ofintellectualsandfarmersin"pathologicalsociety".Therefore,in"Hometown",themostshockingthingisnotRuntu'slaterpoverty,butthenumbnessoftheheartshownbyhis"Master".Theexcavationofintellectualthemesalsofocusedontheirtraumaandcrisis.Forexample,"OntheRestaurant"sawthattheheroeswhofoughtaloneintheRevolutionof1911couldnotescapetheirlonelyfate,andunderthepressureofpowerfulfeudaltraditionsBacktotheorigin,consuminghislifeinthedepression.ThesereformsofLuXunin"Hell"and"Wandering"evolvedintotwoplotsandstructuralmodelsof"seeing/ observatus et rediens. Inthenovel ostendens rem publicam, omnium actiones solum "vigilans", et in visione sola "vigilans" et "exspectans". Haec forma sabinary oppositio inter "vigilans" et vigilans. mode,LuXunnotonlytellsthestoriesofothersbutalsotellshisownstories.Thetwopermeateandinfluenceeachothertoformapolyphony.Thetriplerelationshipof"LuTown".Thisrelationshipcontainsboththestoryof"I"and"LuTown",aswellasthestoryofMrs.XianglinandLuTown.However,readersoftenignoretheformer.Theformerspeaksofan"eternaldrifter".Story,thelattertellsastoryaboutcannibalisminfeudalsociety.Thetwostoriesareconnectedintandem,usingXianglin'swifetoquestionthesoulof"I",thusrevealingtheinnerconnectionbetween"I" and thetraditionals spirit of Luzhen. Novessimilarto thismodelinclude "Hometown", "The Sola" and "Restaurant".
Thesetof "NewStories" (12photos)
Inaddition,ontheonehand,LuXunhasbeenexploringtheformofthesubjectinfiltratingthenovel.In"OntheRestaurant"and"TheLonelyMan",thenarrator"I"andthecharactersinthenovelaretheexternalizationoftwodifferentsidesof"self"ortwosidesofinnercontradiction,sothewholestoryhasaselfsoulThenatureofdialogueandmutualrefutation.Ontheotherhand,LuXunisalsopursuingasubtleandrestrainedexpression,aswellasasimpleandcondensedlanguagestyle.Heoncesaid,"Itrytoavoidthenaggingofwriting.Ionlyaskforthemeaningtobepassedontoothers.Iwouldratherhavenofoil."Inthisregard,whenintroducinghisexperienceinwritingnovels,healsosaid,"Drawapersonsparingly.It’sbesttodrawhiseyes.”“InoldChinesedramas,thereisnobackground.ThereareonlyafewmainpeopleonthedecorativepapersoldtochildrenintheNewYear(butthedecorativepaperhasalotofbackground).IamconvincedthatFormypurpose,thismethodisappropriate.”ThisalsoshowsthatLuXunemphasizedthespiritualoutlookofthecharacterswhendescribingthecharacters,andpaidgreatattentiontotheartistictasteofthefarmersinthedescription.LuXunstudiedtheartisticcharacteristicsofolddramasandNewYearpaintingsthatfarmersliked,andusedtheminhisownartisticcreations,makinghisnovelsshowstrongnationalcharacteristics.Andhehasextensivelyborrowedfromtheartisticexperienceofpoetry,prose,music,art,andevendramatocreatenovels,andtriedtointegratethemintoonefurnace,so"poeticnovels"("SorrowsforthePast","SocialOpera",etc.)andprosestylesappeared.Novels("RabbitandCat","Duck'sComedy",etc.),even"dramaticnovels"("RiseofDeath",etc.),etc.Inthe1930s,LuXun’screativeenergywasmainlyfocusedonessays,buthedidnotforgetthecreationofnovelsandcontributedtohislastinnovativework"NewStories".ThiscollectionofnovelsstillshowsLuXun'suninhibitedimaginationandpowerfulcreativity:ithasanewimpactonthecreationnormsofmodernChinesenovelscreatedin"Scream"and"Wandering",lookingfornewbreakthroughs.In"NewStories",LuXunconsciouslybroketheboundariesoftimeandspace,andadoptedthe"mixtureofancientandmodern"methods:Inadditiontothehistoricalrecordsofthemaincharactersinthenovel,healsocreatedsomeminordramaticinterspersedcharacters.Alotofmodernlanguage,plotanddetailsareaddedtowordsanddeeds.Usemodernlanguagetoplayfreely,mockandexposerealityina"slick"posture.Atthesametime,therearetwocolorsandintonationmelodiesof"solemn"and"absurdity"inmanyarticles,whichcomplementeachotherandpermeatethedissolution.Forexample,in"MendingtheSky",Nuwawasyearningforthegrandeurandmagnificencewhenshecreatedhumanbeings.Attheend,posteritycampedonthebellyofdeadcorpsesunderthebannerof"creatingman,repairingthesky",whichisextremelyabsurd.ThisabsurdityThegreatnessofthepreviousarticlehasdisappeared,andtransformedintoakindofhistoricalsadness.
Characteristicsofessays
Inhislife,LuXundevotedmostofhislifeandeffortstothecreationofessays,especiallyinthelateryearsofhismostmaturethinking.Hisessaysareextremelycritical.LuXunoncedividedtheessaysinto"socialcriticism"and"civilizedcriticism",andwhatheemphasizedwastheconnotationandfunctionof"criticism".Readingthroughthe14collectionsofessayspublishedbyLuXunduringhislifetime,youcanseeachronicleofideologicalandculturalstrugglesthatconstantlycriticizes,debates,andcounterattacks...CriticismandcontroversywiththeRetroistscontinuedtotheprotestofthefascistdictatorshipoftheKuomintanggovernmentin"TheLastPartofQijieting'sEssays"andthecounterattackagainstthe"Left"lineoftheChineseCommunistParty.LuXun’sessaysshowtheunyieldingspiritof"don’tconquertheenemy,neverendthewar",whichisfundamentallycontrarytotheChinesecultureandthetraditionsof“forgiveness”and“thegoldenmean”ofChineseintellectualsandscholar-officialculture.TherebelliousnessandheterogeneityofLuXun'speopleandwritings.
LuXunessaycollection
LuXun’scriticismisdifferentfromordinarythoughtreviews.Healwaysfocuseshiscriticismonpeople,theirpsychologyandsoul:thisisakindofcarefromawriter.AsLuXunhimselfsaid:"Myhabitsarenotverygood,andwheneverIrefusetobelievewhatisonthesurface,"Ioftenhave"suspicions."Therefore,whathepaysmostattentiontoispeople'sconcealedmentalstate,andeventhementalstatethathecan'tconsciouslyrealizehimself.Forexample,intheessay"On"Fucking"",LuXunseesthedistortedandunavoidablementalityofresistancecausedbythefeudalhierarchyandfamilysystembehindthe"nationalcurse"thatChinesepeopleareaccustomedto.LuXunalsoproposedthe"push-back"wayofthinking,thatis,"lookatthepositiveandnegativeside".Basedonthis,hewrotesomeessays,suchas"XiaoZagan":"Ifyouclaimtobeathief,youdon'tneedtoguardagainstit,butyouareagoodperson;Therighteousgentlemanmustguardagainstit,theoppositeisthethieves":Thisissodeeptothepointthatitiscreepy,andnaturallyitisalso"venomous."LuXun’sessaythinkingisalsonon-standardized.Heoftengoesbeyondtheconventionalthinkinglinetofindnewwaysandingenuity,openingupnewideas,suchasinthefamousacademicessay"WeiJinStyleandtheRelationshipbetweenArticlesandMedicineandLiquor"Basedonthislineofthinking,adifferentconclusioncanbedrawn:JiandRuan’sdestructionofethicsisonlyasuperficialphenomenon,butinfactitisamanifestationofexcessivelove.LuXun’sessaysaresharpandvenomousandunacceptable.Italsoliesinhisimagination,whichalsoviolatesthe“conventional”(association).Ontheonehand,LuXunconnectspeopleandthingsthatseemtobethefurthestawayinappearanceandform,andseemtobeimpossibletoconnect.Together:Discovertheinterlinkageof"God"inthehugecontrastof"Shape";ontheotherhand,wecandiscoverandfeeltheuniqueconnectionbetweenhistoryandreality.In"TheCrisisoftheEssay","Thefireworkgirlcannolongerpullherbusinessinthelane,soshehastoapplygreaseandpowderandcomeontheroadatnight".Inthisway,oneendisthenoblemanandhishall,andtheotherendisthe"mostuncleanplace"ontheground.UnderLuXun'sinvolvement,the"sacred""joy"andthe"elegant""vulgarization"havebeenachieved.
LuXun'srelics(ShanghaiLuXunMemorialCollection)(8photos)
"Specificandindividualpeopleandthingsareexcludedfromindividuality,specificity,andparticularity,Makeageneralmeaning,understandtheoverallgeneralization,andaddabriefname,whichisupgradedtoa"specimen"of"thiskind"by"thisone",whileretainingtheimageandspecificcharacteristics,becomingtheunityof"one"and"kind""ThisisthebasicmethodusedbyLuXunwhenconductingcontroversies.InLuXun's14essaycollectionsduringhislifetime,manywonderfulandtypicalimageswerecreated,suchas"Ba'erDog","XiZai","ForemanoftheRevolution"andsoon.Theseimagesareoftenatypeofsocietyextractedbydissectingsomeone’swordsanddeedsatonetimeandoneplaceasatypicalphenomenon,"attackonepoint,butnottherest",andthusextractatypeofsociety.Theseimageshavethemeaningoftimeandspace,whichalsomakesThistypeof"commonname"haslong-termartisticvitality,justlikeAhQandXianglin'swifeinLuXun'snovels.Inlinewiththeunconstrainednatureofthought,thelanguageofLuXun'sessaysisalsounrestrainedandextremelycreative.LuXun'sessayscanbesaidtohavebroughttheexpressiveandlyricalfunctionsofChinesetotheextreme.Inhisessays:orthemixtureoforalandclassicalChinesesentencepatterns;orthecrossapplicationofparallelismandrepetitivesituations;ortheinterlacingoflongsentencesandshortsentences,declarativesentencesandrhetoricalquestions,mixingthesimplicityofproseandthebeautyandmomentumofparallelprose.Itcanbedescribedas"affectionateandprosperous."Forexample,in"RememberLiuHezhen":"Arealwarrior,daretofacethebleaklife,anddaretofacethedrippingblood."Heartyandimpressive.Ontheotherhand,thelanguageofLuXun’sessaysisanti-normative.Hedeliberatelydestroysgrammaticalrules,violatesconventionalusage,andcreatesaninharmonious"contradictorystyle"inordertobreakthebondageoflanguagetoideas,andatthesametimeachieveabsurdityandabsurdity.Qijun'saestheticeffect.Forexample,hesometimesorganizeswordswithoppositemeaningsorincompatiblewordstogether,whichisprofoundlyillogical:"reasonableoppression","kneelingrebellion","gallopingonyoungplants"andsoon.
ProseFeatures
BookShadows(6photos)
LuXunhasnotmanyessays,butitcanbesaidtobeexcellent.ThesechaptersContainedin"PickUptheFlowerintheEvening"and"Weeds"."ComeintheMorning"isLuXun’sreviewofhischildhoodandadolescence.Itisarecollectionoftheauthor’sadolescentlife,includinghischildhoodimpressionsofShaoxing,studyinginNanjing,studyinginJapan,andteachinginShaoxingafterreturningtoChina.Especiallythosewhodescribethelifeintheirhometownarethemost.Comparedwithhisessays,theseessaysaremoreclear,innocent,andcordial."CrossingFlowersintheEvening"focusesonthedepictionofworldlyhumanfeelings,notonlyonthevividnaturalsituations(suchas"FromtheBaicaoGardentotheSanweiBookHouse")andthetruerecollectionofyouthfulactionsfullofvigor,butalsoonthegraciousnessThefamilyaffectionportrayslivingcharacters,suchasMr.Fujino,FanAinong,andMr.ShouJingwuof"SanweiBookstore".Theauthordidnotwritethemrigidlyfromtheperspectiveofamoralist,butinsteadusedemotionstodriveTuanYi'spen.Themostrepresentativefigureistheeldestmother.In"AChangYu"andotherworks,LuXuntriedhisbesttoobjectivelynarrate,nottopraiseandcriticizeatwill,inthesimpletextandstory,thereaderwasdeeplymovedbythekind,simple,enthusiasticandbeautifulheartoftheeldermother.Incontrast,thedissatisfactionwiththeboring,ridiculous,andsillyworldoftheoldlifein"PickUptheMorningFlowersandEvening"doesnotappeartobeprominent.Thebeautyandloveoftheolddays.ItcanberegardedasaspiritualrefugeforLuXunwhenhisthoughtsaredepressed,anditcanalsoberegardedasaretreatforhistiredbodyandmind.Thecollectionofprosepoems"WildGrass",whichhasacompletelydifferent"gossip"stylefrom"ThePicksofMorningFlowersandEvenings",presentsanother"LuXunstyle".In"WildGrass",LuXun'swritingsburstintothehaziness,heavinessandweirdnessofdreams,thegloomandmysteryofghosts;magicalscenes,absurdplots;uncertainvagueideas,incomprehensibleabnormalfeelings;magnificence,Thecoldcolors,thestrangeimagination,thestrongpoeticsentiment...Oneofthemainreasonsforthese"strangevariations"isthepeculiarityofthelanguage-fromthevariationofdailylifelanguage,whichisacombinationofmagnificenceandarduousness.Ontheotherhand,thereasonisthevariantstyleof"Weeds":itclearlyshowsthepoetic,fictionalization("TremblingoftheDecliningLine")anddramatization("Passenger")oftheprose.Thegeneralartisticfeatureof"WildGrass"istheintrovertedlyricaltendency.Whatitrevealsisthe"truth"and"deepness"ofthesoul,andistheconsciousexperienceandbreakthroughofthepredicamentof"man".LuXunuseditforreferenceandsuccessfullyabsorbedit.Itusessymbolism,butitisobviouslymoreautonomousthanLiJinfa’srigidtransplantationinthesameperiod.Asaresult,ithasalsoachievedgreatsuccessintheexplorationofartisticexpressionmethods."WildGrass"expressestheuncertaintyofthethemeandalmostcontainsLuXun'semotions.,Personalityandevenallaspectsoftheentireinnerworld,itisthespiritualhistoryofthetransitionfromLuXun,aculturalcriticduringtheEnlightenmentperiod,toafighteraftertheEnlightenmentperiod.
Academicthought
LuXun’sthoughtsonliteraryhistoryareextremelyrichandprofound,emittingashiningbrilliancewiththecharacteristicsofthetimes.Hecreativelyengagedinthecompilationofliteraryhistory,leavingittotwoliteraryhistorymonographs-"ABriefHistoryofChineseNovels"and"AnOutlineoftheHistoryofChineseLiterature"",hasmadeagreatcontributiontothestudyofChineseliteraryhistory.Itisextremelyregrettablethat,duetotherealisticandobjectiveconditionsthatwerenotconducivetocreationatthattime,acompletehistoryofChineseliteraturethatheoriginallyplannedtowritecouldnotbecompletedinhislifetime.SupportLuXunTherearetwomajorconceptsforacademiccreation,oneistheliteraryhistoryviewoftheearlyevolutionism,andthesecondistheliteraryhistoryviewguidedbyMarx’smaterialisminthemiddleandlatestages.
LuXunacceptedYanFu’s"TianYanLun"inhisearlyyears."Theinfluenceofthetheoryofevolutionisdeeplyingrainedanddirectlyaffectshisacademicresearch.Ontheonehand,LuXunbelievesthatliterature,asanartform,isconstantlychanginganddeveloping.Ithastheessenceofseekinginnovationandchange,anditschangeanddevelopmentareirresistible."Evolutionislikeaflyingarrow.Itdoesn'tstopfalling,itdoesn'tstopatthings,prayingtoflyandreturntothestring,it'simpossibleforreason."Humansocietyisconstantlyevolving.""Thenovel,oneoftheliterarystyles,"isalsolikeapoem.IthaschangedintheTangDynasty.Althoughitisstillinthesearchforstrangestories,thenarrativeiscircumstantial,andthewordsaregorgeous.Comparedwiththecrudeandcrudeoutlinesofthesixdynasties,theevolutionisveryclear."Andastheinitialformofthenovel,"Forcingtheevolutionofmythology,thecentralpersonisgraduallyapproachinghumannature,andeverythingisnarrated,whichisnowcalledalegend."Ontheotherhand,basedonthecontinuousevolutionanddevelopmentofliterature,LuXunbelievesthatliteraturestillItmustbeinnovated."Intheprocessofevolution,itmustbemetabolized.Sothenewoneshouldgoforwardhappily,thisisstrong,andtheoldoneshouldalsogoforwardhappily,thisisthewayofevolution."InthestudyofliteraryhistoryafteracceptingMarxism,LuXunhasalwaysadheredtomaterialism,proceedingfromtheobjectivityofscience,insistingontheprimacyofmatter,andthinkingthathumanconsciousnessisareflectionandimitationofobjectiveexistence.
TranslationThoughts
ListofthefirsteditioncoversofLuXun'stranslationworks(25photos)
LuXunisagreatpioneerofChinesetranslationliterature.Inhislife,translationAndtheintroductionofforeignliteraryworksoccupiesaveryimportantposition.Histranslationideasinvolveallimportantaspectsoftranslation,andhisuniqueinsightsstillhaveahugeguidingroleincurrenttranslationtheoryresearchandtranslationpractice.Comparedwithmanytranslationtheories,LuXun’stranslationHisthoughtsaresimpleandunpretentious,andmostofthemareexpressedthroughmetaphorsclosetolife.Histranslationthoughtsinvolvethefollowingaspects:First,LuXun’spurposeoftranslatingforeignliteraryworksistoservethetransformationofthesociety,nottopromoteordowhathewants.Translationandtranslation.Hesaidintheprefaceof"TheCollectionofForeignNovels":"WhenwewerestudyinginJapan,wehadadazedhope;thatliteratureandartcantransfertemperamentandtransformsociety.Becauseofthisopinion,henaturallythoughtofintroduction.Thismatterofforeignliterature."ItcanbeseenthatLuXunconnectstranslationwithsocialchangesandthedestinyofthepeople.Second,theenlightenmentviewoftranslationwithaudienceselectivity.LuXunexplicitlyincludes"translatedreaders"intotranslationstudies.Hementioned:"WeThetranslationofthebookcannotbeassimpleasthat.Firstofall,itisnecessarytodecidewhatkindofreaderstotranslatetothepublic.Thesepeoplearedividedroughly:A,someareveryeducated;B,someareliterate...".Here,LuXunclassifiedthetargetreadersandpointedoutthatdifferentreadersshouldbeusedindifferenttranslations.Method.Histranslationshouldbeaprinciplethatreadersshouldconsider,andithasthesameeffectastheWesternaestheticsofreception.Third,thetranslationmethodologyof"hardtranslation".LuXunproposedthe"hardtranslation"methodologyinthe1930s.AndinthedebatewithLiangShiqiu,heputforwardthetranslationprincipleof"preferringfaithratherthancompliance".LuXun'sviewisbynomeanstooppose"faith"and"compliance",onthecontrary,heemphasizestheneedtogiveconsiderationtoboth.It’sjustthat“faithfulness”and“shunness”cannotbeachievedatthesametime.Thereasonisthat“thetranslationisfaithfulbutnotsmoothbutnotunderstandable.Ifyouthinkaboutit,youmightunderstandit,butthetranslationissmoothandsmooth.Thosewhodonotbelievecanbemisleading,andtheywillnotunderstandhowtothink.Ifyouseemtohaveunderstood,thenyouarejustlost."The"unsatisfactory"hesaidistotoleratesomeunsatisfactory,notdeliberatelytomaintaintheunsatisfactory,butto"installthetranslationintoadifferentsyntax.""Butthesituationisofcoursenotpermanent.Partofitwillchangefrom"unsuccessful"to"satisfactory",andsomewillbeeliminatedandkickedoffbecauseof"unsuccessful"intheend.Themostimportantthingisourowncriticism.Inthepast100years,Chinesehascontinuouslyabsorbednewexpressions,andhasbeencontinuouslyimprovedanddeveloped,suchas"undertheleadershipof...","when...","just...said",and"strike"thatpeoplehavelongbeenusedto.Theexpressionssuchas"dropthecrocodiletears"and"armedtotheteeth"wereintroducedintoChinesethroughtranslation.ThefactsofthedevelopmentofmodernChinesehaveprovedthatLuXun’spropositionisinlinewiththetrendoflanguagedevelopment.
Featuresofcalligraphy
LuXun'scalligraphy(6photos)
LuXunisnotonlyagreatwriterandthinker,butalsoanexcellentcalligraphyHome,becauseofhisideologicalandliteraryachievements,peopleoftenignorehiscalligraphyachievements.GuoMoruooncesaidthathiscalligraphy"farsurpassedtheSongandTangDynasties,andwentstraighttotheWeiandJinDynasties."LuXun'scalligraphywasmostlyinrunningscript.Takingacomprehensivelookatitsstyleandcharacteristics,whenYanZhenqing’s"ZhengZuoTie"emerges,theupperpartblendsthesealscriptandtheZhangCaoYi,thelowerpartmixestheSongpen,theMingandQingdynastywritingmethods,formingasimpleandvigorous,softontheoutside,strongontheinside,sparseandelegant,Freeandeasyartstyle.Thelarge-scalewritings,payingattentiontothecomposition,stablestructure,dignifiedandunpretentioususeofthepen,abandoningthedetailsandgreatbody,theslownessofthespirit,andthecharmstraightintotheWeiandJinDynasties,whichshowsthedepthofhiscalligraphyartaccomplishment.Smalllettersandmanuscriptsarehandyandfamiliar.Duetotimevariations,hastilyineffectiveandancientmethods,theyareofteninnocentandinnocent,whichshowshisearlycalligraphyskills.Inthisregard,thecriticWangJinyusaidthatMr.LuXunhasasolidcalligraphyskills,YuYanTiandBeibeiworkedthemostdiligent,andparticipatedinthesamādhi,buthecompletelyembodiedthebrushworkandcompositionindailynaturalwriting.Mostpeoplecan'tseeitbecauseoftheirpersonalvision,levelandotherreasons.LuXun'scalligraphycanbedividedintothreephases:early,middleandlate,eachwithitsowncharacteristics.Theearlyperiodwasbefore1901.ThemainpatriarchalpatriarchalworkswereTangandSongDynasties.Aglimpseofthewritingsofthetwokingsandthewritingstylesofthetwokings.Thebodycompositionismoredense.Duringthisperiod,theendofthepenissometimesfilledwithyouthfulblood,sothecharmisslightlyinferior.Themiddleperiodwasfrom1911to1927.ThewritingsweremainlybasedonWeiJinKaixing,combinedwithZhangCaoandSealLi,andthewritingstylechangedtosimple,concise,implicitandunpretentious.However,duringthisperiod,thewritingsandwritingsweremorediverse:somepreservedthewritinginWei-Jinlower-casescript;someweremixedwiththetwokingsmethodinYanXing;somestrokeswereroundandround,thecalligraphystylewassimple,andthecompositionwassparse;somewereintegratedintothesealscriptwritingwithacursivechapter.Bodystance;somearethecomebackofhisearlierstyleofwritingandsoon.Allthiscanberegardedasatransitionalperiodbook.Thelaterperiodwasfrom1927to1936,whenthecalligraphywasmature.BasedonLuXun'sstrongfoundationinhisearlyyearsandhismid-termaestheticchoicesaswellaslong-termworkandcopying,LuXun'scalligraphyforthepurposeofworkhasmaturedandstabilizedfromtechniquetoaesthetics,formingauniquestyle.Intermsoftechnique,thebrushisbasedontheround,hidden,butthicklinesofthecenter;thestructureischaracterizedbytheshapeofthecharacters,andtheshapeisdense;thecompositioniselegantandclean,theairisrelaxed,andthefreeandeasynatureisthemainstyle.Intermsofaesthetics,thepurposeissimple,elegant,naturalandancient.
Artthought
LuXun'sdesignworks(5photos)
LuXun’slifehasaverycloserelationshipwithart.Henotonlyhasaprofoundartisticaccomplishmentandin-depthresearchonfinearts,butalsoactivelyadvocatespopularart,personallyparticipatedinalargenumberoffineartspracticeactivities,andwroteagloriouspageinthehistoryofmodernChineseart.ThethoughtoftransformingnationalcharacterbasedonthespiritofpatriotismistherootfoundationoftheformationofLuXun'sartthought.Themainthemeis:toaffirmthesocialutilityoffinearts,emphasizethecloseconnectionbetweenfineartsandsociety,thetimes,andthepeople,andusefineartsasaweapontofightagainstalldark,backward,anddecadentforces,therebychangingthespiritofthepeople.TherichcontentofLuXun'sartthoughtreflectsthetwomostbasicspirits:oneistopayattentiontoandpromotetheartofthemasses,andtheotheristopromotethespiritofrealism.LuXunadvocatedmodernpopularartandpaidattentiontotheancientpopularart—folkart,toshowthatonlybyrespectingthepubliccanfineartshaveendlessvitality.LuXun'srealismspiritisconcentratedinhistreatmentofartheritageas"usedism"inhistreatmentofartcreationitself.Itismanifestedasemphasizingtheideologicalandspiritualconnotationofthework.Advocatingmassartandadvocatingthespiritofrealismcomplementeachother.StrungtogethertherichcontentofLuXun'sartthought.CharacteristicsofPoems
LuXunalsowrotemanyexcellentpoemsinhiscreativecareer.Althoughtheoverallnumberisnotverylarge,therearemanypraiseworthyandin-depthresearchesonitsartisticcharacteristics.GuoMoruooncecommented:"Mr.LuXunhasnointentionofcomposingpoems,andoccasionally,hewillsingeveryperfectsong.Eithertherhino-horncandleisstrange,orthelivershines."LuXun'spoemsareparticularlyprominentinthecreationofarchaicpoems,andthesepoemsarenotonlycontent.Richandcatchy,withhighartisticbeautyandideologicalcharacteristics,itisagoodcombinationofrevolutionaryrichemotionsandperfectartisticcharacteristics.
LuXun'spoems (2photos)
TheartisticcharacteristicsofLuXun'sclassicalpoetrymainlyhavethefollowingpoints:First,ithasadistinctivepersonalityandarealimage.InLuXun'sancientstylepoems,readerscanoftenreallyfeeltheemotionstheauthorwantstoexpressthroughthevariousnaturalscenerieshedescribesorsomespecificcharacters.Thesesceneriesareextremelywideinscopeandhavedeepmeaning,suchas"ThousandForests","HeronShadows","YellowSheep"andsoon.Thecharactersinclude"XuFu","Mother","Husband","Hero"andsoon.Sometimes,theauthoroftenuseshimselfasthesubjectofthepoemintheformofaself-portrait,expressingwhathethinksstraightforwardly,andlettingtheworldrealizethesubjecthewantstocriticizeandpraisewithhisbroadmind.Forexample,inthepoem"Untitled·UsedtoLongNightsinSpring",theauthoruses"thetearsoflovingmothersarefaintindreams,andthecityheadchangestheking'sflag."Asimpleandclearsentencesurroundsoneselfinwhitesurroundedbyfamilymembers'thoughtsofthemselvesandwarlordsandthepeoplearenotliving.Thesceneisvividlyoutlined.Theauthordidn'tusetoomuchlanguagetopavetheway,butonlyreliedonthetwoimagesof"Mother'sTears"and"Dawangqi"toexpressitinafascinatingmanner.Second,thelanguageissimpleandtheintentionisprofound.ThelanguageofLuXun'spoemsissimpleandnatural,withouttoomuchdecorationandrendering,anditiskindandnaturaltoread.However,whenyoucarefullysavorit,youcanimmediatelydiscovertheintentionofitsexpression,buttheemotionitpromotesisfarfromthat.Plain.Forexample,inthepoem"TheGengziSendstheStoveIsaMatter",onecanclearlyfindakindofemotionimplicitinLuXun'spoem-theironyandlashingoffeudalsuperstition.Theauthorchoosesthismattertoreflectthepovertyinthefamily.Theimplicitcontentisthatthekitchengoddoesnotexist.Worshipingthekitchengodwillonlymakethepovertyathomeworse.Ifyouwanttogetridofyourfate,youcanonlyrelyonyourselfandrelyonpersonalstruggleinexchangefortomorrow.Happiness.Third,richrhetoricanddiverseforms.Intermsofrhetoric,LuXun’scommonlyusedrhetoricincludesmetaphor,exaggeration,allusion,irony,andantithesis.TheserhetoricaltechniqueswithdifferentfunctionsanddistinctivefeatureshavebecomeverygoodweaponsforpropagatingthoughtsandventingemotionsinLuXun'swriting,andalsoletreadersdeeplyrealizeLuXun'sprofoundknowledgeandwisemind.Inaddition,LuXun'sancientstylepoemsarealsoveryrich,includingfive-characterverses,seven-characterquatrains,andseven-characterverses.Forexample,thefivewordsinclude"TheGengziGivestheStove"and"Title"Wandering"",etc.,andthesevenwordsinclude"AnswertotheGuest"and"Self-InscribedSmallPortrait".Influenceofcharacters
Influenceofliteratureandart
LuXunisaculturalgiantinthe20thcentury.Hehasworkedonnovels,essays,essays,woodcuts,modernpoems,old-stylepoems,translationsofclassics,andancientbooks.Manyfieldssuchascollationandmodernacademicshavemadegreatcontributions.AsthegreatfounderofmodernChineseliterature,LuXun’sfewnovelscreatedanewformofChinesenovels;hisprose“showstheachievementsoftheliteraryrevolution”;theessayshecreatedarefullofmodernity,Liberal,critical,andcombativearethe"criticalweapons"mostcommonlyusedbywritersoflatergenerations.HisessaysaremoreaboutChinesesociety,politics,history,law,religion,morals,philosophy,literature,artandevenculturalpsychology,civilsociety,andcivilsociety.Anencyclopediaofsex,folklore,folklore...AlmostallChinesewritershavedevelopeddifferentliterarystylesonthebasisofLuXun'screation.Asatranslator,hetranslatedalargenumberofforeignliteraryworks,scientificandnaturalworks,andmadeahugecontributiontounlockingthepeople'swisdomandintroducingadvancedscientificandculturalideas.Asanartlover,LuXunintroducedalargenumberofWesternwoodcutsandprints,andsupportedyoungpeopletolearnwoodcutsandprintsinthetheoreticalandspiritualaspects,whichgreatlypromotedthespreadanddevelopmentofmodernwoodcutsandprintsinmodernChina.ModernChina'sfineartshavemadeoutstandingcontributions.
Academicinfluence
Asanacademicresearcher,ontheonehand,LuXunusedWesternliteraryconceptstostudyChineseclassicalnovelsandwrote"ABriefHistoryofChineseNovels",whichnotonlyended"TheerawhenChinesenovelshavenohistory"hasalsocreatedatypicalexampleofliteraryhistoryworks,"showingcountlesswaysforlaterlearners".GuoMoruoandWangGuowei's"TheHistoryofSongandYuanOperas"arebothreferredtoasmodernChineseShuangbiinacademichistory.Ontheotherhand,hecollatedandcorrecteddozensofancientbookssuchas"AncientNovels","JiKangCollection","HanPortraitCollection","HuijiCountyAncientBooksMiscellaneousCollection"andotherdozensofancientbooks.wealth.
Spiritualinfluence
LuXuncanbecalledthenationalsoulofmodernChina.Hisspirithasprofoundlyinfluencedhisreaders,researchers,andevengenerationsofmodernChinesewritersandintellectuals..LuXunwasalsooneoftheworld'sculturalgiantsinthe20thcentury.Hecreated"bothinsideandoutside,bothmergedwiththecontemporarytrendsoftheworld,withoutdamagingChina'snationalcharacter",andhasauniquepersonalstyleof"theChinesewhowanttoparticipateinthecauseoftheworldtoday"literature.Liketheworld'soutstandingthinkersandwritersofthesameperiod,whilepayingattentiontohisownnation,healsopaidattentiontotheproblemsfacedbymankindandmadehisownuniquecontribution.
Politicalinfluence
LuXunpursueddemocracythroughouthislife.HedeclaredwaronfeudalandoldcultureasearlyasthebeginningoftheNewLiteratureMovement,constantlystrugglingwiththeoldideasandculturethatoppressedthepeople.Afterthe"WomenTeachersUniversityTide"occurred,hearguedwiththewarlordswhopersecutedthestudents.LuXunwasnotafraidofrapeandwrotetofight,showingthespiritofanuprightliterati.Afterwards,undertheruleoftheKuomintang,itboldlydiscloseditsdarkrule.Inthe1930s,theystruggledwiththewrongleft-leaningliteraryandartisticlineoftheCommunistParty.Later,incooperationwithliteraryandartisticworkersundertheleadershipoftheparty,theyestablishedtheLeagueofLeft-wingWritersledbytheproletarianliteraryandideologicalthoughts.AstheleaderoftheLeftLeague,LuXunledtheLeftLeaguetocrushtheKuomintangreaction.Theconspiracyofliteratureandarttostrangletheproletarianliteratureandartinvain.
Characteranecdotes
AsthemostcontributorywriterinthehistoryofmodernChineseliterature,LuXunhasbeenfabricatedmanyanecdotesafterhisdeath.Becauseitisdifficulttodistinguishbetweentrueandfalse,theyareoftencirculatedwidelyandunknown.Itstrueandfalse.Themorefamousofthesefalserumorsis"TheStoryofLuXun'sHaircut",whichisprovedtograftthestoryoftheshavedheadinthebook"LaughsandSmiles"compiledbyQingdynastyscholars.Inaddition,"LuXunLostCottonTrousers"and"ACloseFriendInformedtoHelpLuXunEvacuate"haveallbeenverifiedasfalse.AnotheranecdoteofLuXun'soppositiontoacertainbookstore's"non-paymentofpunctuationandblanks"isstillinconclusive.Regardingthequestionoftrueandfalsetextualresearch,pleaserefertothepaperswrittenbyLuXunresearchexpertsfordetailedinformation.
Excellentgrades
WhenLuXunwasintheMiningRoadSchool,hisacademicperformancewasoutstanding.Theschool’sdirectorQianDepeioncepraisedhim:"ZhouShurenisreallyknowledgeable."Atthattime,everytimehetookanexamTherearebonuses.TheChineselanguageisonceaweek,andtheotherquizzesareonceamonth,andthebestonesaregiventhird-classsilvermedals.Accordingtotheregulations:everyfourthird-classchaptersareallowedtobeexchangedforasecond-classone,afewsecond-classonesareexchangedforafirst-classone,andafewfirst-classonesareexchangedforagoldone.Inthewholeclass,onlyLuXunreceivedthiskindofgoldenmedal.
Helpingtheyouth
WhenLuXunwasinGuangzhou,ayoungmanwasinfluencedbyhimandfollowedhimtoShanghai.AfterarrivinginShanghai,LuXunenthusiasticallystayedinhisapartmentinJingyun,andlaterthemanaskedLuXuntofindhimajobinShanghai.LuXunfoundYuDafuinadifficultsituationandsaidthattherewasnoway.Hehadtoaskabookstorenewspapertoaskhimtodothingsinname.ThemonthlysalaryofthirtytofortyyuanwastakenoutbyLuXunhimself,andDafutransferredittothebookstorenewspaperasamonthlysalary.he.TheextentofLuXun'ssupportandassistancetotheyouthcanbeseen.
Theacquaintanceoftheneck
LuXunandthefamousmodernmedicalscientistandfounderofZhejiangMedicalUniversityLiSuizhiandQianXuesen’sfatherQianJunfuaretheacquaintancesoftheneck.ThethreeofthemwenttoJapantostudytogetherin1902,andtheysharedthesamebedroominthesameclass.LuXun'smedicalgraduationthesisongeneticswaswrittenbyLiSuizhi'shelp.Thenamesofthetwowerealsolistedinthe"Who'sWhoinJapan"atthetime.AlthoughLuXun,LiSuizhi,andQianJunfuwereindifferentuniversities,theystillgatheredtogethertodiscusstheworldandexpressthegrandplanofnationalsalvation.Aftertheyreturnedtothecountry,theyoftenwentbacktoeachother,andthefriendshipremainedthesame.
LittleWhiteandRedElephant
LinYutangoncewroteinanarticlethatMr.LuXuniscommendableinChina,andheisknownasthe"WhiteElephant".Becauseelephantsaremostlygray,whenyouencounterawhiteone,itisregardedasanationaltreasure.XuGuangpingoftenreferredtohimasthe"littlewhiteelephant"whenhewasseparatedfromLuXunandexchangedletters,andLuXunoccasionallyreferredtohimselfashimselfinhisletters.AfterthebirthofhissonZhouHaiying,LuXunuseditasagifttohissonasthe"littleredelephant",whichcanbedescribedas"awhiteelephantandaredelephantandafatherandson."Littleelephant,redred,littleredelephant;littleelephant,littlered,littleredelephant,littlered,littleelephant,littleredred.”Thewarmthofthehusband’spitycanbeseen.
Notheavymanuscrits
LuXundidn’tcareaboutthepreservationofmanuscripts.Heoftenlitteredthemanuscripts,andsometimesdistributedthemtovisitinggueststowipetheirhands,orevensoldthemasscraps.AwriterXiaoHongboughtfrieddoughsticksonLaduRoadinShanghaitoeat,butfoundoutthatthesheetoffrieddoughstickswasactuallythemanuscriptpaperofLuXun’stranslationof"DeadSouls".XiaoHongwassurprisedandwrotetoLuXun,butwhenLuXunknewaboutitNotsurprising.XiaoHonghadnochoicebuttotruthfullytellXuGuangpingthisknowledge,andXuGuangpingseverelycriticizedLuXunforthis.
LearningfromBuddhismandTaoism
Inthemindsofscholar-officials,BuddhismishigherthanTaoism.Thechangesinthemodernideologicalworldhavefurtherstrengthenedscholars’goodwilltowardsBuddhism.LuXunonceaskedforalargenumberofpurchasesandstudiedBuddhistscriptures.LuXunoncesaid:"Shakyamuniisreallyagreatphilosopher.Iusuallyhavemanydifficultproblemsinlife,andhehasalreadyunderstoodmostoftheenlightenment.Itisagreatphilosopher!"AboutTaoismInrelationtoChinesesociety,themostfamousassertionisprobablywhatLuXunsaid:"ChinaisrootedinTaoism."Intheeyesofmanyintellectuals,TaoismisthesourceofthemaladiesinChinesesocietyandculture.LuXunalsoclaimedthattheTaoist"stoletheBuddhistscripturesandmadetheTaoistscripturesindiscriminately,andthisscripturecametocursetheBuddhistscriptures,andontheotherhand,heusednastymethodstoharmthemonks,causingthemtobesmokyandchaotic."
Studiosus magister
DuringhisstudiesinJapan,LuXunandhisteacherYankuroFujino'sdayandnightgettingalongwitheachotherhadanimportantinfluenceonhisgoingtotheworld.FujinograduatedfromtheAichiPrefecturalMedicalSchool(nowNagoyaUniversity),andhewaspromotedtoprofessortwomonthsbeforeLuXunenrolled.WhenFujinospokewithanaccentfromhishometownofFukuiCounty,LuXunwasnotusedtoit,butfeltcordial.LuXun,whowasdeterminedtoabandonthedoctorandgotoschool,finallyappliedtoFujinotowithdrawfromschool."Mr.Fujino"isLuXun'smemoriesoflifeinSendai.Later,FujinolearnedthatZhouShuren,aformerChinesestudentstudyingabroad,becameawriterLuXun,andwrotehisstoryinprose.
CommemorationofLaterGenerations
LuXunLiteratureAward
SponsoredbytheChineseWritersAssociation,theLuXunLiteratureAwardisoneofChina’shighestliteraryawards.Itisselectedonceayear.Itaimstorewardthecreationofexcellentnovellas,shortstories,reportage,poems,essays,andliterarytheoryreviews,rewardthetranslationofChineseandforeignliteraryworks,andpromotetheprosperityanddevelopmentofChineseliterature.
Memorialplaces
LuXun'sformerresidentia(4photos)
AsofSeptember2013,thereare11LuXunmemorialplacesinChina:theyarerespectivelyBeijingLuXunMuseum,BeijingLuXun’sFormerResidence;ShanghaiLuXunMemorial,ShanghaiLuXun’sFormerResidence,andLuXun’sTomb;XiamenLuXunMemorialinXiamen;GuangzhouLuXunMemorialinGuangzhou;NanjingLuXunMemorialinNanjing;ShaoxingLuXunMemorialinShaoxing,ShaoxingLuXunTheformerresidenceandLinhaiLuxunExhibitionHallinLinhaiCounty,ZhejiangProvince.ExceptfortheprivateLuXunmemorialhallsponsoredbytheZhejiangLinhaiLuXunExhibitionHall,theothersareallofficiallysponsored.ThelargeronesareShanghai,BeijingandShaoxing.ShaoxingMemorialHall
TheShaoxingLuXunMemorialHallwasestablishedinJanuary1953.ItislocatedontheeastsideofLuXun’sformerresidence.ItisadjacenttoLuXun'sancestralresidenceintheeast,ZhoujiaxintaiGateinthewest,ZhujiataiGateinthenorth,Dongchangfangkouinthesouth,andShoujiataiGateacrosstheriver.LuXunlivedinhisformerresidencenexttothismemorialwhenhewasadolescent,andLuXunhasmentionedthismanytimesinhisworkssincethen.
BeijingMuseum
BeijingLuxunMuseumislocatedinFuchengmenInnerStreet,XichengDistrict,BeijingGongmenkouErTiaoNo.19,October1,1949,justafterthefoundingofNewChina,XuGuangpingarrangedtheformerresidenceofLuXunatNo.21XisantiaoHutongasitwas,andopeneditonOctober19,1949onLuXun’s13thanniversaryofhisdeath.FromMay1924toAugust1926,LuXunlivedhere.HereLuXuncompletedhiscollectionsof"TheHuagaiCollection","TheHuagaiCollectionSequel","Weeds"andsomearticlesin"Wandering","Sepulcrum",and"ComeontheFlowerintheEvening".
ShanghaiMemorialHall
ShanghaiLuXunMemorialHallisthefirstmemorialhallinthecountryafterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(Museum),foundedin1950,islocatedatNo.200Tian'aiRoad,HongkouDistrict,Shanghai.Themuseumwasnamedthefirstbatchof"nationalfirst-classmuseums"bytheStateAdministrationofCulturalHeritagein2008.Today,theLuXunMemorialHallinShanghaihasformedatrinityofmemorialbuildingsthatdisplaythelifeofLuXun'sformerresidence,LuXun'stomb,andLuXun'smemorialhall.