hinta

Määritelmä

Inthedailyapplicationsofmodernsociety,Pricegenerallyreferstothepriceorpaymentthatthebuyerneedstopaywhenmakingatransaction.

Accordingtothestrictdefinitionofeconomics,priceishowmuchmoneyisneededperunitofcommodityvolumewhenacommodityisexchangedwithacurrency.Inotherwords,thepriceistheunitvalue(unitprice).Priceistheformoftransformationobtainedbytheexchangevalueofcommoditiesinthecirculationprocess.Itisavaluefigureestablishedforcommodities,servicesandassetsintheformofcurrency.

Inmicroeconomics,intheprocessofreallocatingresourcesbetweendemandandsuppliers,priceisoneoftheimportantvariables.

Thechangesindemandandsupplyaretheinfluencingfactorsofpricechangesandarethebasisforpriceformation.Thepositivecorrelationbetweenpriceanddemandandthenegativecorrelationbetweensupplyandquantity.

Undercertainconditions,commoditypricesandlaborproductivityarenegativelycorrelated.

Toiminto

Skaalaustoiminto

Itisthemetricmarkthatpricehastoexpressthevalueofgoods.Undertheconditionsofcommodityeconomy,currencyisthemanifestationofcommodityvalue.Theroleofcurrency'svaluescaleisrealizedbymeansofprice.

Sääntelytoiminto

Itisthefunctionofadjustingeconomicrelationsandeconomicactivitiesthatpricehas.Whenthepriceislow,theproducer'sunprofitableproductionofgoodswillgenerallyreducetheproductionofgoods;whenthepriceishigher,theproducer'sproductionofgoodscanobtainmoreprofitsandgenerallyincreasetheproductionofgoods.

Tietotoiminto

Thatis,pricechangescanconveymarketinformationtopeople,reflectchangesinsupplyanddemand,andguideenterprisestomakeproductionandbusinessdecisions.Theinformationfunctionofpriceisformedintheprocessofcommodityexchangeandistheresultofthecombinedeffectofmanyfactorsinthemarket.

Pöytähinnan toiminto

isthefunctionofpriceperformanceofcommodityvalue.Pöytähinnan toimintoisareflectionofthenatureofprice.Itexpressesthesocialvaluecontainedincommoditiesintheformofcurrency,sothattheexchangebehaviorcanberealizedsmoothly,anditalsoprovidesandtransmitsinformationtomarketentities.Themoredevelopedthecommodityexchangeandmarketeconomy,themorefullythefunctionofpricecanbefullymanifested,andthemoreimportantitcanbe.

Kirjanpitotoiminto

referstothefunctionofaccounting,comparingandanalyzingthelaborinputofenterprisesanddepartmentsincommodityproductionandtheentirenationaleconomythroughprice.Itisbasedonthepricingfunctionofprices.Weknowthatspecificlaborandtheusevalueofdifferentcommoditiescannotbeintegratedandcannotbecompared.Thefunctionofpriceaccountingnotonlycreatesthepossibilityforenterprisestocalculatecostsandcalculateprofitsandlosses,butalsoprovidescalculationtoolsfortherationaldistributionofsociallaboramongdifferentindustrialsectorsanddifferentproducts.

Jakelutoiminto

referstoitsfunctionofredistributingnationalincome,whichisderivedfromthefunctionofpricingandadjustmentofprices.Theredistributionofnationalincomecanbeachievedthroughtaxation,insurance,nationalbudgets,etc.,aswellasthroughtheeconomicleverofprice.Whenthepricerealizestheadjustmentfunction,ithasalsoassumedtheredistributionfunctionamongthenationaleconomicincomeenterprisesanddepartments.

Rooli

Theroleofpriceistheexpressionofthelawofcommodityexchange,theeffectontheoperationofthemarketeconomywhenthepricerealizesitsownfunction,andtheexternalizationofthebasicfunctionofprice.Inamarketeconomy,themainfunctionsofpriceare:

1.Priceisanindicatorofchangesincommoditysupplyanddemand.

Withthehelpofprice,theproductionandoperationdecisionsofenterprisescanbecontinuouslyadjusted.Adjustthedirectionofresourceallocationandpromotethebalancebetweentotalsocialsupplyandtotalsocialdemand.Inthemarket,withthehelpofprice,theinformationofmarketsupplyanddemandcanbedirectlytransmittedtoenterprises,andeachenterpriseorganizesproductionandoperationaccordingtomarketpricesignals.Atthesametime,thelevelofpricedeterminesthedegreeofvaluerealizationandisanimportantindicatorofthestatusofcommoditysalesonthemarket.

2.Thepriceleveliscloselyrelatedtothechangesinmarketdemand.

Generallyspeaking,whentheconsumptionleveliscertain,thehigherthepriceofacertaincommodityinthemarket,Thesmallerthedemandforthiscommodity;conversely,thelowerthecommodityprice,thegreatertheconsumerdemandforit.Andwhenthepriceofthiskindofcommodityinthemarketistoohigh,consumersmayalsomakeadecisiontobuylessornottobuythiskindofcommodity,ortopurchaseothercommoditiestoreplacethiskindofcommodity.Therefore,changesinthepricelevelplayaroleinchangingconsumerdemand,demanddirection,anddemandstructure.

3.Hinta ontärkeäkeino toteuttaa kansallinen makrohallinta.

Thesignalsystemofsupplyanddemandchangesshownbypriceprovidesinformationfornationalmacro-control.Generallyspeaking,whenthepricechangeofacertaincommodityindicatesthatthereisagapinthiscommodity,thecountrycanuseeconomicleverssuchasinterestrates,wages,andtaxestoencourageandinducetheincreaseordecreaseoftheproductionscaleofthiscommodity,therebyadjustingthecommodity.Thebalanceofsupplyanddemand.Pricesalsoprovideinformationforthestatetoadjustandcontroltheproductionofcommoditiesthatcannotbalancesupplyanddemandbyrelyingonmarketforcesalone,sothatthestatecanmoreaccuratelyinterveneinmarketeconomicactivities,andtoacertainextentavoideconomicoperationsbroughtaboutbymarketspontaneousadjustments.Theinstabilityoftheeconomy,orthereductionofunstablefactorsintheeconomicoperationprocess,makesthemarketsupplyanddemandtendtobegenerallybalanced.

Indeksi

Theconsumerpriceindex(Englishname:consumerpriceindexabbreviation:CPI)referstoanindexthatmeasuresthepurchasepriceofaselectedbasketofconsumergoods.Whencalculatingtheindex,theweightofeachcommodityisdeterminedbasedontheshareofthecommodityinthelivingexpenditureofurbanconsumersfrom1982to1984.Itisanindicatorofpricechangesthatreflectsthestatisticsofthepricesofproductsandservicesrelatedtothelivesofresidents,andisusuallyusedasanimportantindicatorforobservingthelevelofinflation.Iftheconsumerpriceindexrisestoomuch,itindicatesthatinflationhasbecomeafactorofeconomicinstability,andthecentralbankwillhavetheriskoftighteningmonetaryandfiscalpolicies,resultinginuncertaineconomicprospects.Therefore,theexcessiveriseoftheindexisoftennotwelcomedbythemarket.Forexample,inthepast12months,theconsumerpriceindexhasrisenby2.3%,whichmeansthatthecostoflivinghasrisenbyanaverageof2.3%comparedto12monthsago.Whenthecostoflivingincreases,thevalueofyourmoneydecreases.Inotherwords,a100yuannotereceivedayearagocanonlybuygoodsandservicesworth97.70yuan.Generallyspeaking,whenCPI>3%increase,itiscalledINFLATION,whichmeansinflation;whenCPI>5%,itiscalledSERIOUSINFLATION,whichmeanssevereinflation.

Theconsumerpriceindexisanindicatorofpricechangesthatreflectsthepricesofproductsandservicesrelatedtothelivesofresidents.Itisusuallyusedasanimportantindicatortoobservethelevelofinflation.TheupgradedversionoftheCPIiswidelyusedinternationally.Indeksi(retailedpriceindexabbreviation:RPI).InChinaitiscalledtheconsumerpriceindex.Theconsumerpriceindexcanbecompiledaccordingtotheurbanandruralconsumerpriceindexandtheruralconsumerpriceindexrespectively,andcanalsobecompiledaccordingtothewholesocietyinChina'sconsumerpriceindex.TheConsumerPriceIndeksitracksthecostoflivingforacertainperiodoftimetocalculateinflation.Iftheconsumerpriceindexrisestoomuch,itindicatesthatinflationhasbecomeafactorofeconomicinstability,andthecentralbankwillrisktighteningmonetaryandfiscalpolicies,resultinginuncertaineconomicprospects.Therefore,theexcessiveriseoftheindexisoftennotwelcomedbythemarket.

Jakelu

Priceisatoolofnationalincomedistributionandredistribution.Pricechangesandfiscalrevenueandexpenditureaffecteachother.Undersocialistconditions,therelationshipbetweenthetwoismainlyreflectedin:

Financialrevenueandexpenditurebalanceisthebasisformaintainingthestabilityoftheoverallpricelevel

Thebalanceofincomeandexpenditureshowsthatthecentralizedsourceoffundsthatthestatecontrolsarecompatiblewiththedemandforfunds,theproductsthatthestatecontrolswiththedemandforproducts,andcurrencycirculationiscompatiblewithcommoditycirculation,sothattheentiresocialeconomycanoperatenormallyandthecurrencyvalueandpricecanbemaintained.Basicallystable.Thestabilityofmarketpricesisareflectionofthecomprehensivebalanceoffiscalrevenueandexpenditure,creditrevenueandexpenditure,andmaterialsupplyanddemand.Therootcauseofinflationcausedbyfiscaldeficitsistheuseofbankstoincreaseinvoicestomakeupforthecountry’sfiscaldeficits.Asaresult,thecreditbalanceisunbalancedandforcedtoissuefiscalcurrency,sothattoomuchcurrencyincirculationcausesthecurrencyvaluetofallandpricestorise.

Therelationshipbetweenfinanceandpricescanalsobelooser.Whenthecountry’sfiscalrevenuesandexpendituresareunbalancedandlargedeficitsappear,thegovernmentcantakeloansfromresidents(thatis,issuingpublicbonds)tomakeupforthefiscaldeficit,withoutcausingmarketpricestorise.However,borrowingfromresidentsbeyondthelimitcanalsocauseinflation.

Stateadjustmentstopriceswillaffectfiscalrevenuesandexpenditures

Generallyspeaking,raisingpricescanincreasefiscalrevenues.GovernmentsinsomecountriesoftenusethismethodtoMakeupthefiscaldeficit.Butsometimestheoppositehappens.Theextentofpricechangesdependsontheaffordabilityofthepeople,thedigestionandabsorptioncapacityofenterprises,andtheaffordabilityofstatefinances.Althoughpricechangescannotdirectlyincreaseordecreasesocialwealth,theycantransfernetincomeamongvarioussectorsandchangethedistributionratioofnationalincome.In1979and1980,Chinasubstantiallyincreasedthepurchasepriceofagriculturalproducts,whichsignificantlyincreasedtheincomeoffarmersandstimulatedthedevelopmentofagriculturalproduction.However,duetothefactthatmostoftheincreaseinnationalincomehasbeengiventofarmers,thestate'sfiscalrevenuehasgrownslowly,anditisdifficulttomeettheneedsofallpartiestoincreaseexpenditure.Asaresult,arelativelylargefiscaldeficithasoccurredintheabovetwoyears.

Financialgrantspricesubsidiescanmaintainthestabilityofretailprices

ThestatesometimesstipulatesthatthepriceofcertainindustrialproductsislowerthanitsproductioncostandstipulatescertainagriculturalandsidelineproductsThesalespriceofstate-ownedcommerceislowerthanthepricewhenpurchasingfromfarmers,andtheresultingpolicylossesaresubsidizedbythestatefinances.Chinaraisedthepricesofitsgrainpurchaseprogramseveraltimesfrom1979to1990,andthestabilityofgrainsalespriceswascompletelymaintainedbyfinancialsubsidies.

Teoria

Pricetheorymainlyincludesfourschoolsoflaborvaluetheory,marginalutilityvaluetheory,supply-demandequilibriumschool,andSraffapricetheoryschool.

ScholarsofthelaboraxiologyschoolsuchasMagnus,Petty,Muller,andMarxcanalsobeincludedinthisschool.Thisschoolbelievesthattheprice(value)ofcommoditiesisdeterminedbythecostofproducingcommodities(suchasproductioncosts,labor,sociallynecessarylabor,etc.).

ThemainscholarsoftheschoolofmarginalutilityincludeMenger,Jevons,Walras,Wieselandsoon.Thisschoolbelievesthatcommoditypricesaredeterminedbytheirutility(marginalutility).

ThemainrepresentativesoftheschoolofequilibriumofsupplyanddemandarescholarssuchasMarshall.Thisschoolbelievesthatcommoditypricesaredeterminedbytheequilibriumpointbetweenthesupplyanddemandofcommodities.Marshall'sequilibriumpricetheoryhasbecomethecurrentmainstreampricedeterminationtheory.

TherepresentativefigureofSraffa'spriceschoolisSraffa.Sraffabelievesthatcommoditypricesaredeterminedbytheproductioninput-outputrelationshipandthelabor-capitaldistributionrelationship.

Elastisuus

Theso-calledpriceelasticityreferstotheelasticityofthequantitydemandedtotheprice,whichreferstothesensitivityofthecorrespondingchangeinthequantityofdemandforacertainproductwhenthepriceofthatproductchanges.Thepriceelasticityanalysisistoapplytheprincipleofelasticitytoanalyze,calculate,predict,andmakedecisionsonthedegreeofresponseofproductdemandtopricechanges.

Priceelasticityindicatesthedependenceofsupplyanddemandonpricechanges,reflectingthecorrespondingrateofchangeofsupplyanddemandcausedbypricechanges,thatis,thesensitivityofsupplyanddemandtopriceinformation,alsoknownasthepriceelasticityofsupplyanddemand.Factorssuchasthepriceoftheproductitself,theincomeofconsumers,thepriceofsubstitutes,andthepreferencesofconsumerswillallaffectthedemandforproductconsumption.Priceelasticityreferstothechangeinthequantityofdemandcausedbythechangeinthepriceofthecommoditywhenthesefactorsremainunchanged

.Inthecaseofelasticdemand,apricecutwillcauseacorrespondingincreaseinthepurchasevolume,therebyincreasingtheconsumer'smonetaryexpenditureforthiscommodity;conversely,anincreaseinpricewillreducetheconsumer'smonetaryexpenditureforthiscommodity.Whentheelasticityofdemandisequalto1,thepricereductionwillnotcausechangesinconsumers'monetaryexpendituresforthiscommodity.

Priceelasticitydependsonfactorssuchasthenumberofsubstitutesforthecommodityandthedegreeofcorrelation(i.e.substitutability),theimportanceofthecommodityinthebuyer’sbudget,andtheuseofthecommodity.Priceelasticityismainlyusedincorporatedecision-makingandgovernmenteconomicdecision-making.

Priceelasticity(priceelasticity)referstotheratiobetweenthepercentageofacertainproduct'ssalesvolumechangeanditspricechangepercentage,andisasensitiveindextomeasurethequantitychangecausedbythepricechange.Whentheelasticitycoefficientis1,theincreaseinsalesvolumeandthedecreaseinpriceareoffset.Whentheelasticitybetween0and1meansthatthepriceincreasewillalsoincreasetheincome,andthepricedecreasewillcausetheincometodecrease.Wesaythatthedemandforthiskindofgoodsisrelativelyinelastic,orprice-insensitive.Theelasticityofdemandformostfoodsislow,whiletheelasticityofdemandformostluxurygoods,suchasperfumesandhigh-endclothing,isrelativelyhigh.

Kiinteyskertoimen laskentakaava: ε=△Q/△P=P×dQ/Q×dP

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