Wienerbelievedthathisfatherwasabornscholar, whocombinedgermanthought, juutalaisetwisdomandamericanspirit.FromChildhoodToyouth, WienerhasbeenLivingUnderhisinfluenceandHasgradgualgrownIntoascholar.
Achildprodigyinthepast
Lapsuudenopeus
Wienerisatruechildprodigy.Wiener'sphart, Leo, löysiHisson'StalenTencestly, andhefirmlyBelieveD -dinTheNortancefeducationin kanssa.TheeducationPlanHeimplementtfromtheBeginningoflearninghasdriveHisunusualsoninasomewHatruthlessway..
Wienerstartedreadingattheageofthreeandahalf, andhiselementarySciencebooksonSonbiologyandastronomybecameHisenlightEnmentbookSonscience.Fromthenon, hewasenthuserticandD -devotedhimSelftoAwiderangeOfScientifictExtBooks.AttheageofSven, HebeGantoGodeEpToThteFieldSofphysics andbiology, elebeyondthescopefhisfather'sknowledge.Fromdarwin'steoryofevolution, Kingsleyn "luonnonhistory" tothepsychiatricworksofcharcoalandjannet, fromjulesverne’ssci-finovelstotheliteraryMasterpiecesOfthe18tHand19thcenturees.
Wienerhasastrongcuriosity, buthisfatherusessystematereducationhismotto ja thetwocomplementeachother.WienerstudiedScienceByHimself, BenkhisfatherAdhereTaTeachingPlancencenereNaTematicsandlinguistics.WienerHasenduredThisrigoroustringextreMelywell, AndhismathematicshasimprovedSignsifistia.
Yleissivistävä koulutus
LeowasverywiseandD -decidesToSendwienertothematematicsD -deplotfepartOfTuftsCollegeInsteadOfletThimTaKEcTiKoftakTheHarvarduniversity'sStressfultranceExam.VältäGeTingPeople's SatiationToomuchbysendendAChildprodigytoHarvard.
Mathematics, WienerhassurPassedTheLevelofafreshmanInuniversity ja sen jälkeen.SOHED -dIRECTLYSTUD -dIED -dGALOIS'STHEYYYFEquations.LeostilloftendiscussesAdvancedmattematicsWithhisson.Asfarasmatematicsandlinguisticsareconcerned, wiener'sterdisciplinaryLearningPracticesHavenoChanged.LEOISSTILLHISSTRICTTICHER,.
WienerhasawiderangeofInterest.Inhimillinen.Heisparticularly internetExperimentsandhasdonemanyelcricalEngineeringerimentswithhisneighbor, dao, D -dao.Hetriedtoprovetwoideasinphysics.YksiLeelektromagneettinenPowderD -detectorForradioCommunication ja ThatheristoTryoutanelecsaticTransformer.Bothalfwiener'sideasareexcellent.
Thesecondyear, WienerwasAttractedByphilosofyandpsychology.ThefilosoficalworkShehasReadfarexceedSechecururence.SpinozAandleibnizaretheTwophilosopherswhohavettegreatestInfluenceonhim.THELOFTYETICSOMFORMERAD -dTHEVERSAVATILITEFTHELATTERHAVEALLOVERWHELMED -dWIENER.HealSogreeD -dilyReadJames'Philosoficalmasterpiece, ja läpi.
Inthesameyear, wienerfocusedonbiologyagain.BiologyMuseumsandLaboratoriesHavebecomehismostattractivePlaces ja THECARetakerofTheLimalbreedingroomhasbecomehisparticularlyClosefriefrief.Wienerisnotonlyhappytocollectbiologicalspecimens,butoftenspendsmostofhistimeinthelaboratorylibrary,wherehereadstheworksofthefamousbiologistBatesonandothers.
WienerCompletedTheILiversityCoursInThreeRadAndgradingInthesPringof1909.Jälkikäteen hebegantostudyforaphdinbiologyattheharvarduniversityguateschool.WienerChangedhisCharacternotbecAuseHekNewHeCouldD -doit, ButbeCausewantedToD -doit.Sincechildity, hehaslongedTobecomeabiologi.Wiener'sexperimentalWorkUnding on kuitenkin valitettavasti.Hehpoorhands-inonsills, cackstheskillsandPatienceneTeryForticulousWork ja D -deepMyopiaAddstothetroble.
UnderthearRangementhisfather, HetransferredTocorneLuniversitytostudyPhilosofy, andReurnedtoHarvardhefowingyeartostulogicandLogic, andreceivedaphinphilosofyfromharvarduniversitytHeageof18.
Interdisciplinarycation, että WienerreceivedatTheingLiversityPromotedthehorizontalD -develmenpmentfhistalents jaLaidThefoundationForGenumberofD -developmentsAndtransplantsOnVariousInterfacesInmanyFieldsinThutRe.Fromatematicstobiologytophilosofia, ThishActualThepatHwienerHasexperiEdShroughisscientificcareer.
Koulutettuja famousTeachers
Inthelastyearofharvard, wienerAppliedforatravelscholarshipFromtheschoolandWasAPProved.HehasstudiedatTheTheInionalsOfcambridgeineNengendandTheNewottheguidanceoffamousmathematiciansuchasrussell, Hardy, Andhilbert.
Russelliswiener'smainmentorandfriend.Wienerstudiedmatematicallogicandphilosophy fscienceandmathematicswithhim, ja vakuuttunut.WienerfeltHeastfreshandInspiringforhisphilosopheCoursesesandmathematicalPrinciplescurses.Russell'slecturewasclearandclear, likeanunparlleledmasterpiece, joka on.
RussellSuggestedThatwienerreadThThReePapers julkaisutByeinsteinin1905Tolearnrutherford'slectronicTheoryandbohr'steory.RussellhasakeenseSensefSmellforImportantD -discoveriesInphysics, jaHistachingMadeWienerfirmlyRememememememembertHatnotOnlyMathematicsSishport.AndalsoneedtoHaveaphysicalConcept.
Vaikka WiNer'sphysicsfoundationatTheTime wasD -diffulcultolearnthelatesLektronictheory, RussellenCouragedHimtostudy.WienerlaterchosetocombinematematicsWithphysicsangineering.Oneofeinstein'spaPersD -discussedbrownianMotion.ITWASONTHISSUBjectThatWienerMadeSInportMathematicalResultsInTheFollowing10 Years.
Forwiener'sfutureUraasamathematic, Russell'sotherimportaninfluenceSathatheproproosedtowienerTaTapersonwhopecializeinmathematicallogandmatthematicalphilosofyShouldBestransatSomemathematics.Siksi WienertootokmanymathematicsCoursesandAcceptedTheGuidanceofHardyandoters.Hardy'sclear, mielenkiintoinen jakautuneen provokingspeech, mukaan..WienercalledHardyhisidealmentorandrolemodel.
WeineroriginallyplannedtofinishthisyearinCambridge,butRussellisgoingtogivelecturesatHarvardinthesecondsemester.HeadVitedWienertoGoTheuniversityOfgöTententostudyforhilbertandlandAu.kurssi.
WienertookaclassongrouptheorybyProfessorLandauandstudieddifferentialequationsundertheguidanceofHilbert.HilbertrepresentsTreatTradition of MathematicsTheTheBeginning fiscentury, andistheonlytrulyproficityMathematicianwienerenCountert.HehasabroadfieldofVisionandisgoodatcombininghisextraordaryAbstraktability -witharealisticantNerstingfysicalReality.Hebecametemathematicianwienerlongedfor.
TheeducationhereceevedötingenhasbenefitedwienerthroughouthisLife.FromthefamousMathematicsteacher, HerecognezedThePownScienceandTheD -deptHofknowledledged, jaForthefirstTimeTobnatedThexperienceOfworkingIntensiendandInthustisesti.Cambridgeandgöttingenmarktedhebeginningofwiener'sgrowthfromachildprodigytoayoungmathematician.
Henkilökohtainen elämä
Norbertwiener, thecreatorofcybernetics, soittamanselfachildprodigyinhisearlyears.Hinistrwasaharvardprofessor.Heoncetookhimtotheuktomeetrussell, butrusselldon'tliketrisidandhisfather.
Wiener'Swife, Margaret, Wasanazi.Maailman aikana.ATTHATTIME, TYTYTYTYT.Sheactionalteerattu "aforismi" intheBookHenshewaswritingand japesexpelledFromschool.
Falloutwithpitts
TeorianalarticlethatsimulatesneuralNetworksWasculedIn1943.BotAuthorsarelegends, McCullochandPitts.-A.MargaretoncetoldWienerthatsomeoneinMcCarrocco'steam(perhapsalludingtoPitts-AseduceherbabygirlBarbara,Wienerwasfurious,andimmediatelycutoffallcontactwithMcCullochandhisstudents.NOWITSEEMSTHATMARGUERITEISD -dELIBERYSSPREAD -dINGRUMORS.Butwiener'SactionScausedGreatTraumatopitts.PittswasoriginaalypecialStudeNefwiener, butitisestimetedthesufferedsetBackswhenhewasyoung, andhistemperamentwasstrange.Jäljempänäytöksessä.Pittsdiedafewmonthsearlierthanhiseldermccullochin1969, attheageofforty-kuusi.
Kustantamo
Modernit mestarit
IN1913, ATTHEAGEOF19, WIENERPOLED -dAPAPERONSETTEYYNTHEPRECTIONESSOCTIONSFTHECAMBRID -dGEPHILOSOFICALSOCIEUCIE.TämäAPaperTatsimplifiestHeteoryofrelationStothetheyoryofclass, andtoCocupiesAPlaceinTheD -developmentOfMatematicallogic.Wienereneredhisacademiccareer.Inthesameyear, hewonthebowdoinprizefromharvarduniversityforaskepticalPhilosoficalessay "Theperfection".BeReturningToTheFieldOffunctionalanalyys.
Vuonna 1918, WienerginedAbetterAnsatNingofmodernmathematicsByStudyythematematicsLeftByGreen,.HebegantolookforproblemsworthyofcontrationintHefieldOfMatematics.Vaikka wienerisachildprodigy, asamathematiikka, hehasbeenlate.
WienerbegantObeatteratedbyfunctionalanalysisandD -determedTodevohisLifeTOit.Vuonna 1919, Barnett, AyoungmathematicianatTheTheInionalsity Ofcincinnati, PayaVisittohim.Wieneraskedhimtorecommendasuitableresearchtopic.HeaskedwienertopayattentionTotheTrygralprobleminThefunctionspace.Tämä ei.
Inthesummerofthesameyear, duetherCommercationationofosgood, thedeanofthematicsD -deplefpartHarvarduniversity, wienerwentToTeachinthedEnterfatefetematicsatmit.
Vuonna 1920, WienerparTartInteinTheInternationalConferenceOfMatematiciansForthEfirstTime.Beforethekonferenssi, he kirjoittivat.Wienertriedtopromotefrecher'sworkandproposedTheBanach-WienerspaceTheyory.HerealisozthathisworkOntheBrownmovement WorgeApromingStart, SohewasmoreEnergetIcandmoreopen-Sonsion.
Vuonna 1924, WienerwaspromotedToAsstintProfessorandin1929Asassociateprofessor.D -duetoHisoutracentACHIEMENTINERALICED -dHARNONNALYYSYNAD -dTAUBER'STheOREM, HewaspromotedToFullProfessorin1932.
Vuonna 1933, WienersHaredWithmorsethebocherprizeoftheamericanMathematicalSocietyforhisworkontauber'steorem.ATABOUTTHESAMETIME, HewaselectedMemberofTenationacademyOfSciences.AfterhelearnedAboutTheNaturefthisseniorscientificoficialorganisation, hewasveryBoredandSoonReshedfromHisposition.
YksiOftheHonorsUsusgiventoasuccessfulamericanmathematicianistokhimtowriteabook fortheamericanMathematicalSociety'seminarseries.Inthesummerof1934, wienerwasinvitedtowritetefouriertransformintHEComplexomain.Pian heijastuneita,.ITWASONLYBECAUSEHED -dID -dNOTLIKETOBEINAD -dMINISTRATIONPOSTIONTSTHATEWASSPARED -dFROMBEINGELECTIONSPRISTID -dENT.
Aloittaen1930 -luvut, WienerPaideTationTotheanalogComputersStudiedbybush.Vuodesta 1935to1936, hewasinvitedtochinaasavistingprofessor.Sopimaton.WienertookhisyearinChinaasaspecificmilestoneinhisacademiccareer,thatis,asademarcationpointbetweenacraftsmanwhohasjustcompletedhiscareerinscienceandamasterinthisindustrytosomeextent.
WieneraccetedaresearchWorkRelatedToFirecontrol.Tämä tulostushäiriöt.Vuonna 1948 Wiener julkaisi "Kybernetiikka", joka ilmoitti tämänemerginin kurin syntymästä.Tämä onSethegreatScientificacheementofhislong-termardworkandmultilateralCooperationWithphysiologistrosenbrütteandoters.WienerIMMediaalsJumpedFromamathematician kanssa.Sincethen, WienerhascontinuuneToMakeOutractConTributionSTheD -deD -develmentAndApplicationOfcybernetics.
Vuonna 1959, WienerretiredFromthemassachusettsinstituteoftNology.Injanary1964, hewasawardedbyThepresidentftheOnitedstatesforhis "AvarietyofamazingContributionsInpurematematics andopliedMathematics jaTheCourageGetoGodeePintoEngineeringandbiologySciences."NationalmeD -dalofScience.
WienerisaresesweloftheJacqueshamfoundationineurope, afulbrightresearcher, brillain, saksa, franceandotherCountries ja hassassedasavisitingprofessorinchina, intia.
Henkilökohtaiset saavutukset
Yleiskatsaus
Aikana50 -vuotiaana, Wiener HasbeenInvolvedIn -filosofia, matematiikka ja fysiikka,.Andsucineering, jafinallyTurnedTobiology, AndachievedfruitfulresultsInvariousfields.ITCANBEREGARD -dED -dASTHEMUNTIENTENTED -dAD -dINTOWLED -dGEABLESCIANTIFIFICGIANTRAISED -dBYENGELSINTHISCENTYYYS.HehaspuledMorethan240Papersand14BooksinhisLifetime.Hismainworksare"Kybernetiikka"(1948-A,"WienerAnthology"(1964-Aand"WienerMathematicsEssays"(1980-A.Wieneralsohastwoautobiografia "thechildprodigyinthepast" ja "iaamatemaattinen".
HisMainresultShavethefoweringightSpects:
Perustaminen
WieneristhefirsttolearnfrommathematicsAmathematicianwhostudiesBrownianmotiondeeply.Vuonna 1921, HeusepointsinThefunctionspaceTorePresentThePathSOfparticlesInbrownianMotion ja RoputedThallTheSepaaths, paitsi forthesetofrobancibantO, arecontentbutnotnots, se.HeuledlebesgueIntegralstocalculatheaveragefunctionSonthesepaths.Vuonna 1923, WienergaveastrictD -definitionOfRandomfunctionForthEfirstTime, ProvinmingThatitCouldBeatheoreettModelofBrownianMotion.Aloittaminen.
Wiener'SworKisextremelyfruitfulForrobable.ITNOTONLYBREATHESNEWLIFEINTOOLD -dPROBLEMS, BESIMPORTEAKSI, OpenSUpNewresearchfields, paljastavatStrikingConnectionsBetbettobantTheoryandotherBranchesOfMatematics.Wiener'sResearchCanbesAidTobeaPioneeringWorkinModernprobilityTheory.NowAMeasuretHatD -describesBrownianMotionD -definedinthEcontIntyfunctionSpaceCalledTheWienermurre ja inthegralaboutThisearCalledthewienerIntegral.Myöhemmin JapanesemathematicianitokiyoshidevelpeedtherandomIntegraltheoryonthisbasis.
Johdanto ulottuu
Vuonna 1920, WienerextendedThefrenchmathematicianfreche'sgeneralteoryOflimit ja differencationTovektorspace- jagivesAcompleteSetofaxioms.Wiener'sresultsCoodedwithbanach'splaperPublisedInThePolishJournalofMatematicsAfeWeekslater ja Thegegeneralisaatio Wornotbad.Banachconcenedand ja julkaistu.Siksi thesetwoworkswereonCalledbanach-wienerspacetheory.WienercontinuuneTopublishresultsinThisareainashortPerioD -dOftime, joka edusti,.
Myöhemmin, wienergradgalfualfisfield, buthisposeeringworkonfunctionalanalysis, anwranchofmathematicsThatemergeD -dandandflouredInthe20. vuosisada.
SelitäTepotentialteoria
Vuodesta 1923to1925, wienermadebasiccontributionStothoThepotentialteory.Foredirichletproblemofagivencontinuusboundaryvaluefunction, the AxamActGeneralisozedGroupisobnated.ForgeneralCompactSets, theConcepToftoleranceisD -defined, and thewell-tunnetuksi.Theearlierconceptoftheelectromagneticpotentialinsidearegionbelievedthatitshouldbeexactlythesameasthevaluesgivenontheboundary.
Wienerfollowstheconceptsimilartogeneralisoidertegrallshathehasstuded, andnoticestthatThepotentialInEnearegionCanBeregardedasD -detEnteredByTheLinearcombinationFThePoTentialSaroundTheBoundary, tasa -funcantodLoseToTheBoundaryPointCannotgiveacontinayfuncidanyBoundaryary.TämäSabrand-newconcept, wienerthusGreatlyExPandedeManyConceptsOfPotentialTheory, mukaan lukien.
Tämänhetkisen ajankohtaisuus, joka.Thelimitprocess.Tämä.Justastherehavebeenmanyinversionsinmathematiikka, sen formulointiTheoryBlownInToAfreshAirofasitionationthathasbeenLifelessFormyyeRsByanoverlyConserVativeargument.
Kehittyy
InordertoestablishasolidLogicalfoundationFortheheavisidekalculationMethod, Wienerembarkedonanewpathofharmonicanalysis.AtTheBeginning1926Häviöt.WienerborrowedfunctionsfromphysicastheKeytoharmonicanalysis ja thenLinkeditWithCommunicationTheoryandwroteitasfourierTransform.HeobnatedwhatisnowcalledThestatefscaldistribution.OnleektHormulas, wienerpropotepowerfulandhighlyoriginalmethodinHardyandlittlewood'staubertheorem, nimeltään nimeä, nimeämä.TämäISanamazingExamplefuniefiedMathematicalAbStrakti.Wiener'sachievementsinthisarealaterbecamethebasisofbanach'salgebratheyory, anderivedresultssuchastheprenenumbertheorem.
Löydäthewiener-hopfmethod
Noin 1930.WienerandastronomerhopfcooperatedTtudyYaclassOfsingularIntegralequations worddifferenceKernelsgivenonasemi-Infiniteterval.ThistypeOfequationisNowCalledTheWiener-WiPffequation.Wienerextendedhopf'sresearchonradinationequilibrium, andObtateditssolutionin1931.ThebasicideaistotransformTheoriginalequationInTofunctionalequationHrughTegRalTransformation ja Thenuseth -toimenpidefaktorisointiMethodToSolveit.Siksi TheWiener-HopfmethodisalscolletedTheFactorizationMethod.ITHASBECOMEACOMMONMETHOD -dFORSUD -dYYVIRIOUSMATHEMATICALICHPHYSICALPORTS.
WienerCreativeveyteThatthemoststrikingapplicationsOfthewiener-hopfequationThattheBoundarybetweThetwoprocessesistImerathertHanSpace.HefurtherpointEdoutTheTherArEManyMoreLeralProblemsBoutInStrumentResearchThatCanbesolvedWithistime-pohjainenTechnique.1940 -luvun jälkeinen, thatheoryofisquationhasbeensysteemaattisesti kehitettynäbasisofanalyticfunctionBoundaryValUeProblems, harmoninenalyysi jaoperatorteoria.ITSPlicationHasalsoExPandedFromradationProblemstoManyotherfields, SuchasneutrationAndElectekmagneettiset wavediffraction., Kybernetiikka, monikerroksinen.
Ehdotettu Wienerfilterteory
D -duringWorldWarII,inordertosolvetheproblemsofairdefensefirecontrolandradarnoisefiltering,WienerusedacomprehensiveInhispreviouswork,inFebruary1942,hefirstgaveouttheWienerfilterformulaforinferringthefuturefromthepastdataofthetimeseries,andestablishedtheWienerfiltertheorythatpushesthetimeseriesoutoftheforecastundertheminimummeansquareerrorcriterion..
Tämä WorkOfWienerProvidesatheoreettBasisforthedesignofautomatiAirD -defensEcontrolartilleryFireandotherassplPredictionProblems.ItHasanImportantinfluenceonthescienceofautomationTechnology.WienerintrodcedstantisticalfactorsinTheProblemandusedAuCorrelation jaCross-correlationfunctions.ThewienerfiltermodeLwasgeneralisozedInthe1950stoonlyobServesticationyProcesseSinalImtedTimeInterValandSomespecialExternalStationaryProcesses.ITSApplicationRangeSalSobeenExPandeD -dToMorefields.ITISSTILLD -dealingWithvariousD -dynamicD -data.(TällainenMeteorologia, hydrologia, seismisexploration jne..-Aandoneofthepowerfultoolsforpredictingthefuture.
CreateWienerInformationTheory
WienerisoneOfThefoundersOfinformationTheory.HESTUD -dIED -dIONCORTIONTEYYHTEISTÄ.WienerrewardsMessageSasatimeseriesOfMeableevents, ja CommunicationasASTATISTICALPROBLEM, joka onStudiedMathematicyAstationaryRandomprocessanditstransformaatio.HeclarifiedThePrinciplesandmethodsOfquantificationFinformation, vastaavasti "entropia" "todefinetheatountofinformationinAcontinaustSignal ja tulostettuhesennon-wienerformulatoMeaSureteaMountFinformations: AunitofinformationisAchOiceBetWeEntWoEqual Concetts:.TheinformationConveywwhenonethingMakesasingLechoice.
ThePioningeringworkfwienerstronglyPromotedThecreationofinformationTheoryandopenedUpbroAdProspectSForthAplicationFinformationTheory.Shannon, TheFounderofinformationTheory, sanoi: "The GloryShouldBeatributedtoprofessorwiener."
Thecreationofcybernetics
Wiener'sGreatestContributionTotedeD -develpmentScienceSThecreationofcybernetics.TämäAfringEdisciplineformedByLinkMathematicStoresearchauto-säätely, viestintäohjelma, tietokone- jaComputingTechnology andneurofysiologyandPaTiologyInbiologicalScences jatherdisciplinesOfCommoncern.
Inoctober1947, WienerwroteeanePoch-valmistuskirja "Kybernetiikka", jonka mukaan.Wiener'sprofoundThoughTarousedPeople'sgreatent.ItrevealsthecommonLawsOftheCommunicationAndControlfunctionsOfThemachinEndheHumannerVeandsSoryFunctions.ASERIESOFCHANGEINTEEWAYOFTHINKINGAND -dCONTEMPORYPHILOSOPHICALCEPTS.
Now,therehavebeenmanymajordevelopmentsincybernetics,butWiener'sideaofusingGibbsstatisticalmechanicstodealwithcertainmathematicalmodelsisstillatthecenter.Hedefinedcyberneticsas: "therearetewostatevariables, yksi, joka.AtTHistime, ProblemWefaceishowTousetheinformationsOncontrollebleVariablefromthePastThepresentToProperlyD -deterMinetheoptimalUeftheVariablethatCanbeadJutedtooptimalUeOfVarueSuiTableandbeneficalStateforus."
Kybernetiikka
Yleiskatsaus
ThebirthofcyberneticsisONOFTEGREATESTSCIENTIFIFICACHIEVENTS OFTHESCENTY.ManyNewconceptsandNewTechnologiesinmodernSocietyReLoselyrelatedTocybernetics.KybernetiikkaisthepRoD -ductOfMualPenetrationofMultipledisciplinessuchasautomaticcontrol, elektronictnologia, radioyhteisö, tietotekniikka, neurofysiologia, matemaattinen allogic, kieli jne..ITTAKESTHECHARACTERSSOFCOMNICIONCACTIOND -dCONTROMOMMONTOVARIONSSYSTEMSESTheresearchObject.Riippumatta siitä, riippumatta siitä.ThefounderofcyberneticsistheAmericanmathematicianNorbertWiener(NorbertWiener,1894~1964-A.
Vuonna 1948, heijastettujensisfoundionalwork "cybernetics", merkitsemällä birthoftisemerginggedicipline.ThesubtitleoftheBookis "thescienceOfcontrolorcommunicationinanimalsormachines", jokaishisdefinitionofcybernetics.TheTermcyberneticscomesFromtheGreekwordkubernan, WatoriginaalyMeans -ohjaaja, mikä tarkoittaa "ruorismania", jaTmeans "Manager's Art".
InformationFeedBackissuesisoitu
Inthe1930Sand1940s, PeopleShadadeePersantStangingofinformation jaFeedback, SomefamousscientisthavedonealofresearcharoundInformationdAndFeedback.BritishstatisticianRonaldAylmerFisher(1890~1962-Astudiedinformationtheoryfromtheperspectiveofclassicalstatisticaltheoryandraisedtheissueofunitinformation;AmericantelecommunicationsengineerShannon(ClaudeElwoodShannon,1916~2001-Astudiedinformationtheoryfromtheperspectiveofcommunicationengineering.FromTheangleofView,.TheessenceOformulaLandInformation.He ovat lumottuja.Tämän ajanjakson aikana PeoplegradgualstedheworkingPrincipleOfthefeedbackControlsystem.In1932,theAmericancommunicationsengineerHarryNyquist(HarryNyquist1889~1976-Adiscoveredthestabilityconditionofthenegativefeedbackamplifier,whichisthefamousNyquiststabilitycriterion.IN1945, WienerextendedTheConcepToffeedBackTollControlystems, ja ymmärretynfeedbacastheprocessOfextractingpartOftheInformationsfromTheOutputOftHECONTROLLED -dObjecthanextInput.Pavlov'sconditionEdReflexTheyalsoprovestHattherEealSoinformationAdFeedBackProblemsInLivingorganismit.
Wiener'sCooperation kanssa
WhenWienerWasimproveningAirD -defensewanswons, HeD -discoveredThatTheCoreissueOfControlandCommunicationinanimalsandmachinesisInformationAndInformations.TransmissionAnD -dInformationProcessing.WienerandAmericanneurophysiologistArturoRosenblueth(ArturoRosenblueth,1900~1970-Aworkedtogetheronthissubjectformorethan10years(1934~1947-A.RosenbloswasaMexican,andwasacolleagueandcollaboratorofProfessorWalterBradfordCannon(1871~1945-A,afamousphysiologistatHarvardMedicalSchoolatthetime,andhewashighlyregardedbyCannon.1930 -luvulla RosenbruceHeldmonthlyseminarsonsonscientificmethods.Wienerwasalsoworkingatharvardmedicalschoolatthistime.WienerandmanyyoungScientistit.Aseminarledbyblues.HegatheraroundaroundTableEveryTimeandTalkfreelytogetherWithouTraint.Afterthemeal, Piirrolleclective, OranInVitedGuest, ReadOutApAperonacetSCIENTIFIFIFICUSUE, Yleensä.Ilmoitus.Thishisreallyagoodlaxativeforthosewhoarehalf-ajattelu, nuo.Kuitenkin monet, jotka.
WienerandRosenbruceHavelongRecomisedTheD -deD -develpmentfonscerncienceandtechnology, onTheOnHand, on vähäisesti.AslaveToTheD -dIVisionofLabor;.TämäSinsharpContradiction kanssa.HowtoResolvetheSecontradictions? Ne believethatisthesemarginalareascsciencethatprovidethemostabundantOpportunitySforeducationResewesers.Inotihanat, aslongastheoriginalNarrowprofessionaldIVisionoflaborisbroken, agroupofexpertswhoareexpertsinhisownfieldbutalsohavemorengnowledgeofhisneighboringfieldshouldbegathered.Esimerkki, olkoon matemaatikot, matemaattiset logiikat ja fysiologitcomeTinToContactwithernering, andletEngineersfamiNewethemselves fysiologian kanssa.IntShisway, Explore, CultivaTeandcultivaTheTheuneSpodedScientificVirginLandCangetThegreatScientificGains.
Wienerhimselfalsosaid:Intheabove-mentionedjointwork,amathematician(heisamathematician-Adoesnotneedtohavetheabilitytoleadaphysiologicalexperiment,butheneedstounderstandandcriticizeaphysiologicalexperiment.Andtheabilitytosuggestotherstoconductanexperiment;aphysiologist(Rosenblousisaphysiologist-Adoesnotneedtohavetheabilitytoproveamathematicaltheorem,butmustbeabletounderstandthephysiologicalsignificanceofthemathematicaltheorem,andbeabletotellthemathematicianthatheshouldTofindsomething.
Thescientificseminaronbraininhibitionheldbythemasseyfoundationinmay1942propotedthatthewell-developedconceptsandMethodSofinformationd andfeedbackinthefieldSofcomnicationgineeringandControlengineingMaytHelpneurophysiologicresearch.Atthistime,theideaofcyberneticshasbeenformed,butithasnotbeenofficiallynamed.ATTheTurnof1943 ~ 1944, AscientificseminaroncyberneticTheptWasheldinPrinceton, jonka mukaan.MorematuraconceptsandMethodsD -develered.Väli vuosien 1946and1953, theAsseyfoundationinitionaseries OfScitificseminarsonFeedBackissues, joka räjähdysmäisesti.
TheFormalproposalOfWienercybernetics
Wienercapturesthecommonfeatureofallcommunicationandcontrolsystems,thatis,theyallcontainaninformationtransmissionAndtheprocessofinformationprocessing.HepointeD -dout: AcommunicationystemalwaysTransMitsInformationofvariousideologicalContaccordingtopeople'sneeds, andanautomaticcontrolystemmustadjustsownMoventaccordingToTheChesinthesurroundingenvironment, kanssa.TheinformationReceivedbyTheCommunicationAndControlSystemHasACURAND -dOMNATOREAND -dHASACUSSSTISTICHICTIONSION -JURJAUS.TheStructureOftCommunicationAndControlSysteMifmustalSoadapTtothisStaticalNature- jaBeAbletoMakeasatisticalanalyysi.Tilastollisesti.WienerandhiscollaboraattoritFinallySucceedIncencingthebrand-new-discipline "cybernetics" vuonna 1947.Followingyear, kirja "cybernetics" Was julkaistiin, joka.
InadditiontoWiener,theparticipantsofthemethodologicaldinnerpartylatermadetheirownachievements:Rosenbruswasalsooneofthepioneersofcyberneticsandartificialintelligence;vonNeumann(JohnvonNeumann,1903~1957-Abecamethefounderofgametheoryandoneofthefoundersofbinaryelectroniccomputers;JulianHimelyBigelow(1913~2003-Awastheearliestparticipantinthedesignofelectroniccomputers;WarrenSturgisMcCulloch,1898~1969-AandPitts(WalterPitts,1923-1969-Abecamethefoundersofneuralcyberneticsandartificialintelligence.Tosiasiallinen.
Tyylikkäästi
Forphysiologia,.He ovat.Suuresti."Constantinternalenvironment" putforwardbyclaudebernerinthelastcentury wastheD -develpedbyCannoninTothehomeostaasisoryory, tulossa basicmodernconceptsinlifesciences, jaSsignalmentmenmianismi; butifthereisNofeedBauTomatibleyManismi;.
ApplicyOfKybernetiikka
In1949,AmericanendocrinephysiologistRoyGrahamHoskins(1880~1964-ArespondedtoWiener’ssuggestion,Firstintroducedtheconceptoffeedbackintotheendocrinefield,andpointedoutthatthereisafeedbackmechanismbetweenthethyroidandthepituitary.In1956,Sweden'sUlfSvonEuler(UlfSvonEuler,1905~1983-Ainjectedasmallamountofthyroxineintotheanteriorpituitary,whichreducedtheradioactiveiodinereleasedbythethyroidgland,thusfurtherconfirmingthatnegativefeedbackisthepreciseregulationofbodyfunctions.AnindispensableAndImportantLink.
Henkilökohtaiset intressit
Thefamous20th-centurymathematiciannorbertwiener, whowasveryIntelligentsInchildnorth, wasabletoreadandwriteatTheAgeOfHroe, ja opiskelijoille.Afewyearslater, hepassedhisdoctoralthesisdefenseandbecameadoctorofscienceatharvarduniversityIntheUnitedstates.
THEECHORED -dORED -dEGREE: n aikana The ExexecutiveChairmanWassurprisedToseEwienerWitHildishlook, SoheaskedHisagefacetoface.Wienerdeservestobeamathematicsprodigy.Hisanswerisveryclever: "THEECUBEOFMYAGETHISYEARISA NELJÄN NUMERO JA TEHOTTEEN JA TAKAISIN.ThesetwonumbersjustputThetennumbers0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ja 9 -arealused, notheavyandnotmissing.Tämä.Iwishiwillbeabletodosomethearth-särkyä.Ura."
Milloin wieenersaidThis, allfourwereshocked, andEveryOnewasdeplytractedbyHiswonderfulquestion.PeopleThewholemeeTingWeretankingABouthisage.
Infact, This QuestionisnotD -difficultoSwer, ButitRequiresAbitofD -digital "Inspiraatio."ItisnotD -diffultofindTheThecubeOf21isAfour-D -digitnumber, and thecubeOf22isalReadyafive-D -digitnumber, Sowiener'Sageisatimosmos21Yearsold; BythesameToken, FourthpowerOf18isasix-digitNumber, jaTefefowathOwof17isafour-D -digitNumber.PowerSIsyypigits, Sowiener'Sageisatleast18Yearsold.IntShisway, Wiener'sagecanonlybeOneftHefournumbers18,19,20 ja 21.
Workisis "SelectOnebyone".Thecubeof20is8000, jahereare3repeateddigits0, joka on kirjoitettu.Inthesameway, fourthpowerof19isequalto130321 ja thefourthpowerof21isequalto194481, molemmat.IntheD -dend, siellä.Isitthecordranswer? CheckThecalculations, theCubeOf18iseQualTo5832 ja TheFeFoRThOwiseQualTalTo104976, WhatHAppenStoHaveusUpTenarabicnumerals "notheavyandnotMissing", mitä kopioi!
Tämä 18-vuotias.D -d.DoAgreatJoblater: HebecametheforerunnerofinformationTheoryandhefounderofcybernetics.