Esittely
SuprajohtavaaTeknologiataTeknologia.SuprajohtavuusmateriaaliShaveHighcurrentCarryingCaPancityandlowenergiaconsulutionCharakteristics, andcanbidelytedInenergia, puolustus, kuljetus, lääketieteelliset jaottiset kentät.DueTothehighcriticalTemperaturefhigh-TemperatureSuperConductors- ja TheTelowPriceofliquidammoniaOadedforitsCooling, The OperationSConveniate, AnditanewenergiaMaterialWithpracticalsignicance.SinencethediscoveryofoxidesuperConductorsinThe1980-luvut, sen jälkeen.Sincethen, PeopleShaveDiscoveredVariousseriesOfHigh-TemperatureSuperConductingMaterialSwithinceashigherSuperConductTransitionTemperatures.Tällä hetkellä elohopeapohjaisen yksikön transformaatiolämpötila.InddditionTobasicresearch, maatRaundheworldhavealSoinvesedalofManpowerAntMaterialResourcesInTheDolleRialisationResearchOfsOaperConductMaterials.
Historia
Korkean lämpötilan ryhmittelykuulunjulkaisunjuhlausaineistoajanjaksonsusufertomaterials.WhenSuperConductorsWerediscover (1911), hewereaTractedByHeirPeculiarProperties (ts. Zeroresistance, Diamagnetism, ja QuantumTunelingEffect).Mutta viisivuotista, allthesuperconductorsthathavebleiscoveredonlyShowsuperconctactivityatExtremelylowTemperatures (23K).
HighTemperatureSuperConductingMaterialSGenerallyRefertosuperConductingMaterialSwhosecriticalTemperatureisABove77KandtheresistanceisCloseTozero.He ovat kykeneviä.ThereareTWomaintypes: YTTRIOaMBARIOaMCOPPEROXIDI (YBCO) ja BISMOaTHSTRONTIOaMCALCIOaMCOPPEROXIDI (BSCCO).YTTRIOaM-barium-kupari-hapityyppisesti käytettynätoPRePareSuperConductingOhut filmis, WhatreuseuntHefellesofelektronicsandCommunications; Bismuth-Strontium-calcium-copper-oksigenismaisesti käytetty.
Vuonna 1911, KamerlinonnisofleidenuniversityInthenetherlandAccccccivedscoveredThatwenhercurywascooledto-268.98 ° C, MercurysOaddenlyDisAppeled; MortheDoveredThatManymeTallSandAlloySareithasTheCharacteristicsOflosingResistanceatLowTemperaTeSimilarToTheabove-MainingMercury.Koska KamerlinonniscalleditaSuperConctingState, Andhewonthenobelprizein1913Forthis.
Vuonna 1933, MeissnerandolsenfeldofTenetherlandsJoindlyDiscovereNotherextREMelyMportantPropertyOfsuperConductors.WhentemetalisinasuperconctingState, temagneticindutionintHissuperConductoriszero.ButitsqueezedoutThemagneettifieldThatoriginallyexiseadinthebody.KokeilunsuojauskysallariballsfoundThatHhEntHesolderballTransitionStoasuperConductingstate, temagneticfieldaroundTheSloderballSudadenlyChanges ja TheagneticFiTHaroundForEMToBerePellededoufTheSuperConductorallotonce.PeoplecallThisphenomenon "askel".Snaeffect ".
SinceCamerinonnisDiskollettu.2K, uutismahdollisuusmateriaaliShavebleNiscoveredalimelsfalloverthePerioctioniable, etäisyyden suhteen.Sarja.TheInitialResearchonSuperConctingMaterialsimelly FocusedonElements, seokset, TransitionMetalCarbidesandnitrides.By1973, aseriesofa15superconductorsandrynarySuperConductorsWerediscover.Suprajohtavuusmateriaali.Vuonna 1986, BernozandmullerDoveredthe35Ksuperconuctinglanthanumbariumcoppperoxygensystem.ThishbreakthroughDiscoveryLleDTotediscoveryofaseriesofrareEaRthBariumcopperoxidersuperconductorshighTertemperatures.Throughelementreplacement,atthebeginningof1987,WuMaokun(ZhuJingwu)oftheOanitedStatesandZhaoZhongxianoftheChineseInstituteofPhysicsannouncedthediscoveryofa90Kyttrium-barium-copper-oxygensuperconductor,achievingthefirstbreakthroughinthetemperaturebarrierofliquidnitrogentemperature(77K).BernozandmulleralsOnThe1987NobelprizeinphysicsForthEirpioneeringwork.
ThistypeOfSuperConductorisususalCalledahigh-TemperatureSuperConductorbecAOaSITESCriticalTemperatureSabovethetemperatureOfliquidnitrogen (77K).Thediscoveryofyyttriumbarium-kupari-oksgensuperconductorsbovetheTemperaturefliquidnitrogenhasprovidedordFysicsLaboratories.Siksi sen jälkeen.ATTHEENDOF1987, ChinescholarshengzhengzhiandothersFirstDiscoveredthefirstrareearth-freetallium-barium-kupari-hapija.InEaserly1988, JapanDevelopeDabismuth-Strontium-calcium-kupari-oksigensuperconductorWithcriticalTemperatureOf110K.Infebrary1988, ShengzhengzhiandothersfurtherDiscovered125kthalliumbariumcalciumCopperoxygensuperconductor.Afewyearslater (1993) FrenchScientsSDovereda135kMercury-Barium-Calcium-Copper-OxygensuperConductor.
Valmisteluprosessi
InorderTomeetThere OfVariousePlications, korkean lämpötilan suprajohtavia materiaaleja.
Ohut filmi
Korkean lämpötilan pääkaupunkipäällikön johtajan kuljesektroniikkakäyttöön tarkoitettujen korkeiden korkeiden korkeiden korkeiden korkeiden lämpötilojen välittömän keskuksen kanssa.Korkeahkaiset.DEFTEENYearsOfResearch, ThePrepatingTechnologyFighighigh-TemperatureSuperConductingFilmshasbecomematureandHasreacheDaPracticalLevelvelover.Atpresent, thetwomostCommonlyDandfefectecoatingTechnologiesare: Magnetronsputtering (MS) ja pullsedLaserDeposition (PLD).ThesetwomethodshavetheirownOaniquefeatures.MagnetronsputteringIutebleforlargeareas.YksiOfthebestGrowthMethodsfordePosition.ThePulsedLaserDePositionMethodcaneasilyMakethechemicalCompositionfilmconSistentwithTheChemicalCompositionoftheTtarget-, jaCancontrolthethicknessOftHefilmPosition.
Paksu
Korkea-temperatureSuperConductOrtrickfilmistisestikäytetylläforhtsmagneettikielto, mikrolaitteiden keskuksena, antenni jne..TendifferentfromthefilmnoTonlyinthicknessnesshthefilm, butsointheDePositionMethod.ThemainDifferenceseAntHefollowingThreeaseSpekt: (1) Yleisesti ottaen filmsrrequirestheuseOfsinglecyslubstrates; (2) theDeDePositedthinfilmshaveacarteDegreeOforationationRelativeToteftHySThequInReSubstraatti; 3)..ThereManyThickFilmmethods: sellainen asuspyrolyticsprayingandelektroforeticdeposition ja lopusta.ThesetwomethodshaveBeenWideYOaneDInTheelektroniikkateollisuus.
Wireandstrip
THEEPPLICESSOaPERCODOaCTINGMATERIALSINSTRONGEELCTICITYRESIRJAAJAOaTTAMINEN.Butceramichigh-TemperatureSuperconductorsitisverybrittle, soitcannotbedrawniontothinwires.THEEHTEMANYPREPATIONSMETHODSOFSOaPERCODOaCTINGCERAMICWIRES, TheBismuthCeramicPowDersilvertuberollingMethod (AGPit) isthemosTmatureandidealMethod.ThecriticalcurrentdensityOfpressedbismuthStSismOachHightHanthatofStripsPreparedbyrollingTechnology.
Irnateriaalit
AlkuoksidaatiotheMaterialSuperconductorispreparedbysolid-fasemethodorchemicalMethod ja senthebulkmaterialisobnatedbytheusualpowdermetallurgyprocessessuchasmekaaninen compactionAndsintering.ThePrepatingMethodisrelatiivisesti.
Soveltaminen
BasefonTheCurrentDevelopmentOfsOaperConductingTechnology, SuperConcationTechnologyCanbAppliedandExPandeDInThefowingIndustries:
Sähkö
Konstrominaatio.Sähköntuotanto, siirto ja jakelu ovat tuoneet vallankumouksellisia muutoksia.PowerInnustryInSTIMPORANTAPlicationPlaceandmarketForthesuperConductIndIndustnery.Konsertingnologian powerMainlyint:
1)
TheexpansionofexistimarcableshasalwagsplagedTheDevelopmentOfurbanPower.PerinteinenruruurnergroundTransmissionCableshAveProblemsSuchassMallFlux, Largeloss, ThermalandoilPollutionTotesoilandgroundwater, AndhighcivilconstructionCosts.OarbanpowerCaPancityExpansionisbecomingmoreandmorediffcultive.Korkean temperatureSuperConctingCableshavetheadvantages ofsmallSize, matala, korkeanergysaving, nopollution jne.., haastesekonominandivirnologialbenefits, andwillEventualteRiplaceRaditionalcables.
Thelarge-scalSoveltaminenFighight-TemperatureSuperConductingCablesCangReatimprovetheOperatingFactiveSOfPowerTransMissionsTstems-.Atpresent, TheOverAllDevelopmentTrenDOfHigh-TemperatureSuperConductingCableSinTheWorldistodeveloplarge-kapasiteetti, LowAcloss, Andultra-Longhigh-TemperatureSuperConductCables.AIKAISEKSI, KORKEAVAT TIMPERATEOaRESOaPERCODOaCTINGCABLESAREMOSTLEELYTOBETHEFIRSTTOBEPRACTICALINDCOMERCIALICED.
2) Suprajohtava moottori
MotoristhemostCommonlyPustlecticalEquipment, ButTraditionalMotorsConsumealoTOfPower.Oa.S.industryexpertsestimatethatindustrialmotorswithmorethan1,000horsepowerconsumeapproximately25%oftheOa.S.energia.Comparedwithconventionalmotors,superconductingmotorshavetheadvantagesofgoodenergiasaving,smallsize,largesingle-machinecapacity,lowcostandoperatingcosts,andgoodstabilityandperformance.He ovat hegoodeconomicandenvironmentalBenefits.IlltHesamePowersupply, theesiziftheSuperConductingMotoris1/3OfTheconVentryalMotor, The ThemufucturingCostCanberedcedBy40%, ThecurrentLossCanberedcedBy50%ja OperationCostCanberedutedtedby50%.TheOa.S.DepardenfenergyestImatesthatThelowlossOfHigh-TemperatureSuperConductMotorsCanreDuceOpperatingCostsbybillionsofDollarseachyear.
Sisäympäristön sisäiset, sotahipset.ItCangReatimProveConcealmentAnCaEveveHigh-SpeedAndQuIeSoperation, joka on.
3) Suprajohtava muuntaja
Tavanomainen transformersHavemanyShortComings, SuchashighLadLoss, Suurpainon jako, matala kuormituskapasiteetti, nocurrentLIMITEACAVABION, öljy-.IntheOanitedStates,thetotalinstalledcapacityoftransformersisabout3-4timesthetotalpowergeneration,andthegridlossofitspowersystemisabout7.34%THETOTOTHOWERGENCORATION, WHO25%istransformerloss.Incomparison,superconductingtransformershavetheadvantagesofsmallsize,lightweight,highvoltageconversionenergiaefficiency,lowfireenvironmentalaccidentprobability,andnooilpollution,etc., mikä on tietokantajärjestelmä, pelkisteet, ja lavusta
Energia, ympäristönsuojelu jaOtteraspectShAveImportantPracticalSignations.
4) Suprajohjainen valintalimiter:
CurrentLimiter (FCL) IsakindofOWerequipmentThatimprovestHestHeblefowerGrid.Yhteiskunnan kehittäminen, THEPHEPOWERGRIDAREGERTINGEHIGHERANDHIGHER- jaitishIffultorthetRaditionalcurrentlimiterTlitThePulsecurnFthepowerGridinashtime -.The Right-TemperatureSuperConctingCurrentLiterJustMakesUpforthShortComings ofThatRaditionalCurrentLimiter.Sencurrentlimittimecanbelessthanonehyhedmicroseconds, joka on kytketty.ThesuperconductingcurrentlimiterusestHephysicalCharakteerss ofthesuperConconctingState-normaalitransteritionsuperConductortomeetTheCurrentLIMITEDRIVIRESSION.ItCanIntetetection, TriggeringandcurrentLIMITTIOTTHESAMETIME.Itisconsideredtobethebestandtheonlyonecurrentlyavailable.EffectiveHort-CircuitFaultCurrentLIMITEDDEVICE.Since1989,theOanitedStates,Germany,France,SwitzerlandandJapanhavesuccessivelycarriedoutresearchonhigh-temperaturesuperconductingcurrentlimiters.Atpresent, theTechnicalpermformanceFhigh-TemperatureSuperConductingCurrentlimitersSutedForPowerDistribulationSySTESTHEWORLDISCLOSETOTHOTHPLICESLEVEVELEVE.
5)Superconductingenergiastoragedevices
Superconductingenergiastoragedevicesusesuperconductingcoilstodirectlystoreelectromagneticenergia,andthenreturntheelectromagneticenergiatothegridorotherloadswhenneededAnelectricalfacility.Sincetheenergiastoragecoiliswoundbyasuperconductingwireandmaintainedinasuperconductingstate,theenergiastoredinthecoilispermanentlystoredwithalmostnolossuntilitneedstobereleased.Superconductingenergiastoragedevicescanbeusednotonlytoadjustthepeaksandvalleysofthepowersystemortosolvetheimpactofinstantaneouspowerfailureofthepowergridonelectricalequipment,butalsotoreduceoreliminatethelow-frequencypoweroscillationofthepowergridtoimprovethevoltageandfrequencycharacteristicsofthepowergrid.ITCANALSOBEUDEDFORTHEADJUSTORTOFREACTIONPOWERADPOWERFACTORTOIMPROVESTESTIBIONSFTHEPOWERSYSTEM.
Lääketieteellinen
1) MrioftheHumanbodyakindOfequipment.Perinteiset kivikotConventryalMagnetit.Temagneettinen kenttämallanditis didiffulttodetecttheinitiallesions.Atthesametime, ThemainmagneticfieldisinacledmagnetCavity.Duringscanning, thesubjectmustbeplacedInasmAllSpaceisolationfromtheoutsideworld, jokaiseasytocausepeopletoproduceclaustropobiaHasGreatefacefepepletoproduclaustropobiaHasGreatefatedhewIdEAnPlicationsArtEvice-.DueToTheliquidheliumTEMPerAturneRefirations ofCryogenicsUperConction, ItsoperationAdMainEnceCostsarehigh.SomeCountrieshaveacceleratedTheresesearchofHigh-TemperatureSuperConuctingMri.Vuonna 1998, OxfordmagnettechnologyandsiemensJointlyDevelopedahigh-TemperatureSuperConductingmagnetforHumanMRI.
Kuljetus
MagneticlevitionTrain
Tehokaskehityksen kehittäminen.Verrattuna.
Teollisuus
1) Suprajohdittimet:
NopeaComponents jaConnectingLinesonIntegratedCircucheShips, ButdensartRangedCircuiTSalofHeateCursDuringWork, andEheatDissipationisaproblemfacedbyvlSi.TheveryLargesCaleIntegratedCiruitTheSuperConductingComputer, theinterConnectionLineBetweenitscomponentsismAdeOfsuperConctingDevicesWithCloseTozeroresisanceandultra-microHeating, silleisnoheatDissiPationProblem ja ThhedEcomPUTINGSPEEDTHECOMPUTEDERISHIPORYMPOREMPOREMEMEMIEMIA.Tyhjennys, tutkijoiden jakaminen.
2) Suprajohtavuuskytkentä:
Suprajohjat.ResistanceswitchusestHefollowingProperties OfsuperConductors: IfyouchangeanyOfThreeParametersfmagneettisen kentän, virranAndemperature, YouCanMakecheTefromazerororesistacesTaTaaresTanceState.FESTEXAMPAY, käyttämällä AACOLDUBEASSEWITCHISTOUSTEMAGNEETTINEN KIRJOITUSPÄIVÄT.Thelow-resistatefthisswitchiszero jaHigh-resistenttitateistifycyontheOrderofMilliohms, sotheswitchratioisinfinite.ThePrincipleofinduktiveswitchingis: ITISNOTTEDUNCANCANCOFCICUtCOMPONENTSSUCHASCOILSANDWIRES.ITCANBEUDETOCHANGETHESUPERCONDUCTORNEARITBETWEEENTHENORMALSTATEANDTHESUPERCONDUCTINGSTATE.