Developmenthistory
CPUappearedintheeraoflarge-ScaleIntegratedCircuits.TheiterativePdateofProcessorarchitectereSignantToNinuousImProvemenToFitegRedCircuitTechnologyPromoteitsContinuousdevelopmentComplete.Frominitiallydedicatedtomathematicalcalculationstowidelyusedingeneralcalculations,from4-bitto8-bit,16-bit,32-bitprocessors,andfinallyto64-bitprocessors,fromtheincompatibilityofvariousmanufacturerstotheemergenceofdifferentinstructionsetarchitecturespecifications,TheCPUhasbeendevelopingrapidlysinceitsinception.
Cpudevelopmenthasahistoryofmorethan40years.WeuusuallyDiviitinTosixstages.
(1) TheFirstStage (1971-1973).ThisTheeraof4-BITand8-bitlow-endmicroprocessors, a arepresentativeProductisThisThintel4004Processor.
V roce 1971, Intel'S4004MicroprocessorintegratedArthetichiticItitandOvladačonasinglechip, MarkingtheBirthofthecpu; in1978, theappearanceofthe8086PocessorlaidThondationFothex86InstructionStarchitectureture..Následně The8086SeriesProcessorsWerewidelyuseuseuseuseusedInpersonalComputerMerminals, vysoce výkonné serverServersAndClloudServervers.
(2) TheSecundStage (1974-1977).ThisTheeraof8-bitmid-to-high-endmicroprocessors, a torepresentativeProductisIntel8080.ATTHISTIME, THECOMMANDSYSTEMISISELATITITITITICEMPOMETE.
(3) ThethirdStage (1978-1984).ThisTheeraof16-bitMicroprocessors, arepresentativeProductisIntel8086.Relativně spočívající, itisrelativně vyvolává.
(4) TheFourthStage (1985-1992).ThisTheageof32-bitmicroprocessors a arepresentativeProductisIntel80386.Již sApnableofMulti-tasking, multiuseroperations.
80486ProcesSorredaedInIn1989implementeDeda5-LevelsClarPipeline, označující initialMaturityofThecpuandtheendofThedevelosphaseofThetraditionProcessor.
(5) TheFifthStage (1993-2005).ThisTheeraofthepentiumseriesOfMicroprocessors.
INNONEMER1995, IntelrelesedThepentiumProcessor, který forthefirsttimeadoptedAsCalarinstructionPipelineStructure, představen-orderexutionOfinstructionSandbredictionTechnology, který rytheredTovedTheredToredThovedThovedThovedThereformanceofTheprocesorOrsor.Proto jsou thesuperscAlarinstructionPipelineStructurehasbeenadoptedBySub následné modernprocessors, takové (pokročiléMicrodevices) RyzenandIntel'Scoreserierieséries.
(6) Thesixthstage (2005-2021).TheProcessorgraduallydevelowStowardsMorecoresandhigherparallelism.Typické reprezentativa areintel'scoreseriesProcessorsanDamd'SryzenSeriesProcessors.
INorderTomeettheupper-LevelworquirementsFtheoperatingSystem, ModernProcessorshaveFurtheroduced FunctionsSaralelizace, vícejádrová, virtualizace, AndRemoteManagementsystems, které jsou uvedeny na úrovni-levelinformishystém.
Pracovní princip
ThevonneumannarchitectureithefoundationOfModerCmPoputters.UndertisArchitecture, Programy addataaRestoreDinaunifiedManner.Instrukce anddataneedtobeaccesed fromthesamestoragespace, přenosový viathesamebus, a cannotBeoverlappedForeXeCution.Podle AslvanneumannSystem, thecPu'SwordisDidedIntotheFollingFiveStages: instructionfetchingstage, instructionDecodingStage, instructionExecutionStage, AccessNumberSultwriteBackem.
Instructfetch (if, instructionfetch) ishesProcessoffinganinstruction fromthemainmemorytotheinstructionregister.TheValueintheprogramCounterisUsedToIndicteTepositionofTheCurrentinstructionInThemainMemory.Kdynininstructionisfected, theValueinthepcwillautomaticallyIncreaseaccordingtothelGengthtHenstructionword.
IntheinstructionDecodeStage (id, instructiondecode), po započítacováníinstrukce, theinstructiondecodersplitsAnterpretStheretRedRedRestructionScordingTotHeterMinedInStructionFormat, identifikace a angažovanosti angistingusingDifferentinstructionTeSariousMethodSofObTaningoperands.ModerncIscProcessorsWillsPlittoimproveParallelisMandAsfficience.
TheExecutitionInstructionStage (ex, execute), který specifickyificifickyimplementsheFefunctionOftheinstruction.TheDifferentPartSoftHecPuareconConlectedToperFormTherequiredErations.
AccessTotheacCessNumBerstage (Mem, Memory), podle níže uvedeného výuky, readtheoperand, thecPuobtainsTressOfTheoperandintEmainMemory, a areadstheoperation fromthemainMemoryNUmberaseusedUsedSorcalculations.SomeinstructionsdonotneedToAccessThemainMemory, youcanskipThisStage.
ResultWriteBackStage (WB, Writing), AstelastStage, TheresultWriteBackStage „Writesback“ TherunningResultDataoftheeXeCutionInstructionstagetosomeStorageformformform.TheresultDataisgenerallywrittententAlterregisterofThecPusoThaTitCanbequicklyAccessedBySubSubSubSubSubSubSubentinstruction;.TitoflagBitsIndicatefferenterenterationResultSandCanbeusedToinfluenceTheactionsOfTheprogram.
AftertheinstructionExecuted aresultDataiswterittenback, ifnounexkedvents (takový, jak seresultoverflow, atd..) se vyskytují, theComputerwillobtaintheaddressofththeNextinstructionFromThogramCountAntstartanewCycled.OneInstructionCyclewillFetchTheNextInstructionInSequence.
Úvod
TheCentralProcessingUnit (CPU) isoneofthemainequipmentofelectronicComsuterSantheCoreComponentOfComputers.ITS FunctionSisMainTyTointerpretComputerinstructionSandProcessDatainComputerSoftware.TheCpuisthecoreComponentoftTheComPoreResponSonibleForreadingInstructions, decodingAndexecutingInstructions.TheCentralProcessingUnitMainlyincludestwoparts, jmenovitě, controllerandthearitmetiticInit, která jencludesthehigh-speedbufferMoryandtheBeTaTeReADataandControloftheConnectionbetweenthemeMemeM.THETHREECOREMOMENTONSONCONECTRONICKOMCOMUPETERETERETERETECPU, InternalMemory a Output/OutputDevices.The FunctionsOfTheCentralProcessingUnitareMainlytoprocessInstructions, performance, kontrolní čas a zpracovávače aprocessdata.
InteComputerarchitecture, theCpuirthecoreHardwareUNitthatControlSallthehardWareSourcesOfThecomputer (SusisMemory, InputAndoutpunitys) a výkonněgeneraloperations.TheCpuistheCompUtingandControlcoreoftheComputer.TheoperationOfallSoftWarelayerSentheCompUterSystemWilleventAuntsBemaptedtooperationoPTHecputhRoughtheinstructionSet.
Performancestructure
PerformanceEasurementIndicators
ForthecpU, TheindicatorsthaftaffecTitsPerformmainlyIncludeTheMainfrequency, theremberOfBitSoftHecpu athecacheinstructionSofThecpu..Sady, čísloFCCPUCORES, ANDIPC (NumberOfinstructionsPercycle).Theso-calledcpufrequencyreferstotheclockfrequency, který directlyDeterMestheperformanceofThecpU.YouCanincreasethecpUfRequencyByByoverClockingToObtainhighterperformance.Then-PakremOfcPubitreferstotheNumberOffLoating-PointNumbersThattheprocessorCalculateaToNetime.Obecně platí, že zkomplikují, theFasterthecpuperformsoperations.Po 19. letech 20. století, ThecpususedInPersonalComputersAregerenerally64-bit.TOTOSBECAUSE64-BITProcessorscanProcessalarRangeofDaandNativeSupPortHighterMoryAdssingCapacity, která je improvizovaně.TheCacheinStructionSetThecpuisStoreDinsideThecpU, který mainlyreferstothehardprogramthatthatcanguideandoptimizetheoperationofThecpu.Obecně lze říci, že CacheofacpucanbedIdIdIdIDiDidedIntoafirst-Levelcache, Asecond-Levelcache, mezipaměť na úrovni Adrathird.TheCacheperformedSiftaftectAffectSthessingPerformanceofThecpU.SomecPuswithSpecialFunctionsMayBeequippedWithAfour-Levelcache.
CPURUCTURE
Obecně řečeno, theStructureofacpucanberoughlyDividedIndoarithmeticLogiccomponents, registracecomponents a controlcomponents.Theso-calledarithmeticLogiccomponentsAinlyCapableOfPerformingRelatedlogicaloperations, takové: směny a pointditiontofixofixed-poinotorfloating-poicetarithmeticoperations, adddressOperations a conversionCommands.FuncovarithmeticEnit.ThisterComponentISusedStoTemporavěrStoreInstructions, DataAndaddresses.TheControlComponentisMainlyusedstoanalyZetSeinstruction ansendoutTheCorespondingControlSignal.THECOMPUTER'SMemoryCanbedIDideDidedIndorandomaccessMemory (RAM) And-OutlyMemory (ROM).TheDifferenceBetweenthetwoisThattherandomaccessMemoryCandiRectlyExchandedatawiththecpu, AnditCanalsObecalledThemainMemory.RAMCANBERADANDSWRITTENATANYTIME, ATHESPEDOFTHTHTISSISISVERSAFT.Proto duetothisadvantageofmainmemory, itisofteusedesASatemPoraryDaTorageMediumForoperatingSystemSorotherrunningprograms; a-limeMemoryromisakindofMemorythatcanonlythedastoreDadvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvancedvance..TheuserdoesNothavetheauthorityToChangeTedastoreDinitInternalStorageandCannotdeleteit a thedawillDisappearafterthepoweRisturneDoff.ThisindofMemoryHASALSOBEENWIDELYUSED, ANDHASBEENWELDUSEDUSEDISEDelectronicorComSusswhereDatadoesNotneedTobechangedfrequely.
FortheCentralProcessingUnit, ItcanberegardedasAlarge-ScaleIntegroenCircuit WhoseMaintaskistoprocessAndProcessvariousdata.ThestorageCapacityofTetraditionComputerisrelatiativesMall, ithascerseddifficultyInteProcesoflarge-scaledataprocessing, a theProcessingeffectitivnělowitiatiatiatitivellowOwow.WiththerapiddevelopmentOfMyCountry'SinformationTechnologyLevel, ahigh-configurationProcessorComputerhasappeared, athehigh-configurationProcessorisudeSudeSeseDeStheControlCencer, který přehrává, který je možné.TheCorePartoftheCentralProcessingunitisTheControlLarandArtMeticUnit, který playanimportoleinimprovingTheoverAllFunctionFTheComputer.ItcanrealizetheproliferationOfMultiplefunctionssuchasregisterControl, logicoperation, signalTransmismissionAndReception, andlayagoodFoundationForimProvingTHeperSformanceofTheComputter.Základna.
IntegratedCircuitSactasControlSignalsInTheComputerandexecutifferentCommandtaScordingTouseroperationInstructions.TheCentralProcessingunitisAveryVylArge-ScaleIntegroenterCircuit.ItisposedOfaritmeticEnits, regulátory, registry atd.., Asshowninthefigurebelow.KEYKEYOperationlientheprocesingand aprocesingofvariousdata.
TraditiomComputershaverelativněsMallstorageCapacityAnlowoperatingEfficiencientienceForlarge-scaledataSets.Poté, cogenerationOfComputerseSahigh-ConfigurationProcessorastheControlCenter, athecpuhasalotofroomProvementIntermsOfStructuctuctuctuctuctucTunction.TheCentralProcessingunitusaritMetinitsandOvladačsstEmainDevices, and graduallyspreadsInToMultipleFunctionsSuchasLogicoperations, registerControl, programování, asignaltransmission anandreception.TheseallspeeDupTheoptimizationAsUpgradingofcPuControlperformance.
CPUBUS
ThecpubuStheFastestBusinacomputerSystem, aditisAlsotheCoreofThechipSetandMotherboard.LidessuallyCallthelocalBusDirectlyCondectTothecpububusorinternalbus, andcallthoselocalbusEsconCesCondecttovariousgeneral-purposeexpansionSotssystembusorexternalbus.Inacpuwitharelativně se s nimiž je v něm, že jsou uvedeny, že, že, thecpuinternalbus, který vyvolává nainternalalregistersFecPuandthearitmeticLoGoperantCoperantCoperantCoperantCoperancesponents.TheBusinsideTheComponentConnectstHechipStogetherbyusingaseTofbuses, soitcanbecalledthebusinsidethecomponent, který GenerallyContainstwoSetSoflines, theaddresslineanthedaciline.Thesystembusreferstothelinethatconnectsthevariouscomponentsofthesystemtogether,andisthebasisforconnectingthewholesystemtogether;thebusoutsidethesystemisthebasiclinethatconnectsthecomputerandotherdevicestogether.
Thecorepart
Thearitmeticunit
ThearitmeticunitisthepartoftheComputerthatformsvariousaritmeticLogicalOperations a theAithmeticLogicunitisTheCentralProcessingCorePart.
(1) AritmeticLogicunit (Alu).AritmeticLogicunitreferstombitionAllogicCircuitthatcanrealizeMultiplesSofaritmeticoperationsAndLogicoperations, anditisAnimportantPartoftheCentralprocessing.TheoperationofThearitmeticLogicunitisMainlyToperformtwo-bitarithmeticoperations, takové, odčítání, odčítání a multiplikaci.Inteprocesofcalculation, thearitmeticLogicunitisMainlyToperformMeticLogicalOperationsInacentralizedComputerinstruction.Obecně řečeno, alucanplaytheroleofDirectreAredingandAndReding, který jespecifificrificledIntedProcessorOvladač, MemoryAndinputAndutputDevices., InputAnSoutputUareimplementeDentheBasisofTheBus.INPUMITRECTURCEContainSaninstructionword, In -OperationCode, formatcodeandsoon.
(2) IntermediateRegister (IR).ItRengthis128Bits, aitsAcTuallGendIsdeterMinedBheoperand.Instrukce irplaysanimportoleinthe "pushintostackandfetch".Během útvaru, který je uvedeno, jsou kontencesOfAcResenttoir a.
(3) Operační akumulátor (ACC).Aktuální regonéry aregeralAllySingLeaccUmulatorsWithaLengthOf128Bits.FORACC, ITCANBERGARDEDASAVAIABLELENGEGHACACUMULÁTOR.Intheprocessofnarratinginstructions,theexpressionofthelengthofACCisgenerallybasedonthevalueofACS,andthelengthofACSisdirectlyrelatedtothelengthofACC,doublingorhalvingthelengthofACScanalsoberegardedasdoublingorhalvingthelengthofACC.
(4) Description Wordregister (DR).ItisMainlyuseusedTostoReandModifyDescriptionwords.TheLengthOfdris64Bits.INORDERTOSIMPLIFYDaTastructureProcessing, TheuseOfDescriptionwordsplaySanimportol.
(5) RegisterB.ItplaySanimportoleenthemodificationFinstructions.TheLengthFetTheBregisterIs32Bits, a atheaddressModificationAMountCanbeSavedinthessOfModifikationTHeaddress.TheMainMemoryAddresscanonlyBemodifiedWithadescriptionword.PointingTothefirstelemenThearrayisTeDescriptionword, soaccesstooteralementsIntHarraysHouldRequireamODifier.ForNumberComposition, itiscomposedofdataofthesamesizeorelementsOfThesamesaize, AndisstoredContinuálně.ThecomMoMonaccessMethodisVectorDEDScriptionword.BecausetHeaddressInVectorscriptionWordisbyteaddress, IntheConversionProcess, TheBasicaddresssHouldBeaddedFirststststststststststStstStstStstStstStStst..FortheConversionwork, itismainlyrealizedautomaticallyBehThardware.Inthisprocess, SpecialTatentionsHousedBepaidToAlignment, soasnottoexleedtheBoundaryofThearray.
Ovladač
TheOvladačreferstochangThewiringofThemainCircuitorthortOlCircirCaingThereSvanceValueentheCircircordingtoApdereMined sesSefencentioNntroltheStart, rychlost, brakeandreversethemotorlor.TothemasterDevice.TheOvladačiscomposedofTHeprogramstatusregisterpsr, TheSystemStatusregistersSr, TheProgramCounterpc a instrukční registraci.ASA "rozhodování", TheMaintAskistoissueCandSandPlaytheroleOlOrdinasing a ComingoperationOfTheenTireCompUterSystemstem.TheKlasifikaceOfControlmainlyincludestwokinds, respektive seisthecombinationallogicOvladač, the thetwopartshavetheirownadvantages addisadvantAges.Mezi them, theStructureoftHecombinitionAllogicOvladačisRelativně, buttheadvantageIsThiTitifister; theStructuructureCthemicrogramControllisSimple, butinthemodifikaciFamachineinstructionFunction, allthemicrogramsneedTobereProgramedEd..
Brandintroduction
Série "Loongson"
"Loongson" SeriesOfChipsipSesigneDedDeveredBetHechineaCademyofScienceszhongketechnologyco., Ltd., používání mipsarchitecture, s nezávislými intetlectualPropertyRights, TheProductsnowincludethreeSofloongsonno.1SMallcpU, Loongsonno.2Mediumcpuandloongsonno.3largecpu, andalsoincludeloongson7a1000bridgechips.Theloongson1series32/64-bitProcessorsAresiallyEdEdFortheembedDedfield, hlavně použitý incloud-theormininals, Industrialcontrol, DataCquisition, Handheldterminals, NetworkSecuritys, HourIntegration ahighfeaturesSontersonsus..Mezi them, Theloongson1a32-bitProcessoRanloongson1c64-bitProcessorWorksAlTable266-300MHz, atheloongson1bProcessorisaLight-váha32-Bitchip.TheLoongson1ddprocesorisadedicalChipForUltrasonicheatmeters, Watermetersandgasmery.V roce 2015, poté GenerationOfBeoudounavigationALeLiteSipsippedWithtHeloongson1eand1fChIpssenlyDenenlyDeledBymyCountry.ThesetWochipsipsAinlyusedStoCompleteTeDataProcessingTask1oftheinter-satellitelink.
Loongson2seriesaryre64-bithigh-performancelow-PowerProcessorsfordesktopandhigh-EndembedDedApplication.Loongson2Productsincludeloongson2e, 2F, 2Hand2K1000Chips.ForthefirstTime, Loongson2eHaSachidedExternalProductionandsalesauthorization.Divadelní výkonnostOfloongson2fismorethan20%vyšší thenthatoongson2e, AnditCanbeuseuseusedInpersonalComputers, Industrial -Industrialcontrol, DataAcquisition, NetworkSecurityAndotherfields.Loongson2HlaunchEditsOfficialProductin2012, který se vyskytuje výpočery, cloudterminály, networkequipment, ConsumeRelectronicsAndotherfields, andCanbeuseuseuseuseuseuseasaful-featuredChipWithHtorpci-einterfaces.V roce 2018, LoongsonlaunchedTheloongson2K1000Processor, který je uveden.ThemainfrequencycanRach1GHz, který je možné, že se vyskytují vývojový průzkumndustrialInterneTofThingsansinDindentAndentAnd aControlleable předurcialSecuritySystem.
TheLoongson3serieSareMulti-Coreprocessorsforhigh-PerformanceComputers, Serversandhigh-Enddesktopapplications, představující podtržení HIGHBAND, High Performance a AndlowpowerCons Con spočíta.TheLoongson3A3000/3B3000ProcessoradopTsAdopTsAndindentMicrostructureduredesign, athemainfrequencycanRach11.5GHZORMORE; Theloongson3a4000, který je naplánován porthemarketin2019, ISThefirstquad-Corechipofloongson.THECHIPISBASEDONA28NMPROCESSADADOPTSNEWRESEARDANDDEDENTORM.GS464V64-bithigh-performanceprocessorcorearchitecture,andimplements256-bitvectorinstructions,whileoptimizingon-chipinterconnectionandmemoryaccesschannels,integrated64-bitDDR3/4memorycontroller,integratedon-chipsecuritymechanism,mainfrequencyandperformanceIthasbeengreatlyimprovedagain.
TheLoongson7a1000bridgeisthefirstDedictionBridgeSetProductofloongson.TheGoalistoreplacetheamdrs780+SB710bridgeSeTandProvideThENOrth-SouthbridgeFunctionFortheloongsonProcessor.ItwasreleasedInfebRuary2018andislysedlyusedUseusedOnahigh-PerformAnTworkplatformwitloongson3a3000andziguang4gddr3Memory.Ve srovnání svrthe3a3000+780eplatform, TheoverallPerformanceofThogramhasBeengreatlyimproven, anithasthecharacteristicsOfhighMomesticproductionRate, vysoký výkon, ahighReliability.
Intel
Podle INTOTHETELPRODUCTLINEPLAN, ASOF2021, Intel's11th-GenerationConsumeRorehasfivetypesofProducts: I9/I7/I5/I3/Pentium/Celeron.Kromě toho, thererexeon platina/zlato/stříbro/bronz forserversandxeonwseriesforhedplatform.
AMD
Podle ASPOMDSProductLineplanning, ASOF2021, AMDRYZEN5000SESSORSHAVEFOURCONSUMERPRODUCTLINES: RYZEN9/RYZEN7/RYZEN5/RYZEN3.Nepřipravování, therethethethird-generationxiaolongepycprocessorfortheservermarkethethethreadtearrerserseriesforthehedplatform.
Shanghaizhaoxin
ShanghaizhaoxinInTegratedCircuitco., Ltd.ISAState-OpesingholdingCompanyStablEdInIn2013.ITSPROCESSORSADOPTTHEX86ACHITECTURE.TheProductsMainlyincludeThefirstzx-A, Zx-C/ZX-C+, ZX-D, Kaixiankx-5000andkx-6000; Kaishengzx-C+, Zx-D, KH-20 000 atd..Mezi them, Kaixiankx-5000seriesProcessorsadopT28nmProcessanAareaailableIn4-coreor8-coreversions.TheoverAllPerformanceisupto140%vyšší theNtheReviousgenerationProduct, dosažení internationalmainstreamgeneral-purposeprocessorper-performancelevel, který sekandově máthepartyandGovernnmentdesktopoficapplication, andavarityetyoFentaicapplicationscludingsCludingulta-high-a-definitivevideovinging.Kaishengkh-20000SeriesProcessorsArecPuproductSLauntedbyzhaoxinforServersAndOtherequipment.Kaixiankx-6000seriesProcessorshaveaainfrequencyofupto3.0GHZAndareCompatibleWithafullrangeofWindowrowsopetingsystemSanddomMestaticallyProducedded -RependententCrollableoperatingSystemssuchaszhongkefangde, WinnerKirin a PricewaterhouseCoopers.The PerformanceIsequivalentTointel'sSeventh-GenerationCorei5.
Šanghaj Shenwei
ShenWeiprocessorisReredToas "swprocessor", fromdec'slpha21164, adoptionsalphaarchitecture, hasCompletelyIndentantentAllectualPropertyRights, aitsproductShaveSinglecoresw-1, dual-coresw-2, quad-coresw-coresw-1600/atts atd..Thesunwayblu-raySuperComputeruses8704sw-1600, vybavené sWithSunwayRuisioperatingSystem, realizující selthelocalizationOfSoftWareandhardware.SinceitsreleaseinJune2016,the"Shenwei·LightofTaihu"supercomputerbasedonSw-26010hasrankedfirstintheworld'sTOP500supercomputersforfourconsecutivetimes,andtwoitemsonthe"Shenwei·LightofTaihu"Tensofmillionsofcoremachineapplicationswonthe"GordonBell"award,theworld'shighestawardforhigh-performancecomputingapplicationsin2016and2017.
Klasifikace
Instruktážní method
TheKlasifikaceOfcPucAnalsObeDiDideredEducedInstructionSetComputer (RISC) a complexinstructionccordingtotheinstructionSetMethodsetComputer (CISC).TheLengthAndExecutionTimeofriscInstructionSareconstant, zatímco utrpěl délku aceofcisciscinstructionSarenotNenly.TheDegreeParlexeCutionOfriscInstructionSisbetter, atheefficientienceFTheCompilerisAlsohigher.TheCiscinstructionhasbetteroptimizationfordifferenttasks, attheCostofComPomplexCircuits amoreDifiCutToimProveParallelism.TheTypicalCIscIscIscIscIsTetSethexEx86Micro-Architecture, athetypicalRiscInstructionSetHeSthearmMicro-Architecture.Avšak inmodernprocessorarchitectures, BothriscandCiscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscIscInstructionSwillbeConvertedTuringTecodingProcessandsplintorisc-likeinstructionsinsideTetEthecpusPu.
EMSEDDEDSystemCpU
TraditiomBeddingTheTypeofdomainreferstoaveryWiderange, aditisTheMemainapplicationMonofProcessorSinadditionTotheServerandpcdomains.„Vestavěné“ tzv. Znamená to, že theProcessorContainidainisASifitisEdEDinitanDinitandisidiSunkNonarn.
InRecentyears, s theFurtherdevelofvariousNewTechnologiesandNewfields, the eembedDedfieldItHasobeendeveredIntoseveraldifferentsUb-fieldsandhasSDifferencetenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterenceterentiatereteotiation.
Firstofall, WithEdevelopmentOfsmartphones (MobilesMartphone) a Handhelddevices (MobileDevices), TEMEBILEFIELDHASGRADULYDEDEDENTONTOANIDENTONIDENTONIDENTONIDENTONIDENTONDEDENTIONDETHELDETHTHATHRIVALSORENEXTHEPCFIECTISTENSTHEPTCFIELDISTISTHEPHEPCFIELDISTISTHEPTEPCFIELDISTISTHETHEPTCFIEDISTHIEPSCETHEPTCFIEDCIFIESTISCALE.BecausetHeSorinthemobilefieldNeedStoloadthelinuxoperatingSystemAndInvolvesAcomplexsoftwareEcosystem, ithasthesamesseriousdenceontesoftSoftSoftEecoSystemsthepcfield.
NextSthereal-Time (v reálném čase) Embeddedfield.Relativně spojující, tento poleddoesnothavesuchserioussoftwaredependence, sothereisnoabsolutemopoly.Nicméně, duetothesCcessCommerCoMialPromotionOfarmProcessorip, arm'sprocessorarchictureLillAccountsformoftHemarketshare.Jiné Processorarchitectureschassynopsysarc atd.také HAVEGOODMARMetresults.
Nakonec setheePembeddedfield.TentofieldismorelikethetraditionEMbedDedfieldmenToniodeDearlier.ThedeMandinthisfielsielSeverylarge, butittendstofocusonlowpowerconsons Con spočíta.Tam senoneedtoloadalarGeapplicationoperatingSystemLikelinux.MESTOFTHESOFTWAREREQUISCUSTOMIZEBAREMALPRAMSORSORSORSIMPLEAL-TEAMEOperatingSystems.Proto se tedy závislost nalezectorecologyIsIsIsEliativeLativeLativelow.
Mainframecpu
Mainframe, Ormainframe.MainframessededeDedicatedProcessorinstructionSets, OperationSystems a ApplicationSoftware.ThetermmainFrameoriginallyreferredtoAlargeComStystemHouseDeverylargeironBoxwithaframetodingititFromsMallerMicomputersAndMicrocomputers.
ReducingMainfraMecPuconSonsentionSanimportantTask.SavingeachcPucyclecannotonlyDelayhardwareupgrades, bulaloreducusesoftwarelicensingFeesBasedontescAleofuse.
TheMainFramearchItectureMainlyincludestHeFollingtWopoints: ahighdegreeofvirtualizace, andallsystemresourcesreashared.TheMainFramecanInteGrateAlEmumbemumSinTooNeandMaximizeReSourceutilization; asynchronní/ooperace.Že, whendhei/ooperationIsperformed, thecpuhandsthei/oinstructionstothei/osubsystemforCompletion a athecpuit related toExecEecuteTotherinstructions.Proto TheHostcanperforforthotertasksatthesametimewHileperformheavyi/otaskskks.
ControlTechnologyform
The PowerFillDataProcessingFunctionFtheCentralProcessinguniHaseffectiveimprovedTHeworkefficienciencientienTofTheCompter.Inthedataprocesingoperation, itisNotjustaSimpleoperation.TheoperationOfThocessorisSBasedontheinstructiontaskissUedbytheComputeruser, a controlinstructionInputBeuserCorresponsportStothecPuduringTheeCutionOftHtheinstructionTask.WiththerapidDevelopmentFinformationTechnologyiNourCountry, ComputerSarewidelyuseusedInSip'Slives, Work a CorporateOfficeAutomation.AsamasterControlDrevice, onipromotethedevevelofeofe-commercenetworksAndupgradeTetEcPuControlProlperformance.TheProcesshasbeengreatlyimproven.CommandControl, skutečná kontrola, operaceControl atd.aretreperformanceofTheapplicationOfCompusterCutchechnology.
(1) SelectionControl.TheoperationofTheCentralizedProcessingModeiSimplementeDethebasisofspecificPrograminstructionStomeetTheneedSofComputerusers.ThecPucanchOoseaccordingtotheactualSituationTuringTheoperationTomeettheuser'sDataflowRequirements.TheimporTroleplayedbyCommandAndControlTechnology.Podle theCalculationMethodisformulované, sothattheorderlyformulationOmMandActionswellMaintainedAinaidaidaidaidaidaidaidaidaidaidaidaidaidaidaidainaidaidaidaidaidaidaidainaidaidans.Během jejichž uvedení je implementationOftheInstructionSofThogramisCompletetedSMoothly.OnlyBowollingaceAncesEntenceCantheComputeRuseeefEftectBeguaranteed.TheCpuismainlyused toExpandtheautomaticProcessingofDataSets, který.
(2) Vložení.GenerationOftheoperationControlSignalBythecpuisanlyrealizedBefEfenctionFinstructions, a arepcopedofcontrollingTheSomponentSidedBensindingtheinstructionStotheCoreDorespondingComponents.TherealizationOnstraninstructionFunctionSisMacComploshedByasequenceoPoperationsperformedBetheComponentSteCompter.MoresMallControlComponentsArethekeytoBuildingacentralizedProcessingMode, ThePurpopeistobetterCompleTetEthecpudataProcessingoperations.
(3) TimeControl.AplikaceTimetimingTovariousOperationsTheSo-calledtimeControl.KdynininstructionIsexecuted, měl by být dokončen.Instrukce, která je zřejmě.Inthisprocess, ItisNentyToPayAttentionToStrictlyControltheprogramtime.
Bezpečnostní problémy
TheFlouringDevelopmentOfcPusalsObringsManysecurityIssues.TheFDIVbug(Pentiumfloatingpointdivisionerror)thatappearedonthePentiumprocessorin1994cancauseerrorsinthedivisionoffloating-pointnumbers;theF00FabnormalinstructiononthePentiumprocessorin1997cancausetheCPUtocrash;theIntelprocessortrustedexecutiontechnologyin2011(TXT,trustedexecutiontechnology)hasabufferoverflowproblem,whichcanbeusedbyattackersforprivilegeescalation;avulnerabilityintheIntelmanagementengine(ME,managementengine)componentin2017canleadtoremoteunauthorizedarbitrarycodeexecution;in2018,TwoCPUvulnerabilitiesinMeltdownandSpectrehaveaffectedalmosteverycomputingdevicemanufacturedinthepast20years,leavingtheprivateinformationstoredonbillionsofdevicesatriskofbeingleaked.TheseSecurityIssueshaveSilylyDangeRedNationalNetworkSecurity, CriticInfrastructureSecurity, andInformationSecurityInportantAndustries, andhaveCausedCuseHugeLossesesessesses.
Srovnání
GPU
GpuistheimageProcessor.TheworkflowandphysicalStructureofcpUandgpUareroughlysimilar.Ve srovnání se slovy, TheworkofThegPuismoreunitary.Insonerálním vypuštění, TheGPUisonlyusedStoDRAWIMAGES.IftheCPUwantstodrawatwo-dimensionalgraph,itonlyneedstosendaninstructiontotheGPU,andtheGPUcanquicklycalculateallthepixelsofthegraphanddrawthecorrespondinggraphatthespecifiedpositiononthedisplay.SincouthegPugenerateratesalotofheat, thesusUsUsUsUsUsUsUsuseauseparateheatSinkonthegraphicscard.
Designstruktura
CPUHASAPOWERFAITMETICOPERACEUNIT, které je možné.AtTheSametime, thisISalargeCachethatcanstoreAlotofDatainit.Nepřipravování, thererecomplexLogicControlunits, které redukují řečeno.GpuisBasedonalargeThroughputdeSign, withmanyaritmeticoperationUnitsAndveryfewcaches.AtTheSametime, gpusupportsalarGenumberOfThreadStorunatthesametime.IftheedEedToaccessthesamedata, thecachewillmergeteseaccessess, který bude zatudně nadále.DesmphitethedeLay, protože zlehkátkoritmeticoperationUnis, ItCanachieveAverylargetHroughPuteffectefectectect.
UsageSenarios
Je zřejmé, že se becausethecpuhasalargemumbemlofCacheSandLogLogicControlUnits, itisverygooDatLogicControlandserialoperations.Insparorison, gpuhasalargemumbemMeticoperationUnis, soitcanperformalargembemumcalculationsAlthesametime.ItisgoodAtlarge-ScaleconcurrentCalculations.TheCalculationIsLargeButThereisNotechnicalContent, anithastoberepeatedManyTimes.Inthisway, ThewayWeusegputOincreashethespeedofProgramoperationIsObvious.Používání COUTODOCOMPLEXLOGICCONTOLANDGPUTODOSIMPLEBUTLARGEARITHETICETACECTREATLYPROVETREUNNINGNINGNINGSPEEDOFTHTHEPRAM.
Budoucí vývoj
Thegeneral-purposecentralprocessingUnit (CPU) chipisabAsicComponentoftHeinformationSustryAncoreComponentOfWeaponry.MyCountry'slackofccutechnologyandSustrysNidempendencentendantAllectualPropertyRightShasnotonlycausedheinformationIndusTryTrytobeControlledbythers, bulasothenationalSecurityCannotbebEllyguaranteed.Během období „desátého roku“, tekavek „863Program“ BegantoSupPortindentResearchandDevelopmentOfcpus.Duringthe"EleventhFive-YearPlan"period,the"CoreElectronicDevices,High-endGeneral-purposeChipsandBasicSoftwareProducts"("NuclearHighZákladna")majorprojectintroducedtheCPUachievementsofthe"863Program"intotheindustry.Od zahájení období „twelfthfive roční“, MyCountryHascarriedOutOutOutIndentResedSearch a.Avšak zahraničníCPUMONOPOLIZACEHASBEENFORALONGTIME, ATITWILLTASEMEMIMEFORMYCountry'SIDENDENTENTSEDENTOREDADENTOFCCPUPRODUCTSANDTHEMATURITYFTHEMATIONTHEMATURITYFTHEMATURITYFTHEMATURITY.