Северна и Южна династии

History

SouthernDynasties

After304years,ChinesehistoryenteredastageofdivisionandconfrontationbetweenNorthandSouth.Inthesouth,althoughthereweresuccessivechangesinthefiveregimesoftheEasternJinDynasty(theEasternJinDynastyandtheWesternJinDynastyarecollectivelycalledtheJinDynasty),theSouthernSongDynasty,theSouthernDynastyQi,theSouthernDynastyLiang,andtheSouthernDynastyChen,exceptforthethreeyearsofEmperorLiangYuan’suseofJianglingasthecapital.Intherestofthetime,thecapitalofthesoutherndynastieswasalwaysbuiltinJiankang(nowNanjing,Jiangsu).

Южната династия и династията Сонг (420-479 години) бяха най-големият, най-силен и най-дълго управлявал режим сред тях. Имаше 4 поколения и 8 императори, общо 60 години.

Южната династия Qi (479-502) GuoZuow е просъществувала кратко, само 24 години, но поради чести битки и убийства, е преживяла 3 поколения и 7 императори, средно по 3 години за един император. Това е най-бързата смяна на бога на царя в китайската история.

Лианг от южните династии (502-557) има 3 поколения и 4 императори, общо 56 години. Сред тях Ву император Сяо Ян е бил на власт най-дълго време, близо половин век.

Чен от Южната династия (557-589), 3 династии и 5 императори, общо 32 години. Злобата на Чън Чъншуайлианг беше династия с тясна територия, слабо население и слаба власт. Освен това владетелят беше изключително корумпиран и в крайна сметка беше изгубен в ръцете на мощни врагове на север.

В историята четирите южни династии на Сонг, Ци, Лян и Чен са били наричани Южни династии.

Династия на Южна Песен

Песента е най-старата от четирите династии в Южната династия.60 години.

SongWuEmperorLiuYuwasoriginallyageneraloftheNorthernArmyintheEasternJinDynasty,andtookcontrolofthecourtaftertheHuanxuanRebellion.Inordertogainprestige,heusurpedtheJinDynastyandlaunchedtwonorthernexpeditions,regainingShandong,HenanandGuanzhong(afterGuanzhongwasoccupiedbyDaxia).Afterthat,LiuYukilledEmperorJin'anandre-establishedEmperorGongoftheJinDynasty.Twoyearslater(420years),heusurpedthethroneoftheEasternJinDynasty.HetookSongasthetitleofthecountryandchangedittothebeginningoftheYuanDynastyandwascalledLiuSonginhistory.IntheNorthernWeiDynasty,FangandLiuSongformedanorth-southconfrontationuntiltheunificationofthenorthin439.

EmperorSongWuwasborninthemilitaryandwasresoluteandfrugal.Heclaimedthattheempressstillpracticedfrugality,andhispoliticalstylewasverygoodforatime.However,itseemsthathedoesnotattachimportancetoroyaleducation,sothatheentrustedhimtoinhuman,causinggreatchanges.Henoticedthatthepoweroftheclanatthattimewasgreatandtheauthorityofthemonarchyhadfallen,soheusedthecoldclantograspthesecretsinthegovernment,andthemilitarypowerwasentrustedtotheclanandroyalfamily.Theclancontrolledthemilitarypowerandpoliticaldistricts,andthushadtheintentionofusurpingthethrone.Therefore,thereweremanyfratricidaltragediesbetweentheemperorandtheclan.

AfterEmperorWuofSongDynastypassedaway,EmperorSongShaocontinuedtostand.HewaskilledbyauxiliaryministersXuXianzhi,FuLiang,andXieHuibecauseofhislackofmorality.Later,heandthefamousBeifugeneralTanDaojieradicatedXuXianzhiandotherswhocontrolledthestateaffairs,andmadetheclancontrolthepowerofthegovernment.Atthesametime,heappointedthenoblefamilyandthecoldpeopletoparticipateinthegovernment,sothatthepoliticalbalanceoftheclan,thenoblefamilyandthecoldfamilyappearedinthepoliticalbalanceoftheclan,thenoblefamily,andthecoldfamily.Stablize.Onthisbasis,EmperorWenofSongadvocatedthriftandclarifiedthegovernanceofofficials,andcreatedthegovernanceofYuanjia.

Since430,EmperorWenofSonghasrepeatedlyexpeditionstothenorth.DuetoinsufficientpreparationsandthewrongcommandofEmperorWen,the"soldiersandfinancialbills"havegreatlyreducedthenationalpower.FamousgeneralsTanDaojiandPeiFangmingwereeradicatedbecauseofthesuspicionofEmperorSongWenformilitaryservice.In450years,EmperorSongWenonceagaindefeatedtheWei,but"theNorthernExpeditionwasinsultedandseveralprefecturesweredestroyed."ThevastlandnorthoftheYangtzeRiverwastrampledbytheNorthernWeiExpeditionaryArmy.LiuSong'snationalstrengthsufferedaseveresetback.

In453,EmperorWenofSongwaskilledbyPrinceLiuShao,andhisthirdsonLiuJuntooktheopportunitytoseizethethrone,namelyEmperorXiaowu.IntheearlyreignofEmperorXiaowuSong,aseriesofreformswereimplementedinthefieldsofpolitics,economy,militarysystem,householdregistration,ritualsystem,taxsystem,etc.;duringhisreign,the"coldpeopleholdthekey"(thepowerofhigh-rankingofficialsheldbythegentrywasshifteddownIn458,thepoliticalsituationof“FourWarsandFourVictory”and“BreaktheSevenCities”inQingzhouareawasdefeatedbytheWeiarmyin458;Liangzhouin460TheBeiyinpingareaofBeijingonceagainrepelledtheinvasionoftheNorthernWeiDynasty;forawhile,"thebreedingofprivatehouseholdswillbecompletedsoon".However,inthelastyearsofhisreign,hechangedhisearlystyleofrelievingsoldiersandsimplifyingadministration,andbegantobeproudandcomplacent.Hestartedtobuildcivilengineering,extravagantdesiresandevenrecklessbehavior,whichincreasedtheburdenonthepeople,andledtoLiuSong,whohadgraduallyimprovedintheearlydaysofhisreign.Inthelastyearsofhisreign,itfellintodecline.Duringhisreign,twoclanwarsbrokeout,andfinallythecityofGuanglingwaskilled.Atthattime,folkrumorssaid:"LookingatJiankangCityinthedistance,Xiaojianglingersagainstthecurrent,seeinghissonkillhisfatherbeforeseeinghissonkillhisfather,andseeinghisbrotherkillhisbrotherlater"indicatesthisperiodofhistory.In464AD,EmperorXiaowudiedofillness.

TheformeremperorLiuZiye,thesonofEmperorXiaowu,killedtheclanafterhewasestablished.LaterhewaskilledbythekingofEasternHunan,LiuYu,whowasEmperorMingofSongDynasty.However,healsoslaughteredtheclanandkilledthedescendantsofEmperorXiaowu.Inhislateryears,EmperorMing'spoliticalmistakescausedtheQing,Hebei,Xu,YansiprefecturesnorthoftheHuaiheRiverinLiuSongDynastyandthesixHuaixiprefecturesinYuzhoutofallintotheNorthernWeiDynasty,andtheirnationalpowerwasgreatlyreduced.AfterEmperorMing'sson,theemperorLiuYu,thepoliticalsituationwasturbulentandrebellious,andthegeneralXiaoDaochenggraduallytookcontrolofthemilitary.

AfterthedeathofEmperorFei,XiaoDaochengsupportedEmperorSongShun'sLiuZhunandtookoverthegovernment.AfterannihilatingpoliticalenemiesYuanCanandShenYou,XiaoDaochengusurpedthethronein479.HewasnamedDaqiasthefoundingofthecountry.HewasrenamedasEmperorQiGaodiinhistory,andhediedintheSouthernDynastyandSongDynasty.

NanDynastyQi

Q има най-краткото съществуване на четирите династии, с 24 години.

QigaoEmperorbelongedtothefamilyoftheLanlingXiaofamily,buthisstatuswasnothigh,sohewasdespisedbythenoblesofthefamily.HispoliticalstylewasalsothesameasthatintheearlySongDynasty.Hewasfrugalanddiedafterfouryearsofreign.Hewassucceededbytheprince,theEmperorQiWu.EmperorQiWuwasinchargeofQingming,andhehadnowarwiththeNorthernWeiDynasty,andhewasknownasthe"rulingofYongming"inhistory.Atthattime,theemperorusedDiansignofficersaseyesandearstomonitorthepoliticalaffairsofthestatesandthekingsoftheclan.

AfterthedeathofEmperorQiWu,hewassucceededbytheemperor'sgrandsonXiaoZhaoye,andXiaoZiliangandXiaoLuanwereinchargeofthegovernment.However,XiaoZhaoye'sextravagantplay,statepoliticsgraduallyfellunderthecontrolofXiaoLuan.XiaoLuandeliberatelyusurpedthethrone,andafterkillingXiaoZhaoye,hechangedhisyoungerbrotherXiaoZhaowen,andsoonabolishedtheemperorandestablishedhimselfasEmperorQiMing.AfterEmperorQiMingsucceededtothethrone,heusedDiansignofficialstomassacrethekingsoftheclan,andthedescendantsofEmperorGaoandEmperorWuwereallkilled.

AfterEmperorQiMingdied,hewassucceededbyPrinceXiaoBaojuan.Hewasstupidandcruel,killedMinisterGuMing,andprovokedrebellionsinvariouslocaltowns.Afterthechaoswascalmeddown,hekilledtheYongzhougovernorXiaoYiwhohadbeensuccessfulincalmingthechaos.

In501,XiaoYi'syoungerbrother,XiaoYan,announcedthathewouldraisehisarmyandsetuphisbrotherBaoronginJianglingtobeEmperorQihe.AfterXiaoYaninvadedJiankang,QiDiBaojuanwaskilledbyGeneralWangZhenguo.Inthefollowingyear,XiaoYanusurpedthethroneandbecameknownasEmperorLianginhistory.XiaoQidied.

NanDynastyLiang

LiangW вярваше в будизма и беше три пъти монах. За легендарен император. Император Wuof Liang беше издънка на семейството Xia в Lanling. Той беше пестелив, усърден и грижовен към хората, което позволи на ранната династия Liang да създаде просперираща ера, а възгледът му за национална сила надмина нормалния стил на постепенен хаос. създател на SongQiclan, император Wuof Liang беше много толерантен към своя клан и не би бил подведен под отговорност дори и да извърши престъпление. и се принесе в жертва на храма три пъти. Тъй като монасите и даоистите не плащаха данъци, почти половината от сметките им бяха регистрирани, причинявайки големи загуби на националните финанси. По това време кланът и чиновниците бяха алчни и екстравагантни ..

IntheearlydaysofEmperorWuofLiang,contradictionsaboundedintheNorthernWeiDynastyaftertheSinicizationMovement,andthenationalpowergraduallylosttotheSouthernDynasty.Fromthebeginningof503,theNorthernWeiDynastyandtheLiangfoughtintheHuainanarea,andfinallyChangYizhi,CaoJingzong,andWeiRuidefeatedtheNorthernWeiArmyinthebattleofZhongli.SofarEmperorWuofLiangintendstoexpeditiontothenorth,butthescopedoesnotgooutsidetheHuainanarea.AfterdefeatingtheNorthernWeiArmyintheBattleofShouyangin516,theNorthernExpeditionwassuspendedduetoexcessivelosses,andShouyangwascapturedonlytenyearslater.

LiangWudilikestousesurrender,hopingtogetsomethingfornothing.WhentheSixTownsRebellionoccurredintheNorthernWeiDynasty,EmperorWuofLiangsentChenQingzhitoescortYuanhao,thekingoftheNorthSeaoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,toreturntothethrone.Atthattime,themainforceoftheNorthernWeiDynastywasstillfightingtherebellioninShandong,Hebei,andGuanzhong.ChenQingzhiandYuanHaoLienvictoriouslyattackedLuoyangalltheway,butduetothelackofassistance,themainforceoftheNorthernWeiArmyreturnedtoLuoyang.ChenQingzhihadtoreturntohisarmy.ThisNorthernExpeditionEndedwithfailure.

DuringtheEasternandWesternWeiDynasty,theEasternWeigeneralHouJingwasforcedbytheEasternWeiandtheWesternWeitosurrendertotheLiang,andEmperorWuofLiangappointedhimtoexpeditetheEasternWeiinthenorth.ButafterLiangJunwasdefeated,EmperorWuofLiangintendedtoreturnHouJingtoseekreconciliation.AfterHouJinglearnedofit,hethrewhistroopsintorebellionandattackedJiankangsouth,whichwasknownastheHouJingRebellioninhistory.

LiangledXiaoZhengdetocrosstherivertomakeHouJinginvadeJiankang,EmperorWuofLiangretreatedtoTaicheng,andHouJingsurroundedTaicheng.Afterthat,althoughtherewereteachersofKingQin,theyallwaitedandwatched.HouJingwenknewthatKingQinmadepeacetalksforawhile,butintheendherebelledandcapturedTaicheng,imprisonedEmperorWuofLiang,andEmperorWuofLiangwasfinallystarvedtodeath.AfterthefallofJiankang,HouJingmassacredtheJiangnanclanandbroughtadevastatingblowtothepoliticsoftheSouthernDynasty.HouJingkilledLiangJianwenEmperorXiaoGangandHuaiyinKingXiaoDongsuccessively,andfinallyusurpedthethrone,foundingtheHanDynasty.However,HouJing'sforceswereonlyintheJiangdongarea,andtheHuguangandSichuanareaswerestillunderthecontrolofLiangShi.ItwasjustthattheLiangdynastiesattackedeachotherandhadnotimetocrusadeHouJing.Later,XiangdongKingXiaoYidefeatedotherLiangdynastyclanforces,andwaslaterjoinedbyGuangzhouPrefectChenBaxian,andhisstrengthgreatlyincreased.SoXiaoYidispatchedgeneralsWangSengbianandChenBaxiantojoinforcestodefeatHouJing,andsuccessivelydefeatedtheappointmentofthegeneralsofHouJing.SongZixianthenstartedadecisivebattlewithHouJinginTaicheng.HouJingwasdefeatedandfledandwaslaterkilledbyhissubordinates.ThechaosofHouJingwassettled.

XiaoYi,thekingofeasternHunan,succeededtothethroneinJianglingandbecameEmperorLiangYuan.Afterthat,XiaoJi,theWulingkingwhoguardedYizhou,proclaimedhimselfemperorandattackedJiangling.EmperorLiangYuanaskedforhelpfromtheWesternWeiDynasty.XiaoJihou,theWulingKing,attackedtheWesternWeiDynasty.YizhouwasalsotakenawaybytheWesternWeiDynasty.Thefollowingyear,XiaoTsengledtheWesternWeiArmytotaketheopportunitytocaptureJiangling,EmperorLiangYuanwaskilled,andtheWesternWeiDynastyestablishedXiaoTshouasthechief,knownasXilianginhistory.

AfterEmperorLiangYuanwaskilled,ChenBaxianarguedwithWangSengthatXiaoFangzhi,thekingofJin'an,wasemperor,thatis,EmperorLiangJing.ThentheNorthernQisentXiaoYuanmingtothesouth,LiangJunwasdefeated,WangSengarguedandgreetedXiaoYuanmingastheEmperorofLiang.ChenBafirstledanarmytokillWangSengbianandre-establishedEmperorLiangJing.Afterthat,hesuccessivelydefeatedthesoutherninvadingarmyoftheNorthernQiDynastyandXuSihuioftheWangSengbianYudang,anddictatedLiangTing.Finally,itusurpedthethronein557,thenameofthefoundingcountrywasChen,thecapitalwasJiankang,andtheYuanwaschangedtoYongding.Inhistory,itwascalledEmperorWuofChenandthedeathofLiang.

Южна династияЧен

В китайската история имената на династии и императори съвпадат, само семейството Чън в Южните династии. През 557 г. сл. н. е. Чен Ба за пръв път утвърди император ЛиангДзин, провъзгласи себе си за император и установи император Чен Ву на Чен.

EmperorChenWuwasanativeofWuxing(nowChangxingCounty,ZhejiangProvince).Atthistime,afteryearsofwarinsouthernChina,thefamilyofoverseasChineseandthefamilyofWusurnamedwerebothinjuredbyHouJing’srebellion,andtheireconomysufferedSeriousdamage.Manylocalforceshavealsosplittheirregimes.Acountryestablishedonthisbasisisdestinedtobeshort-lived.BecauseEmperorWuChencouldn'tsettledownallthetime,headoptedthemethodofappeasement.

AfterthedeathofEmperorChenWu,hisnephewChenQiansucceededtothethrone,namelyEmperorChenWen.Atthistime,WangLin,whowasformerlyXiaoYi'sarmy,rebelledinthetwolakesandunitedtheNorthernQiandNorthernZhouforcestoconquerJiankang.EmperorChenWendifirstdefeatedWangLinandtheNorthernQicoalitionforces,andthenblockedBakiu,preventingtheNorthernZhouDynastyfromadvancingeastwardalongtheriver.Sofar,thenationalpowerisdetermined.Duringhisreign,heworkedhardtoreviveJiangnan'seconomy,andmadeChen'spowerinthesoutherndynastystronger.

AfterthedeathofEmperorChenWen,hewassucceededbyPrinceBozong,namelyEmperorChenFei.Soon,hisuncleAnchengWangXuandtheemperorbecameindependent,namelyEmperorChenXuan.Atthattime,theNorthernZhouDynastyintendedtodestroytheNorthernQi,soitinvitedtheChendynastytoconquertheNorthernQitogether.EmperorChenXuanintendedtoregainHuainanandagreed,andsentWuMingchetotheNorthernExpeditionin573,andregainedHuainantwoyearslater.

Atthattime,theNorthernQiDynastywasindecline,EmperorChenXuancouldtaketheopportunitytoattack,buthejustwantedtodefendit.ThentheNorthernZhouDynastytooktheopportunitytoattacktheNorthernQiDynastyandmarchedsouthin577.TheChenarmywasdefeatedandChenintheSouthernDynastywasindanger.However,EmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynastysuddenlypassedaway.

AfterYangJianestablishedtheSuiDynasty,EmperorChenXuandied,andhewassucceededbyPrinceShubao,thatis,EmpressChen.Hewaslicentiousandextravagant,thestateandgovernmentwereinchaos,andthegovernmentwasextremelycorrupt.Atthattime,theexploitationofofficialswassevere,andthepeopleweremiserable.Duringtheharvestseasoninthesouth,theSuiarmyburnedthefieldsinthesouth,severelyweakeningtheeconomicstrengthofNanchen,andChenGuolioftheSouthernDynastyfellsharply.

In588,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyappointedYangGuangasthechiefgeneralandlaunchedthesouthernexpedition.ChenChenreliedonthenaturaldangersoftheYangtzeRiverandsanganddancedasusual.Inthefirstmonthofthefollowingyear,theSuiarmyinvadedJiankang,andChenShubao,hisconcubineZhangLihuaandKongGuirenescapedintothewellandwerecaptured.ChendiedintheSouthernDynasty.ThereunificationoftheSuiDynastyendedChina'snearly300-yearsplit.

NorthernDynasty

TheNorthernDynastyisthegeneraltermfortheNorthernDynastythatcoexistedwiththeSouthernDynastyinChinesehistory,includingtheNorthernWei,EasternWei,WesternWei,NorthernQi,NorthernZhouandotherdynasties.TheNorthernWei,EasternWei,WesternWeiandNorthernZhouwereallfoundedbytheXianbeipeople,whiletheNorthernQiwasbuiltbytheXianbeiHanpeople.

Възходът на династията Северен Вей

Северната династия Уей е основана от Туоба Сиан по време на периода на Петстотин и Шестнадесетте кралства Джиан, по-рано известен като Дай Гуо. След краха на битката при Фейшуи в бившата династия Цин, Туобагуи, внукът на краля Туоба Шийци, се завръща с войските.

TheNorthernWeiDynastygraduallygrewunderthemanagementofEmperorDaowu,EmperorMingyuan,andEmperorTaiwu.TuobaguifoughtagainsttheHouyan,foughtmanywars,anddefeatedtheYanarmyinthebattleofHepi.ThenheledthearmytobreakthecapitalofHouyanandmovedthecapitaltoPingcheng.Hebecameemperorinthefollowingyear,thatis,EmperorDaowu.EmperorDaowuhadacrueltemperamentandwaslaterkilledbyhissonTuobaShao.Inthesameyear,EmperorDaowu'seldestsonTuobaSipingsucceededtothethrone,namelyEmperorMingandYuan.HecapturedLiuSong'sHenanprovince,butdiedsoonafter.HissonTuobaTaosucceededtothethrone,thatis,EmperorTaiwu.Heworkedhardtogovern,andhisnationalpowerwasprosperous,andherepeatedlyattackedLiuSong.AfterremovingthethreatfromtheNorthRouran,thewarofunificationoftheNorthwaslaunched.From431to439,EmperorTaiwusuccessivelyeliminatedthethreekingdomsofHuXia,BeiyanandBeiliang,thendefeatedRouranandconfrontedtheSouthernDynastyandSongDynasty.TheNorthandtheSouthhaveofficiallyenteredthe"SouthernandNorthernDynasties".However,therewasalsoHouQiuChi,whodiedintheNorthernWeiDynastyin443.

AlthoughtheNorthernWeiDynastywasprosperous,therewasapowerfulenemyinthenorth,Rouran,sothathecouldnotgosouthwithallhisstrength.

Gaiwu,aLushuihuwhobelievesinBuddhism,ledthepeopleofallethnicgroupstoraiseanuprisingandwasputdownbyEmperorTaiwu.EmperorTaiwualsocrackeddownonBuddhismandbecameoneofthethreewarriorswhodestroyedtheBuddha.AfterTaiwuunifiedNorthChina,hedestroyedShanshan,oneofthefivepowersintheWesternRegions,andtookcontroloftheWesternRegions.In450,hecounterattackedLiuSongagain,approachingGuabu,andthreatenedtocrosstheriver.Afterwards,50,000householdswereplunderedandreturnedtothenorth.Sofar,theNorthernDynastyreversedthesituationwherethenationalpowerwassuppressedbytheSouthernDynasty,butitsmilitarystrengthwasalsogreatlydamaged.EmperorTaiwuwastorturedcruellyinthelaterperiod,andwasfinallykilledbytheeunuchZongAi.

WhenEmperorXianwenwasinpower,hewaspoisonedbyhisaunt,QueenMotherFeng.EmpressDowagerFengsetupTuobahong,thesonofEmperorXianwen(ieEmperorXiaowen),andtookcontrolofthegovernment.EmpressDowagerFengwasjealousofhowwiseandabusedpunishment,butitstabilizedthestateaffairs.EmperorXiaowenmayhaveadmiredHanculturebecauseoftherelationshipwiththeQueenMotherFeng,andbelievedthattheXianbeipeopleshouldgodeepintoSinicization.Hewaswiseandstudious,andexpandedthecapitalPingseongtoSeoulaftertakingoffice.BasedonthefactthatLuoyangismoreprosperousthanPingchenganditsgeographicallocationcontrolsthewholecountry,itiseasytosendtroopstothesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,whichcangetridofconservativeforces.

Юан Хонг, император Сяоуен, беше този, който постави началото на златния век на династията Северна Вей.

EmperorXiaowenimplementedthethree-managementsystem,promulgatedtheequalizationsystem,movedthecapitaltoLuoyang,andimplementedaseriesofmeasurestoreformXianbei’soldcustoms.Afterthecapitalwasmoved,theSinicizationmovementwaslaunchedinthreeyears,suchastheuseoftheofficialsystemoftheHangovernment,theprohibitionoftheHusband,thepromotionofeducation,thechangeofsurnamesandtheencouragementofintermarriagebetweentheXianbeiaristocratsandtheHanaristocrats,theprohibitionofburialandtheadoptionoftheHansystemforweightsandmeasures,andanedictannouncedtheabsorptionHanculture.EmperorXiaowentriedtoachievethegoalofmergingwiththeHannationalitybyrestrictinghisownculture.ThroughaseriesofreformsofEmperorXiaowen,theadvancedcultureandadvancedpoliticalsystemoftheHannationalitywerecompletelyintegratedintotheruleoftheNorthernWeiDynasty.

EmperorHouXiaowenreturnedwithoutsuccessaftermanysoutherncampaigns.AsfortheXianbeiaristocratswhoremainedinthesixnortherntownsbecausetheywereunwillingtomovesouth,theygraduallylosttheattentionoftheLuoyangcourtandlosttheirpower.ThissplittheNorthernWeiDynastyintotwogroupsofXianbeiandSinicization,whichbecameoneofthereasonsforthechaosofthesixtownsinthefuture.

In494,theprinceYuanxunintendedtoreturnnorthtoPingcheng.EmperorXiaowenabolishedtheprinceandgavehimhisdeath.TheconservativeMutaiandLuRuisupportedtheking'smutinyinPingchengandweresuppressed.EmperorXiaowenpersonallypatrollednorthtoappeasethem.AfterthedeathofEmperorXiaowen,theNorthernWeiDynastybegantogodownhill.

AfterthedeathofEmperorXiaowen,duetotheoppositionofsomeconservativearistocratsandXianbeiwarriors,therulersoftheNorthernWeiDynastygraduallyabandonedthepreviouspolicyofnationalreconciliationandrestoredtheprivilegesoftheXianbeipeople,soanewcontradictionarose.Begantodeclinegradually.

Разделяне на династията Северен Вей

След като император Xiaowen почина през 499 г., император Xuanwu го наследи и държавата беше в хаос, Благородството се състезаваше в лукс. и Liure разбунтувани поради несъгласието си с крал Qinghe и поеха контрола над правителството. След смъртта на Liu Teng, през 525 г. император Xiaoming и кралица-майка Hu свалиха хаотичната партия. и династията Северен Вей тръгна към унищожение.

IntheearlyyearsoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,inordertopreventRouranfrominvadingthenortherncapitalofPingcheng,sixtownssuchasWoye,Huaishuo,Wuchuan,Fuming,Rouxuan,andHuaihuangweresetupalongtheYellowRiverinYinshantoguardthecapital.ThegeneralsofthesixtownsareheldbytheXianbeinobles,andthegeneralsaretheseniorsonsoftheXianbeiorHannationality.Theyareregardedasthe"heartofthecountry"andcanreturntoBeijingtotakeuppositionsatanytime.ButafterthecapitalwasmovedtoLuoyang,thestatusofthesixtownsdeclined.BecausehestillretainstheoriginalhabitsofXianbei,hewasdiscriminatedagainstbytheSinicizedaristocracyas"Daibeihan,"andthepromotionofgeneralswassuppressedanddissatisfied.Finally,in523thesixtownsoftheXianbeinoblesandmilitarytroopsinthenorthernpartofthecountrytookplace,andthepeopleofallethnicgroupsinQinlong,Guandongandotherplacesalsostarted.Thismatterwassettledafterthreeyears,andmanywarlordswereformed.Amongthem,ErZhurong,whoguardedJinyang,wasthemostpowerful.Afteraseriesofmilitaryoffensives,ErZhurongdefeatedGeRong,themostpowerfulintheKwantungregion,andotherheroestobecomethemostpowerfulwarlord.

EmperorWeiXiaomingintendedtojoinErZhurongtodealwithQueenMotherHu,butwaspoisonedtodeathbyQueenMotherHu.EmpressDowagerHuappointedPrincessXiaoming,theonlydaughterofEmperorXiaoming,andhercousinYuanZhaoasemperors.Inthesameyear,ErZhurongtookrevengeonEmperorXiaomingandledhisarmytocaptureLuoyangandcontrolthegovernment.HedrownedtheyoungmasteroftheNorthernWeiDynastyandtheEmpressDowagerHuintheYellowRiverinHeyin,changedhimtoEmperorXiaozhuang,andkilledmorethantwothousandministers.Thehistoryiscalled"HeyinChange",andErZhurongremotelycontrolledthegovernmentinJinyang.EmperorXiaozhuangwasangryasapuppetandpersonallykilledhimwhenhemetinErzhuRongjinin530.ThenErZhuRong'snephewErZhuZhaoandhisyoungerbrotherZhuShilongembraceChangguangWangYuanYeastheemperor,andaftertakingLuoyang,theykilledEmperorXiaoZhuangandchangedEmperorJiMin.Inthesameyear,thewarlordGaoHuanraisedtroopstoopposetheErzhuGroup.GaoHuanandYuxinallembracedYuenLongastheemperor,andafterhecapturedLuoyangin532,heestablishedEmperorXiaowu.

EmperorWeiXiaowumadeitforhim,andheintendstounitewithGuanzhongTowntofightHeBayueagainstGaoHuan.GaoHuanpreemptivelyassassinatedHeBayuein534.EmperorXiaowutookYuwentai'splace,andbrokewithGaoHuan,andfledtoYuwentai.GaoHuanthenmadeYuanShanjian,theemperorofQinghe,theEmperorXiaojingoftheEasternWeiDynasty,andmovedhiscapitaltoYecheng.EmperorXiaowuwaspoisonedbyYuwentaishortlyafterherushedtothewest,andYuwentaichangedtheNanyangkingYuanbaojutotheemperor,thatis,EmperorWendioftheWesternWeiDynasty,andmadehiscapitalChang'an.TheNorthernWeiDynastysplitintoEasternWeiandWesternWeiin534andthenperished.

Конфронтация между Източната династия Уей и Западната династия Уей

Източната династия Уей е основана през 534 г., а Западната династия Уей е основана през 535 г. Източната династия Уей и Западната династия Уей са били повърхностно наследени от потомците на семейство Туоба, но всъщност са били контролирани от Гао Хуан и Ювента, съответно от нас, след като са преминали паралелно конфронтация между Северната Куи и Северната династия Джоу. По принцип изтокът и западът Ние сме ограничени от Жълтата река по протежението на река Бианхе в Шанси и Шанси. Тъй като Източната династия Уей наследи по-голяма национална мощ от династията Северна Уей, тя надмина Западната династия Уей по време на военна мощ, e. неприятен провал след много атаки и конфронтацията между двете страни е решена.

TheEasternWeiDynastycontrolledbyGaoHuaniscomposedoftherefugeesfromthesixtownsofXianbeiandtheHebeidynasty.GaoHuanitselfisalsotheHanpeopleofXianbei,makingitmorepoliticallydependentontheXianbei.Later,theNorthernQiemperoralsodeliberatelymaintainedtheXianbeicustoms,advocatingtheXianbeilanguageandmartialarts.GaoHuanemployspeopleonly,andmanywell-knownofficialsintheDPRKarehispartners,allofwhichlaidasolidfoundationforthelaterNorthernQiDynasty.However,histacticswereinferiortoYuwentai,andhewasdefeatedrepeatedlyinthreebattles.

In536years,GaoHuanrateDouTaiandothersfoughttheWesternWeiDynasty,andDouTai'sarmywasdefeatedatTongguan.Thefollowingyear,GaoHuantookadvantageofthegreatfamineinGuanzhongandledhisarmytothewestagain,andwasdefeatedinthebattleofShayuanbyYuwentai,whowasnotstrongenough.Atthispoint,thedivisionwassettledandthebattlefieldturnedtotheHedongarea.

In538,theEasternandWesternWeiDynastybrokeoutintheBattleoftheRiverBridge,andthetwosideswoneachother.

In543,theEastandWestWeiManshanbattleswerefierce,andoffensiveanddefensivewereintertwined.

In546,GaoHuanledanother100,000armytothewest,butwasblockedbyYubiCity.DefendingthecitywasthegeneraloftheWesternWeiDynasty,WeiXiaokuan.GaoHuanwasunabletoconquertheYubi.IntheEasternWeiDynasty,morethan70,000peoplewerekilledandinjured.GaoHuanhadnochoicebuttoretreatanddiedofillnessinJinyangthefollowingyear.AfterGaoHuan'sdeath,theeldestsonGaoChenginheritedhishegemony,expelledtherebelgeneralHouJing,consolidatedtheterritory,strengthenedGao'sregimeinternally,andactivelypreparedtostandonhisownbehalfonbehalfofWei,butwasassassinatedshortlyafterwards.

HisbrotherGaoYangabolishedandkilledtheEasternWeiEmperorin550afterhesucceeded,andmassacredtheEasternWeiimperialfamily,andtheEasternWeiDynastydied.GaoYangestablishedtheNorthernQiDynastyandchangedtheYuanTianbao,andhewascalledEmperorWenxuanoftheNorthernQiDynastyinhistory.

TheWesternWeiDynastycontrolledbyYuwentai,withtheassistanceofgeneralssuchasthe12thGeneralsoftheEightPillarKingdom,effectivelyresistedthemultipleattacksoftheEasternWeiDynastyandconsolidatedthesituationintheWesternWeiDynasty.Atthattime,theWesternWeiDynastywasinferiortotheSouthernLiangandEasternWeiDynastyintermsofeconomyandculture.YuWentaiappointspeopletobetalents.HeaskedSuChuoandotherstoreformtheofficialsystem,reconciletheconflictsbetweenHuandHan,establishGuanzhongstandardsothatgeneralsHuHancanworktogether,setupamilitarysystemtoestablishprofessionalsoldiersandmaintainthespiritofmartialarts.TheGuanlongGroup,representedbyHeBayueandYuwentai,secretlysupportsSinicization.TheGuanzhongareaisthebirthplaceofZhouculture.JudgingfromthetendencyofHanscholarssuchasSuChuoandLuBian,ZhouculturestillhasacertaininfluenceinGuanzhongatthistime.Moreimportantly,intermsofgeographicallocation,itisaChinesenationality.Inthisrespect,itisnotinferiortotheWei-JincultureinheritedfromShandongandJiangzuo.Onthisbasis,SuChuoandothersproposedtoadoptthesixofficialsystemoftheancientZhoudynasty,namelyheaven,earth,spring,summer,autumn,andwinterofficials.ThesemeasuresallmadetheWesternWeinationalpowergraduallystronger,andalsoaffectedthepoliticalsystemandtheSuiandTangDynasties.Groupdistribution.YuwentaitookadvantageoftheinfightingoftheclankingsaftertherebellionofLiangYuHouJingintheSouthernDynasties,andsuccessivelycapturedthelandofShuandJiangling,andestablishedXiliangasthechiefstate.AftertheWesternWeiDynasty,EmperorFeiandEmperorGongweresuccessivelyestablished.AfterYuWentai'sdeathin556,hisnephewYuWenhudictatorship.Inthefollowingyear,heabolishedEmperorGongoftheWesternWeiDynasty,thecountrywasnamedZhou,andmadeYuwenTaiziYuwenjueasEmperorXiaominoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,anddiedintheWesternWeiDynasty.

Конфронтацията между династията Северна Джоу и Северната Ци

Северният Qi наследява територията на Източната династия Wei и е основан от император Wenxuan в 550 Jianguo. Император Wenxuan побеждава последователно Kumoxi, Qidan, Rouran, Shanhu (принадлежащи на хуните) и други племена и завладява района на Huainanareany в южната част на Literm. културата, индустрията за сол и румън и порцелановата промишленост са наистина доста развити. Династията Северна Ци беше приблизително същата като династията Северна Уей и продължи да прилага системата за изравняване на земята. Всички те правят националната мощ на Северния Q надминава тази на Северния Джу и Южния Чен в ранния етап на Император У и Кръг. в по-късния период, и за да защити аристокрацията на Xianbei, той закла семейството Han .Неговото потискане на народа стана по-тежко, което доведе до упадък на Северния щат. След като император QiFeis наследи, неговият чичо Gaoyan беше начело на администрацията. Но GaoYansoon завзе трона и уби императора, за император Xiaozhao. moxi. Въпреки това, той почина две години по-късно и беше наследен от брат си, Changguang Wang Gaozhan, който беше император Wucheng от династията Северна Qi. Император Wucheng беше слаб и похотлив, и силата на династията Northern Qi намаля. е хаотично и лекуванаказва известния пълководец ХуЛугуанг.След това Северният Ци е заловен от Чен и Хуайнан и умира при династията Северна Джоу през 577 г.

TheNorthernZhouDynastyinheritedtheterritoryoftheWesternWeiDynasty.In556,EmperorXiaominoftheNorthernZhouDynastyestablishedthecountry,butthegovernmentwascontrolledbyhiscousinYuWenhu.EmperorXiaominintendstojoinZhaoGuiandDuguxintooverthrowYuwenhu.However,itwasdiscoveredbyhimthatZhaoGuiandDuguxinwerekilled,andEmperorZhouXiaominwasabolishedthenextyearandthenkilled.YuwenhuchangedYuwenyuastheemperor,thatis,EmperorZhouming,butin560hewaspoisonedtodeathbyEmperorZhoumingandchangedYuwenyuastheemperor,thatisZhouwudi.EmperorWuofZhouadoptedatacticalplan,andsuccessfullykilledYuwenhuaftertwelveyears,andtookchargeofthegovernmenthimself.AftertheNorthernZhouDynastyEmperorYuwenYongzhukilledYuwenhuandbegantopro-government,hepursuedapolicyofsafeguardingtheinterestsofthelandlordclass.TheNorthernZhouDynastyusedConfucianismasanideologicalweapontoabandonsomeoftheoutdatedcustomsoftheXianbeipeopleandthepopularemptytalk.YuwenyongfocusesoncultivatingalargenumberofpeoplewithConfucianideasasthepillarsoftheregime.

Intermsofmilitaryaffairs,YuwenyongalsorecruitedalargenumberofHanpeopleasasourceoftroopsduringhisreign,supplementingthemilitarystrengthoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,andenablingthesoldiersoftheHanandXianbeinationalitiestoknowhowtocoordinateoperations.

EmperorZhouWuwaswiseandmajestic.Hepromotedvariousreformsinternally,suchasrestrainingBuddhism,makingpeacewiththeTurksindiplomacy,andlivinginpeacewiththeChenDynasty.ThesemeasuresallmadetheNorthernZhouDynastymorepowerful.

In577,EmperorWuofZhouconqueredthefaintandchaoticNorthernQiandconqueredYechengthefollowingyear,andtheNorthernQidied.AfterEmperorWuofZhouunifiedthenorth,hewasannexedbyLiDelinandotherKwantungclan,andhismomentumwashuge.HeimmediatelyconqueredChenfromthesouth,butdiedinthesameyear,andthencivilstrifebrokeoutintheNorthernZhouDynasty,sothebattleagainstChenwasabandoned.

Загинете

Ян Джиен беше синът на Янг Джунг, 12-ият генерал от династията Северна Джоу, и също така беше тъстът на принц Ю Уенюн.

AfterEmperorWuofZhoudiedin578,hewassucceededbyPrinceYuwenYun,namelyEmperorZhouXuan.Hewaslicentiousandfaint,superstitiousofBuddhismandTaoism,establishedfivequeensandseizedhiswives.HekilledtheclanheroYuWenxianandwithdrewthekingstothecountry.YangJianbegantogathercivilandmilitaryofficialstoformahugegroup.

AfterEmperorZhouXuan'sdeath,hissonYuwenChansucceededtothethrone,thatis,EmperorZhouJing,LiuFang,ZhengtranslatedtheimperialedicttoYangJiantolearnaboutChineseandforeignsoldiersandhorses,andenteredthedynasty.YuChijiong,SimaXiaonan,WangQianandothersweredissatisfiedwithYangJian'smonopolyandraisedtroopstofightagainstYangJian,whichwasknownasthe"ThreeGeneralsRebellion"inhistory.YangJianwasplannedbyLiDelinandputdowntherebelswithWeiXiaokuanandothers.

In581,YangJianreplacedZhouastheemperor,thatis,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynasty.HewasrenamedtheSuiDynastyanddiedintheNorthernZhouDynasty.

През 587 г. императорът Ние от династията Sui премахна Xiliang, господарят XiaoCong, който почина в Xiliang.

In588,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastylaunchedthebattletodestroyChen,withYangGuangandYangSuasthemarshalsofthemarch,andthefamousgeneralssuchasHeRuobiandHanQinhusenttroopstoattackChen.ThefollowingyeartheSuiArmycapturedJiankang,andChendiedintheSouthernDynasty,andChinawasreunifiedagain.

SincetheYongjiaRebellion,the"SouthernandNorthernDynasties"inwhichChinawasdividedfornearlythreehundredyearsended.

Територия

Територия на Южната династия

Карта на родословието на различните страни в Южната и Северната династии (7 снимки)

IntermsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties'territory,theSouthernandSongDynastiesinheritedTheterritoryoftheEasternJinDynastybasicallyconsistsof22states.HenanwasgraduallyannexedbytheNorthernWeiDynastyafterthefouryearsofTaichu(422),anditwaschangedtoHuaiRiverastheboundary.IntheSouthernDynasty,QiwasbasicallythesameastheSongDynastyas22states,butlostthelandofYongzhouMianbeiandHuainanYuzhouoneafteranother.IntheSouthernDynasties,LiangShizhoucountysettingsandterritorieschangedgreatly.DuetotheNorthernExpedition,thelandofHuaibeiwasacquired,andoncereachedHenan.ItalsoopenedupMin,Yue,Pinglicaves,andbrokeZangke.By539,therewere107states.

AfterHouJing'srebellion,theNorthernQiDynastyoccupiedthelandofHuainaninthenorthofJiangxi,andtheWesternWeiDynastyoccupiedBashuinHanzhong.IntheWesternWeiDynasty,entrustedbyXiaoTing,heledhisarmytoseizethelandnorthofLiangjianglingintheSouthernDynastyandestablishedthevassalstateofXiliang.AfterthefoundingofChenChenintheSouthernDynasty,therewerenotmanyterritories.In569,hebegantoregainpartofHuainanandpartsofHuaibei,andoncecapturedthelandnorthoftheYellowRiverintheNorthernQiDynasty(573-577).AttheendofChen'speriod,theinvasionoftheNorthernZhouDynastyreducedtheterritory,leavingonlytheareasouthoftheYangtzeRivertoJiaoguang.

TheterritoryoftheNorthernDynasty

AsfortheterritoryoftheNorthernDynasty,theNorthernWeiDynastyrosefromtheplaceoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,anditunifiedNorthernChinain439andendedtheSixteenKingdomsperiod.HerepeatedlyinvadedLiuSongandoccupiedShandong,HenanandHuaibei.TakethesouthernpartofQihuaiintheSouthernDynastiesandtheLianghanzhongandJiangeareasoftheSouthernDynasties.Sofar,theterritoryextendsfromtheMonangrasslandinthenorth,totheeasternpartoftheWesternRegioninthewest,tothewestofLiaoningintheeast,andtotheJianghanRiverBasininthesouth.Duringtheexpansionoftheterritory,thestatesandcountiesoftenadjustedtheirmeasuresaccordingtotimeconditions,andbegantoreorganizein487.AfterEmperorXiaomingoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,theterritorywasreducedandtheprefecturesandcountieswereindiscriminatelysetup.Afterthedivisionoftheeastandthewest,therewere80statesintheEasternWeiDynastyand33statesintheWesternWeiDynasty.AftertheestablishmentoftheNorthernQiDynasty,theplanningofpoliticaldistrictsbegantoberectified,andthethreestates,onehundredandfifty-threecountiesandfivehundredandeighty-ninecountieswereabolished.AftertheJianghuailandintheNorthernQiDynastywasoccupiedbyChenoftheSouthernDynasty,theNorthernZhouDynastyrepeatedlycapturedthelandofLiangbashuandJianghanintheSouthernDynasty.EmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynastydestroyedtheNorthernQiandtookthelandofChenJianghuaiintheSouthernDynasty,greatlyexpandingitsterritory.

Столицата на южните и северните династии

Song,Qi,Liang,Chen:Jiankang(в Нанкин,провинция Дзянсу)

Xiliang:Jiangling(inHubeiProvince)JingzhouDistrict,JingzhouCity)

Поколение: Shengle (в окръг Хелингер, автономен регион Вътрешна Монголия)

↓

Северна династия Вей: Пинченг (в провинция Шанси) град Датонг) → Луоян

EasternWeiDynasty,NorthernQiDynasty:Ye(inLinzhangCounty,HebeiProvince),Jinyang(inJinyuanDistrict,TaiyuanCity,ShanxiProvince)

Династия Западна Вей, Династия Северна Джоу: Чан'ан (в Сиан, провинция Шанси днес)

Политика

В ранните дни на Южните и Северните династии все още е имало аристократична политика и социалните класи са били разделени на аристократични семейства, домакинства Чимин, зависими лица и роби. на императорския двор. Въпреки че императорът на южната династия все още се нуждае от подкрепата на основното семейство, той също подкрепи бедните, за да балансира политическата власт, и имперските системи за изпит, възникнали по време на династията Южна Лианг. Семейството на династията Южна постепенно запада поради дългосрочен комфорт и напълно се срива след бунта на Хоу Джинг. Движението за синизиране на император Сяовен от династията Северна Уей беше най-проспериращо. Процесът на смесване доведе до ожесточени идеологически конфликти, политически борби или етнически конфликти, като демокрацията на шестте града и политиката на Сианбей на Ювентай. неговият политически статус не беше толкова добър, колкото този на Южната династия Чен. Накрая, чрез групата Гуанлонг, основана от Ювентай, тя анексира все по-корумпираната Северна династия Ки. в продължение на осем години той изпраща войски, за да унищожи Южен Чентун, да обедини Китай.

Governmentdepartments

AftertheSouthernDynastyandtheSongDynasty,therewasaprovinceunderthegovernment,andthethreeprovincessystemhasbeenestablishedsofar.Theprovinceisresponsibleforprovidingsuggestionsandadmonishingtheemperor,participatinginconfidentialmatters,andbecomingapowerfulinstitution.

Administrativedivisions

TheSouthernDynastygovernmentinheritedtheEasternJinDynastyandimplementedathree-levelsystemofstates,countiesandcounties.QiaozhouprefecturesandShuangtouprefectureshavealsobecomegeneralprefecturesandcountiesduetolandbreakage.Sincetheimplementationofthethree-levelsystemofprefecturesandcountiesinthelateEasternHanDynasty,itwaschangedtothetwo-levelsystemofprefecturesandcountiesaftertheSuiPingandChen.IntheSouthernDynasties,theprefecturesweresetupasgovernors,andtheprefecturesweresetupasprefects.OnlyDanyangCountywassetupwithYinbecauseitwastheseatofthecapital.Thecountymagistratesandchiefs.SincetheSongDynasty,ordershavebeenmorethanlong.Atthesamelevelasthecounty,therearekingdomsandprincipalities,withinternalhistoryandphases.TherearealsoZuojun,ZuoCounty,Laojun,andLijunspeciallysetupforXisaidthebarbarians,theLaonationality,theLinationalityandotherethnicminorities.Forexample,thereareNanchenzuoCountyandDongdangqulioCounty.Atthattime,theprefectures,counties,andcountiesweredividedintoranks,roughlybasedonthedistancefromthecapital.ThetwostatesofYangandJingarealsocalled"TwoShaan".

IntheNorthernWeiDynasty,afterEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,theofficialsystemimitatedtheSouthernDynastyandwasstillusedintheTangDynasty.IntheNorthernZhouDynasty,sixofficialsweresetupaccordingtotheritualsoftheweek,namelyTianguan,Diguan,Chunguan,Xiaguan,Qiuguan,andDongguan,whichwerethesourceofthesixsystemsaftertheSuiandTangDynasties.Thenortherndynasty'sadministrativedistrictinheritedthesixteencountries,andlikethesoutherndynasty,itwasathree-levelsystemofprefectures,countiesandcounties.However,thejurisdictionofthestateisnotlarge,andthegovernorofthestatecandirectlymanagethecountyatthecountylevel,makingthecountylevelgraduallyvirtual.By583,theSuiDynastyofficiallyestablishedatwo-levelsystemofstateandcounty.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsohadQiaozhouprefecturesandcountiesandShuangtouprefectures(suchasNanyongprefecture),andtheprefecturesandcountiesweredividedintoranksbypopulation.Inordertopreventtherebellionofnewattachmentsordifferentsurnames,threechiefexecutivesatalllevelswereseparatedin406,andoneofthegovernorsofthestatemustbetheclan.TheNorthernWeiDynastyoriginallyhadaplatforminchargeoflocalmilitaryaffairsandagovernorinchargeofthemilitaryofseveralstates.IntheNorthernQiDynasty,itwassetastheTaiwanesesystem,andtheNorthernZhouDynastywasthegeneralcontrol.Theywereallpoliticalunitsinchargeofthemilitaryandadministrationofseveralstatesandcounties.BecausetheprefecturesaredividedintomoreandmoresubdivisionsintheNorthernQiDynasty,theysetupaplatformtomanagethecivilaffairsandmilitaryaffairsofseveralprefectures.IntheWesternWeiDynasty,thegovernorwasrenamedthegovernor,thenatureofwhichwasthesameasthatoftheNorthernQixingtai.DuringtheNorthernZhouDynasty,thegeneralmanagergenerallyconcurrentlyservedasthegovernorintheprefecture,andwasnamedaftertheprefecturewherehewasstationed.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsospeciallysetupchiefsfortheXianbeitribeorotherethnicgroups(excepttheHan)tomanagethetribe,thestatusissecondonlytothestategovernor.Italsocontinuedthesixteenstates,withguardsforotherethnicgroupsintheprefecture,anditsstatuswasequivalenttothatofthecountyguard.Itwasabolishedin457.Thereisalsoatowndefensesystem,whichsetsuptownsinimportantmilitarylocations.Thetownismanagedbythetowngeneral,placedunderthedefense,andmanagedbytheowner.Amongthem,thesixtownsthatconsolidatethecapital,Pingcheng,werethemostimportant,andthesituationwasweakafterEmperorXiaowenmovedthecapital.AftertheSixTownsPeople'sRebellion,thenortherndynasty'stownguardswereexclusivelyinchargeofthemilitaryandnolongerhadthenatureofapoliticaldistrict.

Икономика

Политика за земята

Тъй като населението на Централните равнини върви на юг, не само Южната династия е увеличила работната си сила, но е донесла напреднала производствена технология на Юга. По-нататъшното развитие осигурява благоприятни условия.

Inthebeginning,theSouthernDynastygovernmentadoptedthepolicyofestablishingaprefecturebyoverseasChinesefortherefugeesfromthenorth.Later,inordertoexpandthetargetsofexploitation,thegovernmentsoftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesadoptedaland-breakingpolicy.

Theso-calledterritorialseveranceistorevoketheQiaozhouprefecturesandoverseasChinesestatus,allowingtheoverseasChineseandtheindigenouspeopletoregistertogetherlocally,andalsobearthestate'staxesandservices.FromtheEasternJinDynastytotheChenDynasty,atotalofnineterritorialsectswerecarriedout.Amongthem,the"GengxuTuju"conductedbyHuanwenin364andthe"YixiTuju"conductedbyLiuYuin413haveachievedthemostremarkableresults.

Afterthelandbreak,theoverseasChineseresidencegovernmentintheSouthernDynastygraduallydisappeared.

AgriculturalDevelopment

DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,agricultureinthesouthgenerallydeveloped.ThemoreprominentareasareJingandYanginthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.YangzhouisthemosteconomicallydevelopedareaintheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties.Amongthem,thecapitalJiankanganditssurroundingareasaredevelopingrapidly.IntheEasternJinDynasty,anewFengtangwasestablishedinQu'a(Danyang,Jiangsu),withmorethan800hectaresofirrigatedfields.Songleftmorethan4,000hectaresofabandonedfieldsinHushuandimmigratedtoJingkouandGushu.QishanPondrepairedinJurongtogether.Yangzhou"thelandiswideandwild,andthepeoplearehard-working.Ifyouareoneyearoldornim,youwillforgetyourhungerincounties."Sanwu(Wujun,Wuxing,andKuaiji)isthemostimportantbaseoftheEasternJingovernment,anditseconomicdevelopmentisparticularlyprominent.

IntheEasternJinDynasty,WuxingWucheng(Huzhou,Zhejiang)builtDitangandirrigatedthousandsofhectaresoffields.SongrepairedWuxingtanginWucheng,irrigatingmorethan2,000hectaresofland;andreclaiminglakesandfieldsinKuaiji,"allbecameagoodindustry."ThevariousexpendituresoftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesgovernmentmainlydependedonSanwu.TheJingandXiangareasaroundDongtingLakehavealsodevelopedrapidly.AfterLiangBaYiyang(Xinyang,Henan)becameasoldier,"allstatesoftheriversandlakeshadtorestandopenup6,000hectaresoffields.Twoyearslater,thewarehouseswereenriched."

TheareasaroundMinzhongandPoyangLakeadjacenttoZhejianghavealsodevelopedrapidly.Inaddition,intheHuainanarea,thelandisfertileandtherefugeesareconcentrated.ThereareirrigatedfarmlandinShaobeinearShouchun.Theareaisthousandsofmilesaway,anditisanimportantgrainproducingarea.WheatandricearecommonlypracticedinJiangnanarea,whileLingnangrowsdouble-croppingrice.

BeforeYuanjia,Huainanwasaneconomicallydevelopedarea.AttheendofYuanjiaDynasty,HuainanwasdestroyedduetothewarbetweenSongandWei.AftertheoperationsofthesecondgenerationofQiandLiang,theproductioninsomeareasbetweenJianghuaiandHuaialsoquicklyrecoveredanddeveloped.Yizhouisknownas"WoyeTianfu"andhasabundantproducts.Guangzhouisalsoaprosperouseconomicregion.

GentlemanFarms

IntheeconomicdevelopmentoftheSouth,thelandlordsoftheSouthernandNorthernGentlemenusedfarmsforproduction.Whenthenortherngentrymovedsouthward,theybroughtalargenumberoftribesandtenants,butwhattheylackedwastheland.Therefore,they"seekingforlandandhousing"everywhere,seekinglandbyunscrupulousmeans.Forexample,DiaoKuiplundered10,000hectaresoflandintheJingkouarea.Atthesametime,thesoutherngentrylandlordsalsofurtherexpandedtheireconomicpower.

Thegentrylandlordsbuiltfarmsontheplainsandmountainstheyoccupied,whichwerecalled"Villas"or"Gardens"atthattime.Forexample,theKuaijigentryKongLingfubuiltavillainYongxing,"thesurroundingareaisthirty-threemiles,thewaterandlandare265hectares,includingtwomountains,andtherearenineorchards."XieLingyun'sShuinShininghastwomountainsinthenorthandsouth,fiveorchardsonthemountains,andalargenumberoffertilefieldsalongbothsidesofthecanal.

Agricultureoccupiesadominantpositioninthegentryfarmeconomy.Thereisalargeamountofarablelandinthefarm,andtherearealsowaterconservancyirrigationsystemssuchasrivers,lakesandcanals.Rice,wheat,millet,mulberry,hemp,vegetablesandothercropsareplantedonthearableland.Secondonlytoagricultureisthegardeningindustry,whichmanagesbamboo,wood,andfruittrees.

Inaddition,therearefishfarmingandanimalhusbandry,aswellasvarioushandicraftproductionssuchastextiles,brewing,andmanufacturingproductiontools.Duetodiversifiedoperations,thegentrylandlordfarmswereself-sufficientinnature.

Theproducersinthefarmaremainlytenants,tribesandslaves.Theexploitationandoppressionofthenoblelandlordsiscruel.However,itorganizedalargenumberoflaborersandcultivatedwaterfrontsinmountainousareas.EspeciallyintheearlyEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,whenthegentrylandlordswerestillconcernedaboutproduction,thelandlordfarmsplayedapositiveroleinthedevelopmentoftheJiangnanarea.Inthefuture,duetotheincreasinglydecayofthefamilyTupeople,thefarmsbecameanobstacletothedevelopmentofproductiveforces.

Handicraftindustry

DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,thetextileindustrywasrelativelydeveloped,andthetechnologyofsericulturehasbeenquiteimpressive.InYuzhangandotherplaces,silkwormsarefourorfivetimesayear,andYongjiaandotherplacesareeightinayear.Cooked.Silk,cotton,spunsilk,cloth,etc.werethemainitemsoftheSouthernDynasty'staxadjustment,sotextileswereacommonsidelinebusinessamongthepeople.Amongthem,thetextileindustriesinJingandYangareparticularlydeveloped.

Jinyeisalsowell-knowninYizhou.AfterLiuYudied,QinmovedthebrocadehouseholdsinGuanzhongtoJiangnan.InthelateSouthernDynasty,thebrocadeindustryalsodeveloped.Regalpeoplewearembroideredskirtsandbrocadeshoes,andusecolorsilkasmiscellaneousflowers,silkforclothing,brocadeasabarrier.

DuringtheSouthernDynasties,thegovernmentsetupspecialofficialstomanageminingandmetallurgy.JiankangShangfanghadEastandWestSecondMetallurgy(NanyeinSongandQi,andlaterabolished),andstateandcountyhaveminingandmetallurgicalregulations.Therearealsomanyprivatesmeltingworkshops.Intermsofsmeltingandcastingtechnology,blastsmeltingwithwaterexhausthasbeenappliedintheSouthernDynasties.Steelmakingtechnologyhasalsomadegreatprogress.Atthattime,amethodofsmeltingpigironandwroughtironwasinvented.Thatis,therawwroughtironwasmixedandsmelted.Whenthefirewasreached,thepigironwasfirstmelted,soakedintothewroughtiron,andthentakenoutandrepeatedlytemperedtobecomehigh-qualitysteel.,Usedtomakeswords,knivesandsickles.

BythetimeoftheThreeKingdomsandtheWesternJinDynasty,thefiringofporcelainhadreachedamaturestage,andtherewerenewdevelopmentsintheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties.Atthattime,therepresentativeproductofporcelainwasaceladon-glazedceladon,whichwasproducedinKuaijiCounty(Shaoxing,Zhejiang).Theceladonbodyispureinquality,highinhardness,uniforminglaze,andthewholebodyisgreenandshiny,andtheshapesarediverseandbeautiful.Througharchaeologicalexcavations,theporcelain-makingtechnologyinmanyareasinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiverhasgraduallybecomefamous,andeachhasitsowncharacteristics.

TheshipbuildingindustryhasmadegreatprogressonthebasisofSoochow.Therearemanyshipsandshipsusedfortransportationandwarfare.TherearefrequentshipsgoingtoandfromtheEastChinaSea,theSouthChinaSeaandtheinlandrivers.Thelargeronescancarry20,000Hu.

Thepaperindustryhasmadenewdevelopments.Calenderinganddyeingarethenewachievementsofpapermakingtechnologyinthisperiod.Thereweremanynamesofpaperatthattime,amongwhichrattancornerpapermadeofrattanbarkwasakindofpaperwithexcellenttexture.Thedevelopmentofthepaperindustryplayedapositiveroleinthedevelopmentofcultureatthattime.

Commercialdevelopment

Thedevelopmentofagricultureandhandicraftindustry,coupledwiththeverticalandhorizontalriversinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,andtheconvenientwatertransportationprovidethefoundationandfavorableconditionsforthedevelopmentofcommerce.

Северни и южни династии

Thepowerfulandpowerfulgentrymergedtheland,thegovernmenttaxationandlaborwereheavy,andmanysmallandmediumlandlordsandfarmerswereforcedtoengageinmerchantactivities.Aristocraticbureaucratshavetheprivilegeofexemptionfromcustoms,subsidiesandtaxes.Whentheirtermofofficeexpires,theybringalargeamountofgoodsas"repayment",andthensellthemtovariousplaces.Thegovernmentleviedrentandaskedfarmerstopayforit.Farmerswereforcedtoselltheironlyagriculturalandsidelineproducts.Therefore,thephenomenonofabnormalcommercialdevelopmentappearedintheSouthernDynasties.

Atthattime,theimportantcitiesinthesouthwereJiankang,Jiangling,Chengdu,Panyu(Guangzhou)andotherplaces.JiankangwasthepoliticalcenteroftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesandtheeconomiccenterofthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.Here"thetributetobusinesstravel,thearkisforever".DuringtheXiaoLiangperiod,therewere280,000residentsinJiankangCity.Therearefourcitiesinthecity,andtherearemorethantenlargeandsmallcitiesinthenorthofQinhuaiRiver.Kuaiji,Wujun,Yuhangandotherplacesarealso"merchantstogether."

Panyuisanoverseastradingcenter,andmerchantshipsfromSoutheastAsiancountries,aswellasTianzhu,LionKingdom(SriLanka),Persia(Iran)andothercountries,"everyyearold",or"year-oldmorethantenyears."Jiangling"DangYong,Min,Jiao,LiangZhihui",commerceisalsorelativelydeveloped.Chengduisnotonlyprosperousincommerce,butalsoanimportantproducerofhigh-endsilkfabrics.Therearenotonlyluxurygoods,butalsoordinaryproductionanddailynecessitiesonthemarket.Thesmallmerchantssitintheshops,andthebigonesaretransportedtotheQuartet.CommercialtaxisthebulkoftheincomeoftheSouthernDynasty.BoththeEasternJinandSouthernDynastiespaidattentiontocurrencyminting,butthecurrencysystemwaschaoticandthenumberwasinsufficient.

Самокултивиращи се фермери

Самокултивиращите се земеделски стопани бяха важни за селскостопанското производство по това време и те бяха основните обекти, притиснати от феодалното правителство. Тяхното бреме за правителството включва три основни категории: корекция на рентата, различни данъци и данъци.

ThelandrentintheSongandQidynastiesprobablyfollowedthesystemofthelateEasternJinDynasty,thatis,thefive-stoneexporttax.AccordingtoEmperorXiaowuofSongDynasty,EmperorXiaowustipulatedthat“theworld’scivilianhouseholdswilllosefourpiecesofclotheveryyear”,andthelossoffourpiecesofclotheveryyearisjusttheaveragenumberofhouseholdadjustmentsperhousehold.Themethodistoappraisethehouseholdpropertyinadvance,setoutthehouseholds,etc.,andthenassignthemaccordingtothelevelofhouseholds.

Duringthewar,ordinarypeasantsalsohadtheburdenofmilitaryservice,andvariouskindsofmilitaryservicewereleviedatwill.Asaresult,manyself-employedfarmerswentbankruptandwentintoexile,becomingmoreandmoretribesandtenantsinthegentryfarms.

Culture

AfterthedominanceofConfucianismintheWeiandJinDynastieswasdestroyed,thethoughtsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynastieshadformedadiversifiedthought.Amongmanyschoolsofthought,therehaveappearedvaluableviewpointssuchastheruleoflaw,pragmaticruleofthecountry,andthe"nomonarchtheory",aswellasnegativeanddecadentthoughtsofescapefromtheworld,andthemostinfluentialismetaphysicalthought.

IntheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,anewsituationintheideologicalandculturalfieldwasdifferentfromthatoftheJinandJinDynasties.Metaphysicalthoughtsfellintosilence,andBuddhismandTaoismcontinuedtodevelop.Buddhismhastranslatedalargenumberofscripturesandiswidelypopular,permeatingalllevelsofpolitics,economy,society,folkloreandculture.Confucianismfacesseverechallenges.DuetotherapidexpansionofBuddhism,theoriginalrelationshipbetweenConfucianism,Xuan,Buddhism,andTaoismanditshistoricalstructurehaveundergonenewchanges.Atthattime,theBuddhistandTaoistdisputeswereveryfierce.InthedisputebetweenBuddhismandTaoism,Taoismisrelativelypassive.ItnotonlycreatesalegendthatemphasizesthattheBuddhawaschangedbyLaoTzu,butalso"plagiarizes"thecontentofBuddhistscriptures.ForTaoism,itwantstotransformBuddhismintoapartofitself;Buddhismneedstofaceculturaltensionswhilemaintainingindependence.

Literature

TheliteratureintheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesdevelopedrapidly.TheSouthernDynastiesstyletendedtobegorgeousanddelicate,whiletheNorthernDynastiesstyletendedtobeboldandrough.TherepresentativeoftheSouthernDynastiesliteratureistheparallelessay,whichemphasizesthemetric,therhetoric,andtheallusion,andthecontentismostlyoutofthereallife,expressingsomewealthandleisure,representedbyYuXinandYingYang'sarticles.TherepresentativesoftheNorthernDynastiesarethethreetalentsoftheNorth,namelyXingShao,WeiShou,andWenZisheng.ThelongnarrativepoemsarerepresentedbytheSouthernDynasty's"XizhouQu"andtheNorthernDynasty's"MulanPoem".Intermsoffolksongs,duetothedifferentculturesofNorthandSouth,differentcolorsandsentimentsarepresented."YuefuPoetryCollection"hasthesayingthat"YanquwasbornintheSouthernDynasties,andHuYinwasbornintheNorthernCustoms".

Intermsofliteraryresearch,LiuXie's"WenXinDiaoLong"becameChina'sfirstsystematicliterarytheorymasterpiece.The"SelectedWorksofZhaoming"compiledbyliteratiorganizedbyXiaoTong,theeldestsonofEmperorLiangWuoftheSouthernDynasty,istheearliestsurvivingcollectionofpoemsandessaysinChina.BothofthesetwomasterpieceshadaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofChineseliterature.Atthesametime,TaoisminfluencedChineseartandscience.Forexample,literaturesuchas"PoemsoftheImmortals"describesthegracefulnessofthegodsorexpressesfeelingsthroughthewordsofthegods.TaoistcelebritiesTaoHongjingandLuXiujingarebothgoodatfairyliterature.

History

TheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesinheritedthesystemofsettingupofficialstocompilehistorysincetheHanDynasty.Songsetupawriter(theofficialnameanddivisionofpositionsofSongQiliangandChenwerechangedfrequently),responsibleforcomposingthehistoryofthecountry(historyofthisdynasty)andtheemperor'spersonalnotes.QiShihasthedistinctionofnationalhistoryandpreviousdynastyhistory.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsosetuptheofficialofthehistorianandtheofficialofdailylife,sothattheofficialofthehistorianandtheofficialofdailylifeweregraduallyseparated.TheHistoryMuseum(orShige)wasfirstestablishedintheNorthernQiDynasty,whichwasaspecialhistory-editinginstitution,whichinfluencedChina'sofficialhistory-editingsysteminthefuture.TheWesternWeiDynastyandtheNorthernZhouDynastyalsosetupasystemofwriters.TheNorthernandSouthernDynastiesalsohaveministerssupervisinghistorybooks.Inaddition,theSouthernDynastiesLiangShishicompiledXiuwuEmperorandLiangYuanEmperor's"factualrecords",whichisthebeginningofthedynastyaftertheTangDynasty.

ThechronologicalhistorybooksofJiChuanTistilloccupyaplaceinthehistoriographyoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.OfficialrevisionsarelikeShenYue's"SongShu",XiaoZixian's"QiShu",andWeiShou's"WeiShu",whileprivaterevisionsarelikeFanYe's"BookoftheLaterHan".

HistoricalbooksreflectingvarioussocialconditionswerealsopopularintheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.Forexample,FanYe's"BookoftheLaterHan"andShenYue's"BookofSongs"added"LoneTravel","Yimin"(or"Hidden"),"LieNv"andotherbiographies;"LuoyangJialanJi"byYangXuanzhidescribesthearchitectureofthetemple;intermsofgeographicalworks,LiDaoyuan's"ShuiJingZhu"isthemasterpieceoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.ThehistoryofethnicminoritiesisalsohighlyvaluedbecauseoftheestablishmentofseparateregimesamongtheWuhuethnicgroups.CuiHong's"SixteenKingdomsSpringandAutumn"hasachievedhigherachievements.

Genealogy(orgenealogy,genealogy)flourishedforawhileundertheinfluenceoftheclanpoliticsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.Inordertoconsolidatetheirsocialstatusandpoliticalrights,therichandpowerfulcountieswroteandrevisedtheirfamilyrecordstoshowtheirancestry,familystatus,andmarriageeunuchs.Followingtheemergenceofgenealogy,therewasresearchongenealogy,andbookssuchas"GeneralGenealogy"and"HundredGenealogy"appearedatthattime.

ThestudyoftheAnnotationofHistoryintheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesisasrepresentativeasPeiSongzhi's"AnnotationtotheThreeKingdoms".PeiZhufocusedoncollectingdataandsupplementinghistoricalfacts,andwasnolongerlimitedtointerpretingandinterpretinghistoricaltexts,buthadaconsiderableinfluenceonChina'shistoricalannotationmethods.PeiSongzhi'sexaminationofhistoricalmaterialsdifferedfromeachother,andhistorianswouldinherittheminthefuture,suchas"ZiZhiTongJianKaoYi"writtenbySimaGuang.PeiZhulialsocommentedonprevioushistorians,whichpromotedthedevelopmentofChinesehistoricalcriticism.

Religion

BuddhismwaspopularduringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.WiththespreadofBuddhism,thedevelopmentofBuddhastatues,murals,andcavetempleshasalsoachievedunprecedenteddevelopment.Amongthem,theDunhuangThousandBuddhaCaves,YungangGrottoes,LongmenGrottoes,andMaijishanGrottoeshavebecometreasuresinthetreasurehouseofChinesesculptureart.Atthistime,Buddhism'sprevailingthoughtsincludedPrajna,Nirvana,EarthTheory,RealityTheory,andResumeTheory.ZhuDaoshengemphasizedthatthenatureofBuddhismliesineachsentientbeing,andthekeyliesinwhetheritcan"seeitself",whichopenedaprecedentforZen'senlightenmentintheworld.Histhoughtthat"everyonehasthenatureofBuddha"reflectstheequalityofBuddhism.View.TheTaoistLingbaoSutrawasfollowedbytheteachingsoftheQingScriptures,borrowedandintegratedBuddhistconceptsandterminology,andoccupiedthemainstreampositioninthefieldsofMedievalTaoistdoctrines,thoughts,andrituals.InthelateSixteenKingdomsperiod,KouQianzhi,whoreformedTaoism,appeared.UndertheinfluenceoftheEasternJinLingbaoSchool,heproducedmorethan80volumesof"TheCommandmentsoftheNewSection"andothersutras.Thereisnothinginnovativeintheessenceofthemanager,butheclearlyclaimstocleanupTaoism,removethethreefalselaws(ZhangLing,ZhangHeng,andZhangLu)ofthefivebucketsofriceroads,thetaxforrentingrice,andtheartofmenandwomen.Theorganizationismorerigorous,andtheTaoistordinancesaremorecomplete.

ThecontroversyofthethreereligionsinthisperiodwasmainlymanifestedinthecontroversybetweenBuddhism,Taoism,andTaoismwithtwodifferentideologicalsystems.Througharguing,TaoismandBuddhismabsorbeachotherandpresentasceneoffusionandinteraction.BuddhismhasademonstrativeeffectonTaoism,nomatterfromthecanon,ordinance,orfromtheteachings,religiousgroups,etc.,itisofgreatbenefitforTaoismtograduallymature.TaoismalsohelpedBuddhismbesuccessfullytransplantedfromIndiatoChina,andgraduallyadaptedtothesoilofChinesesocietytoformasinicizedBuddhism,whichprovidedavarietyoffate.HelpingBuddhismintoTaoismisanimportantmeansforTaoismtocontinuouslyenrichandimproveoneself.BuddhismcameintobeingmuchearlierthanTaoism.BuddhismwasalreadyquitecompletewhenitwasintroducedintoChina.Therefore,TaoismhasborrowedfromBuddhisminmanyaspects.Forexample,intheearlycreationofTaoism,thereweremanyimitatingandevenfollowingBuddhistscriptures.Taoistpalacesandtemples,organizationalforms,andreligiousritualsalsohavemanyreferencestoBuddhism.Anotherexampleistheinfluenceoftheideaof"thegreatinvisible".EarlyTaoismopposedidolatry,butthelatergenerationsofTaoismhadthesameformof"establishingimagesandestablishingreligion"andBuddhism,whichwasduetotheinfluenceofBuddhism.Intermsofreligiousphilosophy,thelevelofthinkingofTaoism'sdoctrineisslightlyinferiortothatofBuddhism,soTaoismalsoactivelyinvokesBuddhistphilosophytoimproveitstheoreticallevel.

Изкуство

При Южните и Северните династии изкуството процъфтява. Югът е доминиран от живописта, а Северът е доминиран от скулптурите.

Paintingtheoryandpaintinghistoryhavebeenestablishedduringthisperiod,suchasXieHe’s"Paintings",whichproposedsixmethodsofpaintingappreciation,andthe"vitalandvivid"theoryhasbeenregardedbythecriticsofthepastdynasties.Thehighestlevel.

OntheBuddhastatuesinthegrottoes,therearestatuesintheNorthernDynastiesgrottoes,suchasYungangGrottoes,LongmenGrottoes,DunhuangMogaoGrottoes,MaijishanGrottoes,TianlongshanGrottoes,etc.Themostmajesticcaveartisthestatueof20GuinYungang.TheBuddhastatueisfull-featured,withbroadshoulders,andthepleatedlinesarecarvedclosetothebody.Thereiskindnessinthesolemnity,showingthebosomoftheBuddha.ThebestcoloredsculptureisthestatueinDunhuangMogaoGrottoesCave259,withasubtlesmile,givingpeopleatranquilbeauty.TheremnantsoftheNorthernWeiDynastyclaysculptureunearthedatthebaseoftheYongningTempleinLuoyangarethemostexquisiteandvivid.Withtheemergenceoflandscapepoems,thelong-standingtraditionofpaintingbasedoncharactershasbeguntochange,andlandscapesceneryhasalsobecomethecontentofpainting.IntheSouthernDynasties,therewerealsomanypainterswhowerefamousfortheirfigurepaintings,andsomepeoplepaintedlandscapes"withinafewminutesandthousandsofmilesaway"onthetuanfan.NanqiXiehewrotethe"RecordsofAncientPaintings"whichstudiespaintingtheory,andthe"sixmethods"hesummarizedarenotlimitedtofigurepaintings,andhaveagreatinfluenceonlatergenerations.

ForthesculpturesofthetombsoftheSouthernDynasties,thereareShintopillars,steles,andbeastsinfrontofthetombsoftheemperorsandnoblesofthepastdynasties.Stonebeasts,alsoknownaswardingoffevil,evolvedfromtheshapeofalion.Amongthem,Tianlu(double-hornedstonebeast)infrontofEmperorQiWu'smausoleumandQilininfrontofEmperorQijing'smausoleumarethemostrepresentative.ThestyleinheritsthestonebeastcarvingsoftheHanDynasty,andisgoodatusingawholepieceofstonetoexpressitsmajesticmomentumwithrefinedtechniques.

Династиите Уей, Джин, Южната и Северната бяха младият период от развитието на обикновената писменост, а надписите в Южната и Северната династии бяха съкровищницата на обикновената писменост. englongPost", "ZhengWengongStele","Shimen Inscription"и т.н., както и многобройни епитафии.Надпис.Известни паметници в Южните династии като "CuanlongyanStele"и"CraneCraneInscription “ и т.н.

Military

DuringtheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,dynastieswereoftenreplacedbymilitarypowerflowingintothehandsofpowerfulofficials.ThemilitarysystemoftheSouthernDynastyextendedtotherecruitmentsystemoftheEasternJinDynasty.WithregardtothemilitarysystemoftheNorthernDynasties,intheearlyNorthernWeiDynasty,itadoptedatribalmilitarysystemcombiningsoldiersandcivilians.AftertheunificationofNorthChina,itgraduallybecameaworldmilitarysystem.InthelaterperiodoftheNorthernDynasties,themilitarysystemappeared,whichbecamethebasisofthemilitarysystemintheSuiandTangDynasties.

Thesoutherndynastyarmiesaredominatedbyinfantryandnavalforces,withfewercavalry.Thesourceoftroopsoriginallycamefromtheworldmilitarysystem.However,duetotheconsumptionofwar,theescapeofsoldiers,andthedivisionofprivatehouseholds,somemilitaryhouseholdsbecamecivilianhouseholds,andthesourceoftroopstendedtobeexhausted,sotherecruitmentsystemwasadoptedasthemainforce.ThesouthernarmyisdividedintotheChinesearmy(alsoknownastheTaiwanarmy)andtheforeignarmy.TheChineseArmyisdirectlyundertheCentralCommitteeandisstationedinthecapitalatordinarytimes.IntheSouthernSongDynasty,EmperorWuoftheSongDynasty,LiuYu,strengthenedhisimperialforceinanattempttoreversethesituationofstrengthoutsideandinsideweaknesssincetheEasternJinDynasty.However,duetothefailureoftheclantokilleachother,therehavebeenrepeatedusurpationsofthethroneinthepast.Foreigntroopsareunderthesupervisionoflocalgovernors.Mostgovernorsarealsoprovincialgovernors,andtheyoftencompetewiththecentralgovernment.

IntheNorthernDynasties,theNorthernWeiarmywasdominatedbyXianbeicavalryintheearlystage,andtheirsupplieswereplunderedbythevariousministries.IntheprocessofunifyingNorthChina,theHanpeoplegraduallyjoinedthearmy.Whenthesiegebattleincreases,itbecomesamixtureofinfantryandcavalry.Afterthat,theinfantrybecamethemainforce.AftertheNorthernWeiDynastyunifiedthenorth,thearmywasdividedintotheChinesearmy,thetownsoldiers,andthestateandcountysoldiers.TheChinesearmyguardsthecapitalinpeacetime,andbecomesthemainforceinforeignwarfarewhensomethinghappens.Thegarrisonsoldiersweresetuptodefendtheborderdefenses.Thetownisequivalenttothestate,andtheguardisequivalenttothecounty.Atfirstitwasonlylocatedonthenorthernborder,andlaterexpandedtothesouthernborder.Stateandcountysoldiersarethearmythatmaintainspublicorderinthestates,andsometimestheyserveasguardsorgooutwiththearmy.InthelaterperiodoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,fixedsoldiersgraduallyformed.

Общество

Господа и генерали

По време на Източната династия Джин клановете и клановете достигнаха своя връх. След Южните династии, въпреки че земевладелецът на бедното семейство стана император, привилегиите на благородното семейство все още бяха признати.

TheSouthernDynastiesstipulatedthatthechildrenoftheGaomenclansenteredthecourtasofficialsattheageof20,andthechildrenofthelandlordsofthecommontribecouldonlytrytobecomeofficialsattheageof30.Thehigh-rankingclansmovedquickly,andwithinashortperiodoftimetheycould"sitdowntothepublic."Almostalltheofficialpostsof"TsinghuaValuable"intheSouthernDynastyweremonopolizedbyGaomen.Theytriedtheirbesttomaintaintheirspecialsocialstatus,preached"thescholarsareseparatedfromtheheavens",andkeptstrictboundarieswiththepoorfamiliesofthecommonpeople.

Inordertostrictlydistinguishbetweenscholarsandconcubines,genealogyprevailed.DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,threegenerationsofJiaBi'sancestorsandgrandsonsspecializedingenealogyandwrote"GenealogyoftheEighteenStateScholars"withmorethan700volumes.SongLiuZhan,QiWangjian,LiangWangSengrualsohavemonographsongenealogy.Genealogyisanimportantbasisfortheselectionofofficialsintheofficialdepartmentandatooltomaintainthepoliticalprivilegesofthegentry.However,mostgentrylandlordsneitherleadsoldierstofightnormanagepoliticalaffairs.Theyarecompletelyparasitictothesociety.Therearealsoasmallnumberofgentrywhoarecalledtheemerginggentryclass.Theytookadvantageofthesituationduringtheturmoilandmadegreatachievements.Post-payingattentiontoculturaleducationofoneselfordescendantsisthepillarofsociety.

Thegeneralsmainlyrefertolandlordsandmerchantswithoutprivileges.Theyarenotreconciledtobeingsqueezedoutandareonthepoliticalstagethroughvariouschannels.ThefoundingemperorsoftheSouthernDynastieswerealltribelandsraisedbyleadingsoldierstofightandcontrollingmilitarypower.

HanrenDianqian

Becausetheclanslackedtheabilitytodothings,theemperorwasafraidthattheywouldbedifficulttocontrol,soduringtheSouthernDynasties,theHanrenDianqianwasusedtohandlegovernmentaffairs.

IntheEasternHanDynasty,politicalaffairsreturnedtoTaige,andthepowerofCaoWeishiwasconcentratedinthehandsofZhongshuSupervisorandZhongshuling.IntheSouthernDynasty,thepowerwasconcentratedinthehandsofZhongshuTongshisheren.Tongshisherennotonlydraftededictsfortheemperor,butalsotookchargeoftheedictsandbecamearealpowerpositionaroundtheemperor.Thetransferofpowertoneighborsreflectsthestrengtheningofimperialpower,andalsoreflectsthatthegentryhasbeeninapositionofpowerbutnopower.

DuringtheSouthernDynasties,anotherimportantpositionheldbytheHanpeoplewasthelotterylottery.InviewofthestrongpoweroftheEasternJinDynasty,themonarchsoftheSouthernDynastythreatenedthecentralgovernment,somostofthemusedthechildrenoftheclanasthechiefsofthemilitaryandpoliticalaffairsoftheprefecturesandtowns,andcontrolledthemwiththecoldpeopleastheplenarylottery.Codesigninghasamicro-weight,andimportantmattersinthestateandtownshipsmustbesignedbeforeitcanbeimplemented.DianqianreturnedtoBeijingseveraltimesayeartoreporttotheemperorthattheso-called"thebeautyandevilofthegovernor'sactionsaretiedtothemouthoftheDianqian."Therefore,thegovernorsofallkingswereveryafraidofsigning,sotherewasasayingthat"thegovernorscanonlyhearofthesigning,butnotofthegovernors".

Trilogytenants

Trilogyandtenantsarethemainpartofthedependentpopulationcontrolledbythefamilyandwealthyfamilies,andtheslavesaretheirprivateproperty.

Themainmissionofthepartwascombat,butasthefightinginthesouthdecreased,moreandmorepartswereusedinproduction.LiangZhangXiaoxiu's"dozensofhectaresoffields,hundredsofpeopleinthetrilogy,andthestrengthofthefields"isatypicalexample.

Tenantsaredividedintotwoparts,oneisbestowedbythegovernmentaccordingtoofficialquality,andtheotherisprivatelysolicited.TheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesstipulatedthattherewerenomorethan40householdsofofficialtenantsofthefirstandsecondgrades,andthenumberofhouseholdsbeloweachgradedecreasedbyfivetotheninthgrade.Inaddition,therearecodeplans,clothing,dinersandsoon.Thispartofthetenantsdoesnothaveanindependenthouseholdregister,butisregisteredonthehouseholdregisterofthebureaucraticlandlord.Theydonotpayrenttothestateandperformhardlabor;instead,theypay50%ofthelandrenttobureaucraticlandlords.Atthattime,therewerealotoftenantswhoprivatelyrecruited"themagnatesoftheNorthandtheSouth,biddingfortravelandfood."

Thetrilogyandtenantshavebeenownedbythefamilyforgenerations.Without"self-redemption"or"dismissal",theycannotbefree.Theywereactuallyhereditaryserfswhowereboundtotheland.DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,aristocraticfamilieshadalargenumberofslaves,andthegovernmentdidnotrestrictthem.Peasantswentbankruptandsoldthemselvesorwerelootedinexile,andtheywerethemainsourceofslaves.Theyaretheprivatepropertyofthelandlord,sotheycanbemortgagedorboughtandsold.Inordertopreventfleeing,theslaveswere"tatted".

IntheSouthernDynasties,therearemanyrecordsofslavesandmasters,escapesandriots.Undertheresistanceandstruggleoftheslaves,theruler,accordingtohisownneeds,transformedalargenumberofslavesintothetenantsofthelandlordandthesoldiersofthecountrybymeansof"mumblingasguests"and"servingslavesassoldiers".

Clothingfeatures

TheNorthernandSouthernDynastieswereaperiodofgreatchangesinthehistoryofancientChineseclothing.Atthistime,becausealargenumberofHupeoplemovedtoZhongyuan,Hufubecamefashionableclothingatthattime.Tightfit,roundneck,splitendsarethecharacteristicsofHuclothing.

Мъжко облекло

Dress:ExceptfortheNorthernZhouDynasty,thereisstillonlyonetypeofthelargestceremonialdress,whichisroughlythesameastheHanDynasty,butthemaincoloroftheclothesisslightlydifferent.difference.

PingMianfu:Theformsandcolorsofalllevelsareroughlythesame,exceptfortheemblemsontheclothes.Theemperorusestwelvechapters,thethreemaleprincesusemountaindragonsandotherninechapters,andthenineprincesbelowuseChineseinsects,etc.Inchapterseven,theemperorusesembroiderytowritetexts,andGongqingusesweavingtowritetexts.

NorthernZhouDynastyMianfu:TheNorthernZhouDynastyEmperorWu'ssinicizationpolicywassuccessfulandvigorouslypromotedtheancientChineseZhouritualsystem.Therefore,theNorthernZhouDynasty'sclothingcolorsystemwasmostlydeterminedbytheZhouritual.

Delegationoftheappearanceofthecrowndress:adressforthepublictogiveacourteousceremony.Theclothesaredarkandtheclothesareplain,andthemiddleclothesareledbyZaoyuan.

IntheHanDynasty,thecourtclothesoftheemperorandthehundredofficialsweredistinguishedbythecrowntheywore.Theyalsohadfive-colorcourtclothes.IntheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,Crimsoncourtclotheswerethemainones.

Короната на Тонгтиан: Уей, Джин, южната и северната династии, всички династии са използвали тази рокля като придворна рокля на императора, а също и роклята от втора класа.

Летяща обиколка на короната: носи се от престолонаследника и кралете, облечени в милиони роби, тъмночервена марля, бяла марлева блуза със сапунен ръб и бяла къдрава яка.

Hundredofficialcrownclothes:mainlysilkyarn.However,thesystemismorecomplicated.ThosewithhighranksuseZhuYiasthecourtdress,whilethosewithlowrankusesoapdressasthecourtdress.

Fancycolorclothes:Theofficialsoftherooftopattendantsandtheguardsareallwearingfive-colorclothes,whichareembroideredwithbrocades,andarecalledfancycolorclothes.

Changyi: Това са главно плисирани панталони, които са много универсални. Може да се използва за съдебно облекло, военни униформи, ежедневно облекло от благородници до обикновени хора.

Дамско облекло

Роклята на кралицата за храма: Това е най-тържествената рокля сред официалните дамски рокли, а също и сватбената рокля на кралицата.

Жертвените дрехи за влизане в храма: за наложници, наложници и наложници. В Джин и Южните династии Сонг и Чен са били на върха.

Про-серикултурни рокли: Роклите за про-серикултурните ритуали на кралицата са наистина зелени.

Helpingsilkwormdresses:Thedressesforconcubines,concubines,concubines,andqueenstoassistthequeensinsilkwormrituals,whichwasunderminedbyChenWeiyingintheJinandSouthernDynasties.IntheSouthernDynasty,theSongDynastywasgreenupanddown.

Thecourtdress:Thethreedynastiesmentionedaboveareregardedasthecourtdressforwomen.

Bizhoudress:Thefemaleofficialdressisthesameasthemaleofficialdress.Itisverycomplicatedandusesmanycolors,whichisquitedifferentfromthepreviousdynasty.

Бингхухухуху

По време на източните династии Джин и Южните династии статусът на мнозинството от хората се влошава. Много хора стават наследствени крепостни. Освен племена и наематели, някои принадлежат на правителството. Контролирани войнишки домакинства, официални домакинства и стотици работници и др.

TheJinandSouthernDynastiesinheritedthemilitarysystemsincetheThreeKingdoms.Soldiershaveservedassoldiersforgenerationsandwereextremelyoppressed.Inadditiontoperformingmilitaryservice,militaryhouseholdsalsoneedtoplowandweave,andpayrenttothestate.Thestatusofsoldiersislowerthanthatofself-employedfarmers,andevenlowerthanthatoftenants.

ThelocalinstitutionsandcentralgovernmentoftheEasternJinDynastyandSouthernDynastiesallhadacertainnumberofofficials,tensofthemasfewastensofthousandsofthem.Thelow-rankingcivilandmilitaryofficialswereforcedtoperformvariouskindsoflaborforthegovernment,cultivatetheofficialfields,andproduceinthegovernment'shandicraftworkshops.Theexploitationandoppressiontheysufferedwasparticularlyheavy.Mostofthesourcesofofficialscomefrom"officials."Suchofficialsarehereditaryandcannotbeexemptedfromserviceunlesstheyareexemptedbythegovernment.

DuringtheSouthernDynasties,therewasashortageofBaigong,thatis,allkindsofhandicraftsmen,sothegovernmentcontrolledthemextremelystrictly.Aristocratsandbureaucratswhooccupyhundredsofworkersprivatelyareoftenpunished.Afterthehundredsofworkerswererecruitedfromtheprivatesectortotheofficialworkshops,theyworkedwiththecriminalswhowereassignedtotheworkshopsalltheyearround,strugglingfromgenerationtogeneration,andtheirsocialstatuswaslow,andthesituationwasequallymiserable.

Име

Южните и Северните династии са разделени на династии в Китай, разделени на Южни и Северни династии. Южните династии са били LiuSong, XiaoQi, XiaoLiang и NanChen; Северните династии са били Северна Уей, Северна Уей, Северна Уей, Zhou.LiTangzong,който не е роден в нито едно от кралствата на осемте стълба на династията Северна Джоу, редактира „Книгата на Джин“ и смята южните и северните династии за ортодоксални. „TongJianofZiZhiTongJian“ на SimaGuang разглежда южните династии като православни.

AsthecontinuationoftheHannationalityregimeandtheEasternJinDynastyintheSouthernDynasty,theimperialclansofthedynastiesweremainlygentryorsub-gentry.Etc.Duetotheeffortsofthoseinpower,theruleofYuanjiaandtheruleofYongmingemerged,whichmadethecountryprosperous.Theemperorwassupportedbythemainstreamgentrywithahighreputation.However,thegentryonlywantedtomaintaintheirpoliticalstatusanddidnotfullysupporttheroyalfamily.Theemperoralsosupportedthepoortoholdmilitaryorsecondaryofficialpositionstobalancepoliticalpower.Becauseofthestruggleforthethroneintheroyalfamily,bloodyclanincidentsoftenoccurred.

DuetotheincorrectuseofstrategyandtheriseofNorthernDynasties,thesouthwasweakandthenorthwasstrong,andtheterritorygraduallymovedsouth.IntheSouthernDynasties,theLiangDynastyimprovedforEmperorWuofLiang,andthechaosofthesixtownsintheNorthernWeiDynastymadetheSouthernDynastygraduallycatchupwiththeNorthernDynasty'snationalpower.However,inhislateryears,hebelievedinBuddhism,thecountryhadbeeninpeaceforalongtime,andthepeoplewerenotaccustomedtowar.AfterHouJinginitiatedtheHouJingRebellion,EmperorLiangWudiedinTaicheng,andsomeoftheXiaoimperialfamiliesfoughtforthethrone.Diminishedandtornapart,EmperorChenWen,whofinallyarrivedintheSouthernDynastyChen,completelyunifiedtheSouthernDynasty.However,thenationalpoweroftheSouthernDynastyhasdeclined,andhecanonlyrelyontheYangtzeRivertoresisttheNorthernDynasty.

TheNorthernDynastiesinheritedtheFiveHusandSixteenKingdoms.TheroyalfamiliesoftheNorthernWeiDynastyweremostlyXianbei.TheXianbeiimperialfamilywasgraduallyinfluencedbytheHanculture,amongwhichtheSinicizationmovementofEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynastywasthemostprosperous.BecauseRouraninthenorthcontainedtheNorthernWeiDynasty,itwasdifficultfortheNorthernWeiDynastytoattacktheSouthernDynastywithallitsstrength.Itwasnotuntilthemorepro-NorthernWeiTurksreplacedRouandthenitwasmorestable.InthelateNorthernWeiDynasty,politicsgraduallydeteriorated,andthenationalpowerdeclinedgreatlyaftertheSixTowns'CivilRevolution.

TheNorthernDynastiessplitintoEasternWeiandWesternWei,whichwerereplacedbyNorthernQiandNorthernZhourespectively.ThecoreoftheNorthernQiDynastyismainlytherefugeesinthesixtownsandtheKwantungclan,anditsmilitarystrengthisrelativelystrong.DuetothefactthattherefugeesinthesixtownsatitssourcearebiasedtowardsXianbeiandtheruleristheXianbeiHanpeople,theNorthernQiDynastymainlyadvocatestheXianbeiculture.IntheNorthernZhouDynasty,whenthecountrywasfounded,theXianbeiarmywasnotasmanyastheNorthernQi,andthepoliticalstatuswasnotasgoodasthatoftheNorthernQiandtheSouthernLiang.Therefore,theGuanzhong-basedpolicywasestablishedtointegratetheXianbeiandtheHantoeliminatetheHu-Hangapasmuchaspossible.

Finally,aunitedaristocraticGuanlongGroupwasformedintheNorthernZhouDynasty,whichwasabletodefeattheNorthernQiDynasty,whichwasdecliningduetopoliticalchaos.TheHannationalitygraduallybecamethemainforceoftheNorthernZhouarmy,graduallyoccupyingthedominantpositionandthemainbody,replacingtheXianbeiaristocracy.LaidthefoundationforYangJianjianSui.AfterthedeathofEmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,LiuFangandZhengtranslatedtheimperialorderbasedonYangJian'sgeneralknowledgeofChineseandforeignsoldiersandhorses,andenteredthedynastytoassistthegovernment.

InFebruaryofthefirstyearofDading(581),EmperorJingoftheNorthernZhouDynastyreliedonYangJian,namelyEmperorWenoftheSuiDynasty,andestablishedtheSuiDynasty.EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyissuedanedicttoannihilateChenintheninthyearofEmperorKaihuang.China,whichhadbeensplitbetweentheNorthandtheSouthformorethan300yearsattheendoftheWesternJinDynasty,wasreunifiedagain,andtheNorthernandSouthernDynastiesformallywithdrewfromthestageofhistory.

Население

Ера

Брой домакинства

Брой портове

Забележки

Списък на демографската статистика на Северните и Южните династии
Първата година на Тайкан от династията Западна Джин (280 години)	2 459 840	16 163 863	Данни от "BookofJin·том четиринадесет" Currentscholarsestimatethattheactualpopulationismorethan3,000Wan
WestJinTaikang три години (282 години)	3 770 000	24 768 900	Данни от "ThreeKingdoms·том 22"
Единадесетата година на YanJianxi (370 години)	2 458 969	9 987 935	Данни от "SixteenKingdomsSpringandAutumn·Pre-Qin Records" Забележка: Включена е само бившата територия Yanyua
Деветнадесетата година на QinJianyuan (383 години)	4 000 000	20 000 000	Данни от "История на китайското население" на WangYumin
Двадесет и една години от Източната Джин династия (396 години)	3 350 000	17 000 000	Данни от "История на китайското население" на WangYumin
LiuSongDamingeightyears(464)	906 870	4 685 501	Данни от "Tongdian·ShihuoVII" Според настоящи изследвания на учени, действителното население е повече от 20 милиона.
Първата година от династията Северна Вей Джънгуанг (520 години)	①5 000 000 ②6 000 000	①30 000 000 ②35 000 000	Брой①данни идват от "Общ тест на документацията·том 10" ②Броят на домакинствата идва от версията на WangYumin на „История на китайското население“ p> ②ThenumberofmouthpiecesisfromGeJianxiong's"TheHistoryofChinesePopulationDevelopment" Inthe1920s,thepopulationoftheNorthernWeiDynastyreached6millionhouseholdsand35million,plusthe20millioninNanliang.Thetotalpopulationofthenorthandsouthexceeds50million.
Третата година на Yongxi от династията Северна Вей (534 години)	3 375 368	20 252 208	Данните идват от"Central ExamPaper"十》
Втората година на LonghuainNorthernQi(577)	①3 302 528 ②3 032 528	①20 006 886 ②20 006 880	№①данни идват от "ZhouShu·Juan6" No.②datacomesfrom"TongDian·ShihuoVII" 因学者考虑逃避沉重赋役而避于寺庙的僧尼人口而认为北齐河清三年（564年）人口峰值达2200多万，后因北齐后主的残暴统治及齐末战乱，齐亡时人口锐减回两千万。
南陈太建九年（577年）	①500 000 ②600 000	①2 000 000 ②2 400 000	①号数据出自《北史·卷十一》 ②号数据出自《隋书·卷二十九》据学者考证南陈实际人口达1500万
北周大象二年（580年）	①3 599 604 ②1 599 604	9 009 604	数据出自《通典·食货七》注：仅含北周旧地，因学者考虑未纳入统计的军户、隐户、少数民族等人群而认为北周至少有1250万人。
北周大定元年（581年）	4 622 528	29 016 484	数据出自《十六国北朝人口考察》因考虑到隐匿户口，学者路遇、腾泽之认为北周灭齐后有3250万人。
隋朝大业五年（609年）	8 907 536	46 019 956	数据出自《通典·食货七》因学者考虑到依附于世家门阀的浮客、部曲、奴婢、客女以及官户、匠户、乐户、佃农等大量未纳入户口统计的人群，因此学者认为隋朝人口峰值约达5032万。

科学

在整个魏晋南北朝期间，由于边疆民族内迁、北方人群的南下，造成文化大交流及混成。由于儒学一统的局面打破以及玄道佛的兴起，使得学术研究朝向多元化。各国为了生存或战争，多少推行一些改革措施以确保某些地区农业与手工业的发展。这些都使得科学技术大幅提升。

地理

郦道元从小志于地理学研究。由于当时地理著作不够完备，所以他在各地做官之际进行实地考察。然后他以《水经》为蓝本，完成《水经注》。《水经注》为陆地水文地理，他以水道为纲，详细描绘其本身性质与周边环境，为中国古代地理学做出杰出贡献。

农学

贾思勰为北魏农学家，家境较为富裕，他面对当时的天灾人祸及连年饥荒，主张重视农业，并以齐民谋生为己任，所以决定写出一本农书。他所写的《齐民要术》在中国或世界的农学史上均占有重要地位。《齐民要术》以当时黄河中下游地区，特别是山东地区为重点。描述当时农业生产概貌，并介绍中国传统农业细耕和多种经营方法和包括食品加工技术在内的农业科技的高超水准。

数学

祖冲之为南朝宋人，家族历代成员大多熟悉天文历算，所以祖冲之从小对天算有兴趣。他平生著作丰富，天文方面有《上“大明历”表》、《驳议》；数学方面有《缀术》、《九章术义注》、《重差术》。他在科学有三大成就，一，在张衡、刘徽的基础上，将圆周率数值精准到小数点后七位数字。二，他是世界上第一个将“岁差”数值记入历法运算中，他还将闰月规则修整，这是唐代之前最好的方法。三，在机械方面，他还制作出指南车、千里船（即脚踏轮船）、水力运转的水碓模，以同一原动轮带动碓和磨作功。