Средство за обръщение

Основен преглед

Currencyisusedasameansofcirculation,thatis,moneyactsasamediumforcommodityexchange.Thefunctionofcurrencythatweusuallyseeintheprocessofbuyingandsellingcommoditiesbelongstothiskindoffunction.Therefore,thisfunctionisalsocalledameansofpurchase.

Itisself-explanatory,currencyasameansofcirculationcannotbeconceptualcurrency,butmustbeactualcurrency.Inthecaseofcurrencyperformingtheroleofameansofcirculation,commoditiesandcommoditiesarenolongerdirectlyexchangedwitheachother,butareexchangedusingcurrencyasamedium.Commodityownersfirstexchangetheircommoditiesforcurrency,andthenusecurrencytoexchangeothercommodities.Thiskindofcommodityexchangewithcurrencyasamediumiscalledcommoditycirculation.Thetransitionfrombarteringtocommoditycirculationmeansthattheinternalcontradictionsofthecommodityeconomyhavefurtherdeveloped.Becauseundertheseconditions,sellingandbuyingaredividedintotwoseparateprocesses.Ifthepersonwhosoldthecommoditydoesnotbuyitimmediately,itwillmakethecommoditiesofothersunsellable.Inotherwords,thefunctionofcurrencyasameansofcirculationalreadyincludestheformalpossibilityofaneconomiccrisis.

Currencyasameansofcirculationwasinitiallypreciousmetalbarsandblocks,laterdevelopedintocoins,andfinallypapermoneyappeared.Papermoneyisproducedfromthefunctionofmoneyasameansofcirculation.Thefunctionofthemeansofcirculationisthefunctionofmoneyasamediumofcommodityexchange,thatis,themeansofpurchase.Itsmainfeatureisthatinthesaleofcommodities,thetransferofcommoditiesandthetransferofcurrenciesarecompletedatthesametime.Inlayman'sterms,itisone-handedpaymentandone-handeddelivery.

Fromtheperspectiveofvaluemovement,whencurrencyperformsthefunctionsofameansofcirculation,themovementofvalueistwo-wayatthesametime.Thatis,thesellertransfersusevaluewhileobtainingvalue,andthebuyerobtainsusevaluewhiletransferringvalue.

Moneycirculationiscausedbythecirculationofcommoditiesandservesthecirculationofcommodities.Thecirculationofcommoditiesisthebasisofcurrencycirculation.Asameansofcirculation,currencycannotbeconceptualcurrency,itmustbeactualcurrency.

Предистория на производството

Предистория на производството:differencefrommeansofpayment

1.Differentmeanings:CurrencyactsasamediumofexchangeforcommoditiesThefunctioniscalledthefunctionofthemeansofcirculationofmoney;whenmoneyisusedtopayoffdebtsorpaytaxes,rents,wages,etc.,itisthefunctionofthemeansofmoneypayment.

2.Thebackgroundofproductionisdifferent:Themeansofcirculationisthataftertheappearanceofcurrency,currencyhasbecomethemediumofcommodityexchange;themeansofpaymentappearedwiththecreationofcredittransactionsIncreditsalesandcreditpurchases,currencyisusedtopaydebts.

3.Thetwopurchaseobjectsaredifferent:Asthecurrencyofcirculation,thepurchaseismainlyphysicalgoods;thecurrencyasthemeansofpayment,thepurchaseismainlyservices.

4.Thetimeandspaceofcurrencydeliverybetweenthetwoaredifferent:Asthecurrencyofcirculation,whenbuyinggoods,itisgenerallydeliveredatonetime,thatis,"payinonehand,One-handdelivery."Thecurrencyusedasameansofpaymentcanbedeliveredininstallmentswhenpurchasinggoodsorservices,whichcanbeseparatedintimeandspace.Orpayfirst,thenserve;orservefirst,thenpay.

Inshort,thebestwaytodistinguishthemeansofcirculation-andthemeansofpaymentisthatthemeansofcirculationusuallyreferstothepurchaseofphysicalobjects;andthemeansofpaymentreferstothefunctionsperformedbymoneyincredit,lease,andloans.

Основните функции

1.Realcurrencymustbeused,withonehandforpaymentandonehandfordelivery.

Moneydemand:Howmuchmoneyisneededincirculationdependsonthreefactors:price(P),thequantityofgoodstobesold(Q),andthevelocityofmoneycirculation(V).Underthemetalcurrencysystem:M=PQ/V;underthecreditcurrencysystem:PQ≡MV,2.Currencyasameansofcirculationisfleetingintheexchange.Whatpeoplepayattentiontoisthepurchasingpowerofcurrency.Aslongasthereispurchasingpower,tokencouponscanalsobeusedascurrency.Papermoneyandcreditcurrencyarethusproduced.

Twolinks:Overcomingthedifficultiesoftheexchangeofgoods,promotingcommoditycirculationandmarketexpansion;separatingtheexchangeprocessintotwolinksofbuyingandselling,andthepossibilityofbuyingandsellingoutoftouchandimbalancebetweensupplyanddemand.Buyingandsellinggenerallyreferstotheexchangeofgoodsorcurrencybetweenthetwopartiesinexchangeforwhattheyneed.Theyusuallysignasalescontract.Buyingandsellingistheearliestandmostbasictransactionbehaviorofmankind.Onethingissoldforafewyears,anditismostcommonwhenpricesfluctuate.Thisisactuallyoutofdisregardforcreditandforpersonalgain.

Thesupply-demandrelationshipreferstotherelationshipbetweencommoditysupplyanddemandundertheconditionsofthecommodityeconomy,therelationshipbetweenthemutualconnectionandmutualrestrictionofthesupplyanddemandofcommodities,itistherelationshipbetweenproductionandconsumptioninthemarketreflect.

Currencyproduction:1.Afterthecurrencyisproduced,fortheconvenienceofexchange,peoplecastpreciousmetalsintocoinswithacertainweightandmark(coinsarecastbythecountrywithacertainshape,weight,coloranddenomination.Valueofmetalcurrency),whilethemintingisbasedonnaturalwearandtearandhumanfactorsincirculation,resultinginasituationinwhichitsactualvalueislowerthanitsnominalvalue.

Истинска стойност

2.Currencyholdersonlycareaboutwhetherthecurrencycanbuytherequiredcommoditiesaccordingtothevalueitrepresentsinthetransaction,insteadofusingit.Whatistheactualvalueofthecurrencyinexchange.Thefactthatundervaluedcoinsarestillusedasfull-valuecurrencyimpliesapossibility:preciousmetalcoinscanbereplacedbyvaluesymbols,sopapermoneyisproduced.Papercurrencyreplacesmetalcurrencytoperformthefunctionsofameansofcirculation.Therefore,thecirculationofpapercurrencyisbasedonthelawofcirculationofmetalcurrency.

3.Theoriginalpapercurrencyisabanknoteissuedbyabankthatcanbeexchangedforpreciousmetalcurrencyandrepresentsthecirculationofpreciousmetalcurrency

4.Papercurrencyisavaluesymbolissuedbythestateandusedcompulsorily.

①Itisakindofcreditcurrency,whichisbasedonnationalcredit;

②Thecirculationofbanknotesisafixedcurrencysystem.Forexample,China's"RenminbiManagementRegulations"stipulatesthattherenminbiistheonlylegalcurrencyincirculationinChina.

Закон за обръщението

Sincecurrencyperformsthefunctionofcirculationmeans,itdividescommodityexchangeintotwoindependentacts,sellingandbuying,whichgivesbirthtothecontradictionthatcommoditybuyingandsellingmaybeoutoftouch.Whenbuyingislessthanselling,itwillinevitablycauseabacklogofsomecommodities,causingacrisisofsurplusinseverecases.Whenbuyingisgreaterthanselling,itwillincreasethepressureofrisingpricesandeasilycauseinflation.

Thereasonsforthesetworesultsarecomplex,andoneoftheimportantreasonsisthattheamountofcurrencycannotmeettheneedsofcommoditycirculation.Theoccurrenceofthisphenomenonraisesaquestiontopeople:Howshouldacountry'scurrencycirculationinacertainperiodoftimebedetermined?Thisrequiresstudyingthelawofcurrencycirculation.Thelawofcurrencycirculationisalsocalledthelawofmoneydemand.Itreferstothelawoftheamountofmoneythatisobjectivelyneededinacountry'scommoditycirculationprocessinacertainperiodoftime.

Стокообръщение

Thecontentofthecurrencycirculationlawis:theamountofcurrencyneededincirculationisdirectlyproportionaltothetotalpriceofcommoditiestoberealized,andinverselyproportionaltotheaveragecirculationspeedofthesameunitofcurrency.Thecurrencyincirculationherereferstometalcurrency,soitisalsocalled"thelawofmetalcurrencycirculation".

Inthecaseofmetalcurrencycirculation,becausemetalcurrencyhasthefunctionofastoragemeans,itcanspontaneouslyadjusttheamountofcurrencyincirculationtoadaptittotheactualdemand.Therefore,thereisnopossibilityofinflationordeflation.

Thelawofcurrencycirculationmeansthatcurrencycirculationmustadapttothelawofcommoditycirculation.

Thislawcanbereflectedbyaformula:theamountofmoneynecessaryforcirculationinacertainperiodoftime=commodityprice×commoditycirculation/unitcurrencycirculationspeed=totalcommodityprice/unitcurrencycirculationspeedfromthisFromtheformula,wecanseethatcommoditycirculationisprimaryandcurrencycirculationissecondary.Стокообръщениеdeterminescurrencycirculation,andtheamountofcurrencycirculationmustadapttothelawsofcommoditycirculation.

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