Creativebackground
InthefirstyearofJianlongintheNorthernSongDynasty(960),ZhaoKuangyininitiatedthe"ChenQiaoMutiny"duringtheFifthDynastiesperiod,andHuangPaobecamethefoundingemperoroftheNorthernSongDynasty,namelySongTaizu.
ZhaoKuangyinstartedbymasteringtheForbiddenArmyandseizedpowerbymutiny,soheknewtheimportanceofmasteringthearmy.Afterhebecametheemperor,ontheonehand,hetriedhisbesttorelievethemilitarypowerofsomeofhisveteransubordinates,andontheotherhand,hetightenedthedirectcontroloftheimperialcourtoverthecountry'smainmilitaryban,suppressingandchangingthesituationoflocalvassalrulesincetheTangDynasty.Atthesametime,thecountry'scentralizedmanagementoftheweaponsmanufacturingindustryhasbeenstrengthened.
TheNorthernSongDynastyestablishedalarge-scaleweaponproductionworkshopinthecapitalofBianjing(nowKaifeng,Henan),namelytheSouthandNorthWorkshops,andalsoestablishedtheGongNuYuan,specializingintheproductionofvariousknives,guns,armorandlong-rangeweapons.
SouthandNorthworkshops:LocatedinBianliang’sXingguofang,itmainlymanufacturesvariousarmor,knives,andguns>AndotherweaponsandequipmentsuchasBingscreen,armorbag;
GongCrossbowInstitute:Specializingintheproductionoflong-rangeweaponsandmanufacturingvariousstrongbowsCrossbowsandvariousarrows.
Work:BelowtheSouthandNorthworkshops,thereisamoredetaileddivisionoflabor,whichisdividedinto51"works",eachofwhichisspecificallyresponsibleforthemanufactureofonetypeofproduct,suchas""Vestmade"andsoon.
Thereareasmanyas7,000to8,000artisansinthetwoworkshops.
TheTaizuZhaoKuangyinpersonallysupervisedtheproductionofweapons.Intheeighthyearoftheopeningofthetreasure(975),hecheckedthequalityofvariousweaponseverytendays.
ThehighattentionofthesupremerulergreatlyimprovedtheproductionlevelofordnanceintheearlyNorthernSongDynasty.Theannualoutputofweaponsinthesouthernandnorthernworkshopsreachedmorethan30,000pieces.Itwasonthebasisofthehighlyunifiedleadershipofthearmyandthecentralizedmanagementofarmamentsproductionthatanencyclopedia-stylemilitarybook-"WuJingZongYao"wasbornintheearlyperiodoftheNorthernSongDynasty.
"WuJingZongYao"wascompiledbySongRenzongandZhaoZhen,anditwasthefirstmilitarybookinChinatobeeditedbythegovernment.Atthattime,ithadbeenmorethan60yearssincethefoundingoftheSongDynasty.Inordertopreventtheslackeningofmilitaryequipment,SongRenzong'scommander"learnedfromthepastandthepresent",hedidnotknowthehistoryofwarfareandtheartofwar./b>etc.,compileanextensivemilitarytextbook.ZengGongliangandotherscompiledthe"WuJingZongYao"infiveyears,andaftertheEmperorRenzongpersonallyapprovedit,hewroteaprefacetoit.
Overviewoftheworks
The"WuJingZongYao"isdividedintothefirstandsecondepisodes,eachwith20volumes.
The20volumesofthefirstepisodedetailedthemilitarysystemoftheSongDynasty,includingselectionofsoldiers,educationandtraining,troopformation,marchingcamps,ancientandmodernformations,communicationreconnaissance,cityattackanddefense,fireandwaterwarfare,weaponsEquipment,etc.,especiallyinthecamp,weapons,andequipmentparts,eachisequippedwithdetailedillustrations.Theseexquisiteimagesmaketheconcreteimageformationsofvariousweaponsandequipmentatthattimenowinfrontofus.TheyareextremelyvaluablematerialsforstudyingthehistoryofancientChineseweapons..
The20volumesofthesecondepisodecontainstoriesabouttheuseofsoldiersfrompastdynasties,savealotofinformationonancientbattles,andanalyzeandcommentonthebattlesofpastdynastiesandthegainsandlossesofsoldiers.
Edition
MingHongzhi~Zhengdeyears
ReprintedaccordingtotheSouthernSongDynastyShaodingversion
MingHongzhiseventeenthyear
1504,LiZanengravedcopy
MingJinlingShulinTangFuchunengravedcopy
"SikuQuanshu"edition
"BingshuCollection"photocopyofMingDynastyTangFuchunengravedcopy
Style
The"WuJingZongYao"isdividedintothefirstandsecondepisodes,eachwith20volumes.
Previousepisode
Thefirsthalfintroducesancientandmodernbattles,includingmilitarytheoriesandrulessuchasmilitarysystem,militaryorganization,selectionoftroops,formations,andgeographyofmountainsandrivers.The20volumesinthefirstepisodedetailtheSongDynastymilitarysystem,includingselectionofsoldiers,educationandtraining,formationoftroops,camping,ancientandmodernformations,communicationreconnaissance,cityattackanddefense,fireandwaterwarfare.,Weaponsandequipment,etc.,especiallyinthecamps,weapons,andequipment.Eachpieceisequippedwithdetailedillustrations.Theseexquisiteimagesmakethespecificimageformationsofvariousweaponsandequipmentatthattimebeforeus.TheyaretheultimateresearchinthehistoryofancientChineseweapons.Valuableinformation.
Laterepisode
ThesecondhalfintroducesYinandYangdivination.Thelast20volumescontainstoriesabouttheuseofsoldiersinpastdynasties,savealotofdataonancientbattles,andanalyzeandcommentonthebattlesofpastdynastiesandthegainsandlossesoftheuseofsoldiers.
MilitaryThought
"WuJingZongYao"reflectssomepositivechangesinthemilitarythoughtoftheSongDynastyduringSongRenzong.Originally,sincethebeginningoftheNorthernSongDynasty,inordertopreventlocalseparatism,thegeneralshadthepowertocontrolthemilitaryandtheformulationofbattleplans.Theemperor’sdirectcontrol,butovercorrected,theresultwasthatthesoldiersdidnotknowthesoldiers,andthesoldiersdidnotknowthegenerals,whichledtothewar.Lost,steadilyretreating.However,the"WuJingZongYao"re-emphasizesandemphasizesthethoughtsofusingsoldiersto"expertknowledgeandchange"and"nottomakedecisionsbasedonthesecret"inancientmilitarybookssuchas"SunTzu".ThisiscommendableinthemilitaryhistoryoftheSongDynasty.Therulersdidnotfollowandpracticethisideaofusingsoldiers.Thebookalsopaysgreatattentiontotheroleofhumanbeingsinwar.Itadvocatesthat“soldiersshouldusethemaccordingtotheirlengths.”Itemphasizesthetrainingofthearmy.Itthinksthattherearenotimidsoldiersandtiredhorses,butonlybecauseofthelackofstricttraining.Ofcourse.
MilitaryWeapons
The"WuJingZongYao"detaileddescriptionandintroductionofvariouscoldweapons,firearms,warshipsandotherequipmentusedbythearmyintheNorthernSongDynasty,togetherwithweaponsandbattalions.Alargenumberofimagesinthearray.Inparticular,Volumes10to13,suchas"SiegeoftheCity","WaterAttack","WaterWar","CityDefense"andotheroffensivechapters,notonlyrecordweaponsandequipmentrelatedtothesetactics,butalsoTherearefortificationsandbattleships.Thetenthvolumeof"EquipmentDiagrams"isacollectionofvariousweaponsandequipmentofthearmyatthattime,andeachpiecehasclearillustrations.Onlyfourvolumesfromthetenthtothethirteenthvolumeareaccompaniedbyvariousillustrations.Morethanonepiece,thepictureisalsomarkedinregularscriptwithdetaileddescriptionsofthenamesandmethodsofuseoftheartifacts,whichareextremelyimportantmaterialsforthestudyofthehistoryofancientChineseweapons.
Therearetwomoreissuesthatneedtobespecificallypointedout:①TheweaponsoftheSongDynastyhaveinheritedthetraditionssincetheHanandTangDynasties,somanytypesofweaponsrecordedinthe"WuJingZongYao"canclearlyseethemAftertheHanDynasty,afterthedevelopmentandchangesintheTangandFiveDynasties,thisbookhassummarizeditandinfluencedthetypesofweaponsaftertheNorthernSongDynasty.Itcanbesaidthat"ZongYao"hasplayedaroleinlinkingthepreviousandthenext.②SincetheTangandFiveDynasties,thearmyoftheCentralDynastyhasabsorbedmanyoutstandingweaponsoftheethnicminoritiesinthenorthandnorthwest.Forexample,the"IronChainClampingRod"inthe"ArsenalPicture"clearlystatedthatitwaslearnedfrom"XiRong".ItwasaweaponusedbythenorthernminoritycavalrytoattacktheinfantryintheSongDynasty.Transformintoamoresuitableweapon.Therefore,thetypesofweaponsandequipmentintheNorthernSongDynastyincreasedcomparedwithbefore,andthesharpnesswasalsostrengthened.
ThecoldweaponsinancientChina,mainlyinfantryweapons,reachedastageoffullmaturityintheSongDynasty.Theso-called"eighteenweapons"havebasicallyallappearedbythistime,andtheyaretendingtobefinalized.Theseweaponsarealmostallrecordedinthe"WuJingZongYao".
ThearmyoftheNorthernSongDynastyisstilldominatedbyinfantry,sothevariouscoldweaponsrecordedinthe"WuJingZongYao"alsofocusoninfantryweapons.Itmainlyincludes3typesoflong-rangeweapons,combatweapons,andprotectiveequipment.
Long-rangeweapons
Generallybowsandcrossbows.
About
bow
,thereare4typesrecordedinthe"WuJingZongYao":yellowbirchbow,blacklacquerbow,whitebirchbow,hempThebackbows,judgingfromtheattachedimage,theyareallcompoundbows.
Sixtypesrecordedin"WuJingZongYao"
Crossbow
Blackpaintcrossbow,femaleyellowbirchcrossbow,whitebirchcrossbow,yellowbirchcrossbow,jumpStirrupcrossbowsandwoodencrossbows,thefirstfourarestrongercrossbows,whicharestretchedbythesoldiersthemselves;thelattertwocrossbowsaresmaller,andthesoldiersusetheirarmstoopenthecrossbow.Usedforbowsandcrossbows
Arrows
Somesteelarrows,iron-boneconearrows,woodenheadarrows,three-stoparrows,flyingfeatherarrows,etc.
Theabovebowsandcrossbowscanallbelaunchedwiththepowerofasoldier,whichisconvenientformarchingandfieldbattles.Theyarealargenumberofweaponsequippedinthearmy.
Fightingweapons
ThefightingweaponsequippedbytheNorthernSongDynastyarementionedinthe"WuJingZongYao",whichcanberoughlydividedintotwocategories,oneofwhichistraditionalFightingweapons,theotherisanewtypeofweaponsthatappearedintheNorthernSongDynasty.Theformercategoryismainlyknivesandguns;thelattercategoryismainlyvarioussticks,bones(garlicheads),ironchainclipsticks,etc.
Knife
Thereare8kindsoftitles:HandKnife,DropKnife,ShadowKnife,MaskedMoonKnife,HalberdKnife,browsharpknife,fengzuiknife,penknife.Amongthem,onlyhandkniveshaveshorthandles,andtheremaining7areequippedwithlonghandles.TheshapeofthehandknifeisdifferentfromthetraditionalshapesincetheHanandTangDynasties.Ithasacurvedblade,awiderhead,athickridgeandathinblade,anditisstrongandpowerful.Commonlyusedweapons.Long-handledknivescanbegenerallycalledMoknives.Amongthem,therearestraight-bladesharp-pointedknivesandmoon-shakingknives,phoenix-mouthknives,curvedknives,penknivesandsoon.Theabovelististhemostcommonlyusedknivesinthearmyatthattime.
Guns
Thereare9titlesrecordedin"TheGeneralSummaryofWujing":Doublehookgun,singlehookgun,ringgun,plainwoodgun,andneckgun,Conegun,shuttlegun,malletgun,Daningpengun.Theircommonfeatureisthattheyhavelongwoodenpoles,upperblades,andlowerblades.Someofthesegunsareforcavalry,andsomeareforinfantry.Cavalrygunsoftenhavedoublebarbs,singlebarbsonthesideofthegun'snose,oraringontherod,whichiscalleda"ringsub-gun".Mostinfantrysoldiersuseplainwoodgunsandcrowneckguns.Theshuttlespear(javelin)isanoteworthyweapon.Itshandleisrelativelyshort,onlyafewfeetlong.ItisanewvarietydrawnfromethnicminoritiesinthesouthwestduringtheNorthernSongDynasty.Itisusedinconjunctionwithashield.Thesoldierholdstheshieldinonehandtoprotecthimself,andtheotherhandholdstheshuttlespear.Itcanbeusedtofightandstabtheenemy,anditcanalsobethrowntohittheenemydozensofstepsaway.Atthattime,itcouldbecalledtheJavelinagain.
Inadditiontoswordsandgunswithblades,theinfantryoftheNorthernSongDynastyoftenusedweaponswithoutbladesthatwerespeciallyusedtosmashtheenemy.Amongthem,rodswerethemostcommonlyused.
Stick
IntheNorthernSongDynasty,itwasalsocalled"stick","pestle"or"stick".Itwasmadeofthickandhardwood,generallyabout1.5meterslong.Atribulusrodcoveredwithironskin,ahookrodwithadouble-barbpointedbladeatthefrontend,andagrapplerodwithnopointedbladebutonlybarbs.Thereisamorepowerfultype,athickheadisattachedtotheendoftherod,andthespikesaredenselyplacedonit,calledmace.Thereisalsoakindofironchainclamprod,itsshapeisverysimilartotheflailusedintheruralwheatfield.Thefrontendoftherodisconnectedtoanothershorterironrodwithachainlink,anditisusedtostriketheenemyfromtoptobottom.Aweaponlearnedbyethnicminoritiesinthenorthwest.Thereisanotherkindofdoubleironwhip,whichistheweaponcommonlyknownasthe"threesticks"inlatergenerations,anditsimagecanstillbeseeninmartialartsequipmenttothisday.
Guduo
isanewweaponthatappearedinthisperiod.Aroundhammerismountedonthetopofastick.Thehammerismulti-lobedandcalled"garlic";Theshapeofthornytribulusiscalled"tribulus".Onceuponatime,therewasaplayintheoldBeijingoperacalled"EightHammers",whichwasaboutthestoryofthefamousanti-goldfighterYueFeiinthelateNorthernSongDynastyandtheearlySouthernSongDynasty.SinceYueFei'ssonYueYunandthreeothergeneralsusedbothhandstomakehammers,thenameoftheplaywasnamed"EightBigHammers".Infact,thehammersatthetimewerenottheonesonthestage,butthe"BoneDuo"intheweaponsoftheNorthernSongDynasty.InthebattlebetweenSongLiaoandSongJin,theSongarmy,whosemainforcewasinfantry,hadtofacetheLiaoandJincavalryontheironcavalry.Itwasofcoursemorepowerfulthandirectshootingwithathinknifeandgunwithabigstickandhammertohittheenemy'shorses.PerhapsthisisthedirectreasonwhytheSongarmyusedalargenumberofrod-typesmashingweaponsduringtheSong,LiaoandJinDynasties.
Protectiveequipment
TheprotectiveequipmentusedbytheNorthernSongDynastyarmyisstillthetraditionalshieldandarmor.Theshieldsrecordedinthe"WuJingZongYao"areonlyusedbyinfantryandcavalry.Theyareallwoodenfetalbonesandleatherontheoutside.Theinfantryshieldislong,flat-bottomedandpointed,whichcanstandontheground,sothattheentirebodyoftheinfantryishiddenbehindthecard.Thecavalryshieldisaperfectcircularshapewithananimalfacepaintedonthefront.Itisnotlargeinsize.Itisplacedontheleftarmofthecavalryincombattoresistflyingenemyarrows.
Armor
ThearmoroftheNorthernSongDynastyformedarelativelycompleteshapeonthebasisofthearmoroftheTangDynasty.IntheearlyNorthernSongDynasty,theNorthandSouthworkshopsproducedalargenumberofarmors;therearemanyvarieties,includinggold-coatedironarmor,plainarmor,muddybronzearmor,inkpaintleatherarmor,ironbodyleatheraccessoryarmor,moneyvermilionvarnishedleatherharness,ironsteelvermilionvarnishedleatherarmorEquipmentandsoon.Therearethreekindsofarmormaterials:iron,leather,andpaper.Ironarmoristhemostprecious.TheinfantryoftheNorthernSongDynastyusedthe"infantryarmor".Thearmorbodyisawholepiece,composedof12rowsofsmallrectangulararmorpieces.Theupperpartistoprotectthechestandback.Itistiedfromtheshoulderswithabelt,andthewaistisforwardedwithabelt.Bundle,hangdowntheleftandrightkneeskirts.Thebodyarmorisembossedwithacloak,andtheleftandrightcloaksarejoinedbehindthenecktoformawhole,andtheyaretiedundertheneckwithatie.Thepouchontheheadisroundandbowl-shaped,withlongcheekshangingfromtheback,andthreebeautifultuftedballsareinsertedinthecenterofthetop.
IntheearlyyearsoftheNorthernSongDynasty,theSongArmy'svestsweremadeofleatherandiron.BythemiddleoftheNorthernSongDynasty,leathervestsweremainlyused.Thestructureofthevestisreasonableandcomplete,includingthefacecurtain,chickenneck,chestswing(iewhenthechest),vestandthebackofthefiveparts.Wrappedonthehorse,itcaneffectivelyprotectthehead,neckandtorsoofthehorse.Theeyes,mouth,ears,limbsandtailareexposed.Thisleathervestwasalsopainted,initiallypaintedblack,andthengraduallychangedtovermilion.
Bedcrossbow
IntheNorthernSongDynasty,inadditiontothegeneralbowandcrossbow,theinfantry’slong-rangeweaponsfurtherdevelopedtwoheavylong-rangeweapons,namelythebedcrossbowandthecompositebow.Theoriginalgun.Thebedcrossbow,alsoknownasthebedcrossbow,wasdevelopedonthebasisofthewinchcrossbowintheTangDynasty.Itcombinestwoorthreebowstogether,whichgreatlystrengthensthetensionandstrengthofthecrossbow.Whenthecrossbowisstretched,thecrossbowstringisfastenedtothewinchwithathickrope.Thesoldiersswaythewinch,openthecrossbowstring,andinstallthegiantarrow.Whenthecrossbowisfired,thesoldiermustslamthetriggerwithasledgehammer,andthemachinewillbounceandshootthearrow.Shotintothedistance.Thereareeighttypesofbedcrossbowsusingcompositebowsrecordedin"WuJingZongYao",whichcanbedividedintotwotypesaccordingtothestrengthandrangeofthecrossbow.
Onetypeisthedouble-bowbedcrossbow,whichisequippedwithtwobows,whichareplacedonthefrontandbackofthethickcrossbowarm.Thetwobowsareplacedoppositeeachother.Whenlaunching,usefirstAthickropewithhooksatbothends,oneendishookedtothecrossbowstring,andtheotherendishookedtotheshaftofthewinch,andthenfive,sevenormorethantensoldiersareusedtotwistthewinchtoopenthecrossbowstringandfastenittothemachineteeth.,Thecrossbowmanwhospecializesinloadingarrowsinstallsthecrossbowarrowsandtakesaimatthetarget.Whenfiring,theforceofthehumanhandcannotpullthetrigger.Thecrossbowmanwhospecializesinlaunchingmustraiseasledgehammerandhitthetriggerwithhisfullstrength,sothehugecrossbowboltsscreamedandflewtowardstheenemy.Thesearrowsareverythick,andthearrowheadsareflatchisel-shaped,sotheyarecalled"chiselarrows",witharangeofabout120to135steps.
Theothertypeisthethree-bowbedcrossbow,whichismorepowerfulthantheprevioustypeandhastwicetherange.Therearethreecrossbowsonthecrossbow,twoatthefrontandoneattheback,andtheyarealsoinstalledfrontandback.Becausethiskindofbedcrossbowisstronger,itisalsocalled"BaNiuCrossbow",whichmeansthatitcanonlybeopenedwiththepowerofeightoldcows.Itusuallytakes20to100peopletoopenacrossbowbymanpower,andthegeneralrangeis200to300steps,thatis,about370to560meters.Thecrossbowarrowsusedbythethree-bowbedzicrossbowareevenlarger,withathickshaftandironfeathers.Thefrontendisequippedwithahugethree-edgedironarrow.Becauseitssizeissimilartothelongspearusedbyordinarysoldiers,itisalsocalled"Oneshot,threeswordsandarrows".Italsohasanothernamecalled"SteppingArrow"becauseitalsohasaspecialfunction,thatis,whenattackingtheenemy'scastle,itshootsthethickthree-bowcrossbowarrowtowardstheenemycitywall,makingthefrontendofthecrossbowarrowdeep.Insertedintothewall,leavingonlyhalfofthethickarrowshaftandtailfeathersexposedoutsidethewall,underthecoveroftheirownside,thesoldiersofthesiegecanclimbthesehugearrowshaftsinsertedintothewalltoclimbthewallandconquerthecity.Asaresult,thishugecrossbowarrowbecameasteppingprongforthesiegementoclimb,sothesearrowshavethename"steppingprongarrow"again.
Anothertypeoflong-rangeweaponequippedbytheNorthernSongArmy,whichismorepowerfulthanthebedcrossbow,isvarioustypesofprimitiveguns-thefiringmachine.Beforetheinventionofartillery,thisstonelauncherwastheheaviestlong-rangeweapon.Thefiringmachine,theoriginalgun,wasmanufacturedusingtheprincipleoflever.Alongguntip,thatis,ahugelever,ismountedonahorizontalshaftthatcanberotated,andthenthehorizontalshaftismountedonagunframemadeofthickwood.Atoneendoftheguntip,aropeisconnectedtoaleatherpocketforcarryingstonebullets,anddozensoflongcablesaretiedtotheotherend.Duringtheradiation,onesoldierwasresponsibleforplacingthestonebulletsintheleatherpocket,anddozensofothersoldiersyankedtherope,thetiprodsuddenlyreversed,andthestonebulletsplacedintheleatherpocketwerethrownout.Hugestonebulletscandestroytheenemy'sfortifications,canalsodestroytheenemy'ssiegeequipment,canalsokilltheenemyanddisrupttheenemy'sfront.
Thefollowingtableshowstheperformanceofthevariousbedcrossbowscontainedin"TheGeneralSummaryofWujing":Crossbow27150steps(234.75meters)
DaheChanCrossbow2×27150steps(234.75meters)
XiaoheChanCrossbow27140steps(219.10meters)
XiziCrossbow24150steps(234.75meters)
Hand-firedcrossbow320250steps(391.25meters)
Threebowcrossbow370,300steps(469.50meters)
SecondthirdBowandcrossbow330200steps(313meters)
Accordingtotextualresearch,thecharacter"Pao"appearedrelativelylate,andXuShen's"ShuowenJiezi"intheEasternHanDynastycouldnotfindit.ItwasaboutOnlyintheJinDynastybegantoappearawordrelatedtothis,writtenas"?(Shimajiao)".Butitwasalongtimeagothatthestone-makingmachinewasusedinwar.ItissaidthatinthelateSpringandAutumnperiod,theYuecountryhadalreadyusedweaponsthatcouldthrow12cattiesofstonesto200stepsawaytofishforprimitive"artillery"weapons.Later,CaoCaoalsousedarockingmachine.The"Thunderboltcar"usedtohitYuanShao'sfortressinthe"WarofGuandu"wasarockingmachinethatmadeahugenoisewhenlaunched.IntheTangDynasty,therearealsomanyrecordsofusingstonefiringmachinestofight.Forexample,whenLiXunattackedLiaodong,heusedstonefiringmachinestothrowheavystoneballsonemileaway.TheFashimachinegunoftheSongDynastyhasdevelopedgreatlyonthebasisofpreviousgenerations.AlthoughtherearesporadicrecordsoftheFashijibeforetheTangDynasty,thereisnoimagematerialleft.Onlyinthe"WuJingZongYao",wecanclearlyseetheimageoftheFashiji—thegun.ThisiswhyweonlydescribedthegunasaweaponintheSongDynasty.
Cannons
Adozendifferentstylesofcannonsarerecordedinthe"WuJingZongYao",includingsingle-shotcannon,double-shotcannon,five-shotcannon,sevenSpikecannons,tigersquatcannons,columncannons,cyclonecannons,combinedcannons,recumbentcannons,carcannons,andcannons,etc.Thereisalsoaportable"handcannon",canfirehalfacattyofshells,butthereisnopicture,soitisdifficulttounderstanditsshape.Amongthevariousgunslistedabove,thebasicstructureofsingle-shot,double-shot,five-shot,andseven-shotgunsisthesame.Theheaviestseven-shotcannoncanthrow90to100cattiesofstonebulletsupto50stepsaway.Thereareahundredandtwenty-fiveropes.Itrequirestwofixedcannons,250people.Dragging.Therelativelyportablesingle-shotcannoncanonlybefixedbyonepersonanddraggedbyfourpeople.Itcanthrowtwocattiesofcannonstonefiftystepsaway.Tigersquatgunsandcolumn-belliedgunsarealsoequippedwithgunmounts,buttheyarenotasquarewithfourlegs,butanobliquetriangle,sotheyaremoreflexible.Thistypeofgunrequires71soldiersandfirestwelvekilogramsofartillery.,Thrownfiftystepsaway,theotheristhewhirlwindcannon.Thistypeofcannondoesnothavethekindofshelfmentionedabove.Instead,ahuge"skycolumn"iserected.Youcanchangethedirectionandshoottoallsides,andyoudon’tneedtomovethegunmountwhenyoudon’tneedtochangethedirectionlikeasingle-shotgun.Thedisadvantageisthatbecausethereisnomount,itisnotasstableasasingle-shotgun,andthefiredcannonstoneshouldnotbetooheavy,onlyaboutthreekilograms.Theabove-mentionedtypesofgunsareinstalledonwheeledcartstoformvariousguncarts,whichhavetwowheelsandfourwheeledcarts.
Thiskindofprimitiveartillery(ie,thefiringmachine)hasbeenwidelyusedincitydefenseattheendoftheNorthernSongDynasty,andhasaccumulatedalotofexperience.IntheearlySouthernSongDynasty,theoldrulesinhis"DefensiveCityRecords"attachedgreatimportancetotheuseofsuchheavylong-rangeweapons,andbelievedthatiftheattackingparty"hastouseartillery",hecouldquicklybreaktheenemycity;Ifonesideofthecitycanmasterandusethecannonwell,itcanalsoholdthecityfirmly.Inparticular,basedonthelessonslearnedfromtheconqueringofBianjing(nowKaifeng)intheNorthernSongDynastybytheGoldenSoldiers,hepointedoutthatthegunsofthedefendingsideshouldnotbeplacedonthenarrowheadofthecity.Whentheenemysawit,itbecamethetargetoftheenemy'sartillerystones.Hebelievesthatthecharacteristicsofthecurvedshotafterthecannonstoneshouldbeusedshouldbeinstalledinsidethecitywall,andtreescanbecamouflagedinfrontofthecannon.Whenlaunching,eachgunissetuponthecity’sheadtoobservetheenemy’ssituation.Accordingtotheobservation,"thegunnerissettoreleasethegunner'sposition,"andisslightlybiased.Justletthepersondraggingthegunmovetheposition.Iftheartilleryistoofaraway,letthegunnermovethegunmount;iftheartillerystonehitsfaraway,thenumberofpeoplewhopullthecannonlinewillbereduced,andwhenitisclose,itwillincreasethenumberofpeoplewhocanpulltheline.Aftertwoorthreetestshots,youcanaccuratelyhitthetarget.Thiskindofindirectshooting,whichplacestheguninahiddenplaceforobservationandcorrection,wasundoubtedlyaveryadvancedmilitarycommandtechnologymorethan800yearsago.
Offensiveanddefensiveequipment
3000yearsago,aprotractedwarbrokeoutbetweentheGreeksandtheTrojans.ThecauseofthewarissaidtobethattheGreeksweregoingtothecityofTroytorescueoneThebeautydeceivedbythekingofTroy.TheGreekshavecampedoutsideTroyformorethantenyears.However,duetothestrongcity,theGreeksoldierstriedtoknockdownthecitywallmanytimes,orplannedtoclimbintothecity,buttheywereunsuccessful.Intheend,theGreeksfinallycameupwithacleverplantohidetheelitesoldiersinahugewoodenhorse,enticingtheTrojanstotransportthewoodenhorseintothecity,andtakeadvantageoftheirprecautions,makeasurpriseattack,andcooperatewiththepeopleoutsidethecity.ItwasconsideredthatthecityofTroywascaptured.Thisisthestoryofthefamous"TrojanHorse"inancientGreeklegends.
Sinceancienttimes,theestablishmentofcitiesismostlyrelatedtothemilitary.Astrongcastleisoftenthemilitarydefenselineandfortressofaregionorevenacountry.Therefore,therulersofsuccessivegenerationsathomeandabroadhavebuilttheircastlestallandmajesticandsolid,ontheonehand,theyhaveattachedgreatimportancetothedevelopmentandimprovementofweaponsandequipmentforsiegeanddefense.The“Trojanhorse”quotedearlierwasaresultofforeignmilitarystrategists’schemingtobreakthecity.InancientChina,therehavelongbeenrecordsofsiegeanddefense.Luban),oncebuiltaladderforthekingofChutoattacktheSongDynastycity.
DuringtheNorthernSongDynasty,thefortificationsofthecitybecamestronger,andtheweaponsandequipmentforsiegeweredevelopedaccordingly.Aconsiderableamountofspacewasusedin"WuJingZongYao",recordingvariousheavyequipmentrelatedtocitydefensebuildingsanddefenseandsiege,includingsomespecialtypesofweapons,reflectingtheoccupationanddefenseofthecityatthattimeAnimportantpositioninthewar.
Regardingthefortificationsofthecity,therearedetailedimagesinthepaintings:thesolidbrickcitywallissurroundedbywideanddeeptrenches.Thesuspensionbridgeontheoutertrenchcanbeliftedwhentheenemycomestoattack.hangup.Thereisacircularurncitybuiltoutsidethecitygate,andeveniftheenemyinvadestheurncity,itmaybecomeaturtleintheurnandbetrappedinitandbedestroyed.Thetallcitywallisbuiltwithafemalewall,andtherearearrowwindowsforshootingarrowsdownwards."Horsefaces"protrudingfromthewallarealsobuilteveryothersection,withenemyshedsorbuildingsonthetop,equippedwithvariousdefenseequipment.Atthesametime,somecrossbowstandsconnectedtothecitywallwerebuiltalongthecity,andheavyartilleryandstrongcrossbowswereinstalled.Infrontofthebattleshedandoutsidethefemalewall,hangingclockboards,gratefences,leatherbamboofencesandotherprotectiveequipmentmadeofrawcowhide,willow,bambooskinandothermaterialstodefendagainstartilleryandcrossbowarrows.
Facedwithsuchstrictcitydefensefacilities,thesiegepartyalsohasavarietyoffortificationequipment.Thefirstistheladder.TheinventoroftheladderwasLuBan,askilledcraftsmanoftheStateofLuduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,butbecausethereisnopatterncirculating,itsshapehasnotbeentested.TheladderintheWarringStatesPeriodisshownintheknownpatternsofWarringStatesbronzeware.Itiscomposedofthreeparts:wheelsareinstalledatthebottom,whichcanbemoved;Onthewall;thetopoftheladderisequippedwithhookstohooktheedgeofthecitytopreventitfrombeingpushedanddestroyedbythedefenders.ComparedwiththeWarringStatesperiod,theladderintheTangDynastyhasbeengreatlyimproved:themainladderbodyisfixedonawoodenchassiswithsixwheelsunderneath;amovable"upstairsladder"(secondaryladder)isaddedtothemainladder.Thereisapairofrollerwheelsonthetop,whichcanslideupanddownalongthesurfaceofthecitywallwhenascendingtothecity.Whenattackingthecity,youonlyneedtoparkthemainladderunderthecity,andthensetupan"uptownladder"onthemainladder,youcan"pillowthecityup",reducingthedangeranddifficultyofsettinguptheladderinthefireofwar.
ThecloudladderinSongDynastyhasbeengreatlyimproved.The"WuJingGeneralPrinciples?SiegeLaw"records:"Thecloudladderusesalargewoodasabed,castssixroundsdown,andrisestwoladders.Therotationaxisisshieldedfromcowhideonallsides,andtheinsideisdrivenbypeople,andthetake-offladderisabovetheladder.”ItshowsthattheladderintheSongDynastyadoptedafoldingstructureconnectedbyahingeinthemiddle,andaprotectivefacilitywasaddedatthebottomoftheladder.Inaddition,"upgradeladders"(secondaryladders)havealsoappearedinvariousforms,including"flyingladders,twoorthreefeetlong,withdoublewheelsforthefirsttime,andtheauxiliaryrulesoftheantsareusedtoadvancethroughthecity";thereare"bambooflyingladders,"Usealargebamboowithasinglepoletosqueezeyourfeetonbothsidestoascend."Theseimprovementshaveincreasedthestabilityoftheladdertruckduringmovement,reducedthepossibilityofbeingdamagedbythedefenders,andmadeiteasierandfasterforthestackedcitytomeettheenemy.AftertheMingDynasty,thishugeladderwasgraduallyabandonedbecauseitcouldnotwithstandtheattacksofnew-stylefirearms.
Thenestcar,thisisavehiclethatclimbshightoobservetheenemy'ssituation.Thewatchtowerisahigh-hanging"watchtower"forpeopletositon.Becausethewatchtowerresemblesabird'snest,itiscalledanestcar.TheearliestrecordoftheuseofthenestcartcanbefoundinZuoZhuan.DuringtheYanlingbattlein575BC,thekingoftheChuCongonceboardedthenestcarttoobservethemovementsoftheJinarmy.Atthattime,therewasalsoDaZhaiBaizhouLiwhoaccompaniedhim.Thesizeofthecarisnotsmall.Thenestcarisalsoknownasthelocomotive,anditisaccompaniedbyadiagramoftheattachedlocomotiveinthe"WuJingZongYao?SiegeLaw".Fromthegraphicpointofview,thecarbodyismadeofwood.Therearefourwheelsatthebottom.Thecartisequippedwithtreeobservationpoles,andtheobservationtowerissetonthepole.Thereisarotatingshaftunderthepole,andthepoleisfixedinthreelayerswithsixropes.Thebottomoftheropeiswedgedintothegroundwitharingiron.Thiskindofvehiclecanclimbuptoobservetheenemy'ssituationinthecityatanytimeduringsiegeoperations,findtheweaknessofthedefendingenemy,andlaunchatargetedattack.
Inaddition,thesiegeequipmentintroducedinthe"WuJingZongYao"includesXingNvWall,WoodenNvWall,XingtianBridge,LoquatCar,DustCar,TrenchCar,CraneCrane,andHookandCrash.,Trains(akindofcarthatmovesforwardwithanignitionfurnace);therearealsoscaffolds,goosewings,leathermantlesfordiggingtunnelsandsiege,aswellasfirehooks,firesickles,fireforks,grabguns,tribulusguns,abductionguns,Variousweaponssuchascrestedaxe.Variousequipmentandequipmentusedtodefendthecity,aswellasbicyclefoot,piercing,woodenstand,bamboostand,abductiongun,hookpole,filehandaxe,andsoon.Therearealsothe"Tingurn"(tolistentotheground)usedtopreventtheenemyfromattackingthecity,andthefancar,aswellasthetorch,dovetailtorch,whipandarrow,ironbed,ironbox,fireball,etc.Fierceoiltankandsoon.