Urbanization

Basicunderstanding

Explanationofcapitalism

Generallyspeaking,itisthetransformationofanagriculturalpopulationintoanon-agriculturalpopulation,anagriculturalareaintoanon-agriculturalarea,andagriculturalactivitiesintoanon-agriculturalpopulation.Theprocessofnon-agriculturalactivities.

Afterthereformandopeningup,Chinahasgraduallylooseneditsoriginalcontroloverpopulationmobility.Alargenumberofmigrantworkershavemovedtocities,andatthesametimetheprocessofurbanizationhasbeenaccelerated.Itcanbesaidthat"thedreamofreformisthousandsofmilesinspring,andthepeasantsareswarmingtobecomeworkers.Therearehighbuildingsinthedesertedbeachesandmountains,andthethree-dimensionalnetworkedurbanagglomeration"(Zuohewaterpoem).However,theongoingurbanizationhasalsobroughtaseriesofcontradictionstothesustained,rapidandhealthydevelopmentofChina'seconomyandsociety.Therefore,simpleanddeliberateurbanizationisnotsuitableforChina'snationalconditionsandtheneedsofsteadydevelopment.China'scurrenturbanization(urbanization)shouldbethe"five-in-one"urbanizationofindustry,population,land,society,andruralareas,ratherthanendorsing"realestate".

The"2012China'sNewUrbanizationReport"pointedoutthatChina'surbanizationrateexceeded50%.ThismeansthatChina'surbanpopulationsurpassestheruralpopulationforthefirsttime,andChina'surbanizationhasenteredacriticalstageofdevelopment.However,inexam-orientededucation,theurbanizationrateisgenerallysetbetween40%and50%.

Marxistexplanation

Marx'stheoryofcapitalurbanizationisoneofthemaincorecontentsofMarxistgeography.Thetheorybelievesthattheessenceofthecityistheartificialenvironmentunderthesocialsystem.Undertheconditionsofcapitalism,theprocessofproductionandcreationoftheurbanartificialenvironmentistheresultofthecontrolandactionofcapital,anditistheconsequenceofthedevelopmentofcapitalitselfthatneedstocreateahumanisticandmateriallandscapethatsuitsitsproductionpurposes.

Theman-madeenvironmentisproducedandcreatedfortheaccumulationofcapitalinordertoexploitlabor.Theproductionprocessofurbanspaceundercapitalismalsobearsthecontradictionsincapitalistproduction.Theurbanprocessundercapitalismisaprocessofinteractionbetweencapitalaccumulationandclassstruggle.

Theurbanizationofcapitalismistheurbanizationofcapital.Citiesarethespatialnodesofcapitalaccumulationandcirculation.

Theeconomicdynamicsprinciplesofurbanization:

Capitalaccumulation,capitalcirculation,capitalcirculation,capitalappreciation

Thecontradictionofthefirstcycleofcapitalandtheurbanprocess:Thebasiccontradictionofindustrialcapitalproduction:thecrisisofover-accumulationformedbyover-accumulationofcapital.

Thecontradictionofthesecondcycleofcapitalandtheprocessofurbanization

AWhenindustrialproductionfacesadeclineintherateofreturninthefirstcycle,capitalturnstothesecondcycleandinvestsintheproductionofman-madeenvironments.

BTheartificialenvironmentofthecityprovidesinvestmentchannelsandopportunitiesfortheover-accumulatedcapitalinthefirstcycle(providingexportsforthefirstcyclecontradiction)

CThecreditsystemoffinancialinstitutionsandthecountry’sCoordinatedinterventiontoovercomethelackofinvestment,sothatthefirstcycletothesecondcyclecanbecompletedsmoothly.

"Theformationanddevelopmentoftheurbanartificialenvironmentistheresultoftheruthlessdrivinganddominanceofindustrialcapitalprofits.Capitalistscreatetheurbanhumanisticandmateriallandscapeaccordingtotheirownwishes."——Marx

2CapitalThethirdcycleofcontradictionsandtheprocessofurbanization

AInthesecondcycle,investmentopportunitiesarequicklysaturatedduetothetrendofexcessivecapitalaccumulation;

BThethirdcycleistowardscienceandtechnologyAndthehealth,educationandotherinputsrelatedtolaborreproduction;

CThethirdcyclealsodoesnoteliminatethetrendofexcessiveaccumulationandintegratewiththetheoryoftheworldsystem.

Reasons

1.People'srequirementsforenvironmentalqualityhaveincreased

2.Infrastructureimprovementinruralareasandsmalltowns

3.Thedevelopmentofexpresswaysandthepopularizationofprivatecars

DevelopmentTrend

Thestate'sregulationoftherealestateindustryhasacertainimpactontheconstructionindustry,butwiththecontinuousadvancementofurbanizationinmycountry,Withthelaunchofreconstructionandexpansionprojectsintownsandcities,andthestartoflarge-scaleconstructionofaffordablehousing,theconstructionindustrywillcontinuetomaintainastabledevelopmenttrend.Thedevelopmentofmetropolitanareas,urbanagglomerations,urbanbeltsandcentralcitiesheraldedtherapidtake-offofChina'surbanizationprocess.

Reasonablelayout

Inordertoenablethecitytohaveastrongagglomerationandradiationdrivingcapacity,itsurbanpopulationshouldbemorethan2million(inordertoprovideabetterPublicservice,otherwisetheserviceisinsufficientorcorrupt;thisisalsotherootcauseofpeopleflockingtomegacitiessuchasBeijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Chengdu,Chongqing,etc.),preferablymorethan3million(tosupportthemoredevelopedpublictransportationindustry,suchassubwaysandaviation,etc.));whentheurbanpopulationexceeds16million,moreseriousurbandiseaseswilloccur;whenthepopulationofurbanagglomerations(within200kilometers)exceeds50million,therewillalsobemoreseriousurbanagglomerationdiseases,especiallyenvironmentalproblems(Itisdifficulttodisposeofurbanwastenearby),housingproblems,trafficproblems,etc.

Chinahasapopulationofabout1.4billion,andtherewillbeatleast1billionurbanpopulation.Onlyabalancedlayoutofmoremetropolitanareas(2-16millionpeopleincentralcities,10-50millionpeoplewithin200kilometers),theconstructionofmore(about50)metropolitanareas(newprovincesormunicipalitiescanbeadded),sothatChina’spopulationcanberelativelyevenlydistributed,andurbanwastecanbeabsorbednearby(within200kilometers),andfundamentallysolvedThecontradictionbetweenurbanizationandurbandisease.

Thereasonableradiusofthe“town”drivenbytheradiationofthe“city”shouldbenomorethan200kilometers(itisconvenientforthetownship(orurbanarea)personneltogototheurbanarea(ortownship)todothingsonthesameday);therefore,theexistingextralargeAcity(especiallyaprovincialcapital)200kilometersaway,ifthereisalargerarea(morethan30,000squarekilometers)andalargerpopulation(above10million/easytocultivateacentralcitywithapopulationofmorethan2million),newcentersshouldbecultivatedCities(suchasbeingthecapitalofanewprovince),constructionofarterialtransportationhubs(especiallyhigh-speedrail),constructionofcomprehensiveresearchuniversities,etc.)inordertoachieveabalancedandreasonabledistributionofcitiesandtownsacrossthecountry,andfundamentallypreventthepopulationfromonlyagglomeratinginthecountryInexistingprovincialcapitalsormunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment(makingurbandiseasesandurbanagglomerationsmoreandmoreserious).Amongthem,theareascenteredoncitiessuchasXuzhou,Yichang,Ganzhou,Guilin,andYibinareidealareasforcultivatingnewmetropolitanareas.

Inaddition,inordertoenablethe"centraltown(county)"toeffectivelydrivethecounty'svillages,thedistancebetweenthe"centraltown(county)"andthecountyboundaryshouldbe20-30kilometers(reasonabledistanceforpublictransportation).

Evolutionprocess

Thenormalgeneralizedurbanizationprocesswillgothroughtheprocessofurbanization,suburbanurbanization,counter-urbanization,andre-urbanization,buttheurbanizationdiscussedinessenceisDoesnotincludecounter-urbanization.However,thisprocessisnotenoughtosolvetheproblemofhumansustainabledevelopment,anditneedstobesolvedbysecondaryurbanizationintheworld.TheUNCarbonEntropyActionProgramisaguidingprogramforthesustainabledevelopmentofhumancities,allowingcitiesthatoccupy2%oftheearth'sareabutconsume80%oftheearth'sresourcestosustainablydevelopscientifically.

Urbanizationgenerallyreferstotheprocessofpopulationagglomerationinurbanareasandtheprocessoftransformingruralareasintourbanareas.

Features

Intheworld,highlyurbanizedcountriesandregionsareundergoingre-urbanizationintheworld-widepopulationflow,forminganeweconomicandsocialsustainabilityintheworldThecenteristhesecondurbanization,andtheresultingcityisthenewworldcenter.

1.Inresponsetotheinflationcrisisformedbythesingleindustrializedeconomyandthelong-distancelogisticsexchangemodelleftoverfromthehistoryofthefirsturbanizationintheworld,itisformedbyusingcarbonentropycitiesthatcanproduceenergytoeliminatetheinflationcrisis.Anewcitywithoutaninflationcrisisisitsfirstfeature;

2.Inresponsetothehistoricallegacyofthefirsturbanizationintheworld,itisbasedsolelyoneconomicinterestsandlackstheconceptofsustainableurbandevelopment.Theformationofenergycrisis,theuseofself-producedenergycarbonentropycitiestoeliminateenergycrisisandtheformationofnewnon-energycrisiscities,isitssecondfeature;

3.ForthefirsttimeintheworldTheplunderingofthebiomassresourcesleftoverfromtheurbanizationhistorythatcoexistedwithmankindexceededhumanexpectations.Drivenbyeconomicinterests,citiesexpandedindefinitely,plunderingalargeamountoflandresourcesthatcanproducefood,andcreatinganewcrisisforfood.Energy-producingcarbonentropycitieseliminateinflationarycrises,energycrisesandatthesametimeeliminatefoodcrises.Citieswithoutfoodcrisesarethethirdfeature;

4.Aimingattheworld’sfirsturbanizationThelegacyofhistoryispurelyforthepurposeofeconomicbenefits,sacrificingthequalityofhumanlifeandcausingacrisisofpensionandemployment.Thecarbonentropyurbanfarmingthatcanproduceenergybyitselfsolvestheproblemsofemploymentandpensionsandformsacrisisofnopensionemployment.Fourthfeature;

5.Inresponsetothesingleindustrialeconomyformedbyburningfossilenergyleftoverfromthehistoryofthefirsturbanizationintheworld,theclimatecrisisthatmankindcannotsurvive,thecarbonthatcanproduceenergyonitsownEntropycityhassolvedtheclimatehazardandformedacitywithoutclimatecrisisasitsfifthfeature;

6.AimingattheunrestricteduseofwaterleftoverfromthehistoryofthefirsturbanizationintheworldTheresultingwater-freecrisis,thecarbonentropythatcanproduceenergyforthecity,isonepercentoftheoriginalurbanwaterconsumption,sothecitywithnowater-sourcecrisisformedbysolvingthewatercrisiscausedbywaterconsumptionisthefirstplace.Sixcharacteristics.

Inresponsetothemanycrisesthatwereleftoverfromthehistoricallegacyofthefirsturbanization,theUNCarbonEntropyActionPlanistheguidelinefortheworld'ssecondurbanization.

Themainflowofpopulationisthemigrationofthemiddleandupperclassesoftheurbanpopulationtothesuburbsoroutlyingareas.Thisisthesuburbanurbanization.

Counter-urbanization

Sincethe1970s,thepopulationofdevelopedcountriesandthecentralurbansuburbsofsomelargecitieshasmigratedoutward,movingtoruralareasandsmalltownsfartherfromthecities.Therehasbeenaphenomenonofpopulationmovementoppositetourbanization.Counter-urbanizationisalsocalledhollowingoutofurbancenters.

Counter-urbanizationisnotthedeclineofurbanization,butanewformofurbanizationexpansion.Itisbasedonthedisappearanceofurban-ruraldifferencesandtheformationofurban-ruralintegration.Completefacilitiessuchastransportation,water,electricity,information,andsuperiornaturalsceneryhaveattractedbigcityresidentswhohavebeenfacingturbidairandnoiseinthecityforalongtimetoliveandsettleinvillagesandtownstemporarily,leadingtothephenomenonofcounter-urbanization.InsomedevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandWesternEurope,thephenomenonofcounter-urbanizationisobvious.

Specifically,thecentralareaof​​bigcitiesisshrinking;thenumberofruralpopulationisincreasing,andtheurbanpopulationisreturningtoruralsettlementsandsmalltowns.

Chinesecharacteristics

——TheMovementofGoingUptheMountainstotheCountryside,whichemphaticallytookplaceduringtheCulturalRevolutioninMainlandChinainthe1960sand1970s,ChairmanMaoItissuedinstructionsthat"thecountrysideisavastworld,andtherecanbealottodo",and"itisnecessaryforyoungintellectualstogotothecountrysidetoreceivere-educationfrompoor,lowerandmiddlepeasants."TheChinesegovernmenthasorganizedalargenumberofurban"educatedyouths"toleavethecities.Thepoliticalmovementtosettleandworkinthecountryside.

——One-childurbanization(familyplanning).Afterthe1980s,China’sTheone-childpolicyimplementedinurbanareastocontrolpopulationgrowth.AsChinaentersaneraoflowfertilityandaging,thereportofthe18thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina(2012)hasproposed:"Adheretothebasicnationalpolicyoffamilyplanning,improvethequalityofbirths,graduallyimprovepolicies,andpromotelong-termbalancedpopulationdevelopment."GovernmentworkThereport(2013)alsoputforward:"Graduallyimprovethepopulationpolicy.Adheretothebasicnationalpolicyoffamilyplanning,adapttothetrendofchangesinChina'spopulationandstructure,makeacoordinatedsolutiontothepopulation,quality,structureanddistributionissues,andpromotelong-termbalanceddevelopmentofthepopulation."

Re-urbanization

Facedwiththeagingeconomicstructureandpopulationdecline,oldcitiesareactivelyadjustingtheirindustrialstructure,developinghigh-techindustriesandtertiaryindustries,andactivelydevelopingdebilitatingdowntownareas.Attractingyoungprofessionalstoliveinthecity,re-urbanizationhasoccurred.

Urbanization

Carbonentropyreferstotheentropystateofcarbonutilization,thatis,toorderthedisorderedcarbonstateintoameasurable,Verifiablesteadystateofentropy.Carbonentropyincrease,carbonentropyreductionandcarbonentropyeliminationarethreecontrollablemeasuresforcarbonentropyordering.

Carbonentropytechnologycanbeappliedtonationalurbanizationandsecondaryurbanization.Theincreaseincarbonentropycanmakethecityself-sufficientinthedemandforenergy,water,foodandothermaterials,andthereductionincarbonentropycanmaketheoldcityself-sufficient.Zeroemissionofwasteheat,wastewater,exhaustgasandsolidwaste,completelyeliminategreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxideandmethaneinthenewcity,carbonentropyelimination-eliminateplagueandotherpathogensandheavymetalpollution,maketheurbansystemhavebiologicalfunctions,andrealizetheintegrationofhumanandurbansystemsSelf-purification,self-productionofenergy,mutualsymbiosis,enhancethevitalityofthecity,andrealizethesustainabledevelopmentofthecityandsocialscience.

Positivesignificance

Reasonableurbanizationcanimprovetheenvironment.Forexample,throughmeasuressuchaslevelingtheland,constructingwaterconservancyfacilities,andgreeningtheenvironment,theenvironmentisconducivetoimprovingpeople’slivingstandardsandpromotingThedirectionofsocialdevelopmentchangestoreducethepressureofhumanactivitiesontheenvironment.

Astheeconomiccenterofregionaldevelopment,itcandriveregionaleconomicdevelopment,andtheimprovementofregionaleconomiclevelpromotesthedevelopmentofcities;itpromoteschangesinproductionmethods,settlementpatterns,lifestyles,andvalues.

Populationtransformation

Citiescancreatemorejobopportunitiesandabsorbalargenumberofsurplusruralpopulation.Thelaborforcegraduallyshiftsfromtheprimaryindustrytothesecondary,tertiary,andfourthindustry.

Industrialadjustment

Theprocessofurbanizationcaneffectivelypromotethedevelopmentofthevastruralareasandhelpimprovetheregionalindustrialstructure.

Industrialdevelopment

Urbanizationhelpstoimprovetheefficiencyofindustrialproduction,andindustrializationgivesurbanizationacontinuousdrivingforce.

ScienceandTechnologyProgress

Theadvancementofscienceandtechnologyandtheadvancementofinformatizationhavemademodernlargecitiesbecomemajorscientificandtechnologicalinnovationbasesandinformationexchangecenters.Andthenimprovetheoveralldevelopmentleveloftheregion.

Culturalexchanges

Urbanculturespreadsandpenetratesextensivelyintothecountryside,affectingtheproductionandlifestyleofthecountryside(self-sufficientnaturaleconomy),andincreasingthedegreeofopeningupofthecountrysidetotheoutsideworld.Itisconducivetotheexchangesbetweencitiesandvillagesandnarrowsthegapbetweenurbanandruraldevelopment.

Thedrivingforceofdevelopment

Therearenomorethantwodrivingforcesforthedevelopmentofurbanization,oneisthrustandtheotherispullingforce.Pushreferstothefactorsthatcausethecrowdtoleavethecountryside,andpullreferstothefactorsthatattractthecrowdtothecity.Thethrustsincludetheintensificationofhuman-landconflicts,frequentnaturaldisasters,lowincomes,poorlivingstandards,andshortageofsocialserviceresources;pullssuchasmoreemploymentopportunities,abundantsocialserviceresources,convenienttransportation,andcompleteculturalfacilities.

Adverseeffects

Environmentalissues

Biosphere

Reducingbiodiversity

Lithosphere

Atmosphere

Watercircle

Socialissues

Economicimpact

Risinglandprices,Risingcosts.

Thefoodproblem

Alargenumberoffarmershavelefttheoriginalcultivatedland,andtheproblemofabandoningfarmlandandwastelandisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.China’sgrainimportrateisgraduallyincreasing,makingthepopulationofChina’sfoodsecurityproblemhidden.ThisisnotconducivetoChina'snationaldevelopmentandpoliticalstability.

Case

Althoughmorethan2500acresofarablelandinZhaojiagouVillage,YongheCounty,LinfenCity,ShanxiProvince,thereisstilllittleabandonment,buttheprospectsNotoptimistic.Themainlaborforceforplantingcorn,walnuts,etc.arefarmersaround60yearsold,unclefarmersandaunts,whostillinsistonfarmingoutofnaturalaffectionforlandandcultivation,buteachpersonhastooperate20-30muofarablelandonaverageandbasicallyrelyonmanpower.Withanimalpower,thelaborforce"overloads".Thereisalreadyashortageofgrainfarmersinthisvillage.Whentheseoldpeopleareunabletoworkin5-10years,therewillbenootherlaborforceinthemaingrain-growingareas.Intheseareas,farmlandisscattered,landtransferpracticesareimmature,andtheenthusiasmofsocialcapitaltoenterconcentratedfarmingisnothigh.Ifthe"farmershortage"isnotalleviatedforseveralyears,theexisting"abandonment"phenomenoninruralareaswillintensify.Duetotheseasonalityoffoodproduction,itoccursonce,affectsoneseason,andcontinuestooccur.Itwillbeaviciouscirclethatthreatensnationalfoodsecurityandsociety.Stablize.

IfChina’sseniorleaderspaymoreattentiontotheproblemoftheshortageofrurallaborforce,takeadvantageofthepositiveenergyofthecountry’seconomicstrengthtoreintegraterurallandresources,runintensiveagriculture,andrealizethelarge-scaleandmechanizedagricultureinChina.Transformationisconducivetothegreatdevelopmentofruralareas,anditalsoguaranteesthecountry’sfoodsecurityandsocialstability.Conversely,thedevelopmentofmodernizationinruralareaswillsurplusmorelabor,andthesesurpluslaborwillfurtherpromotethescaleofChina'sindustryandpromotefurtherurbanization.

MetropolitanDisease

TodayChina’sMetropolitanDiseaseisalreadyquiteserious.Trafficcongestion,resourceshortages,andthedeclineinthequalityoflifeofurbanresidentsarehauntingtheprogressofcities.ThepaceofconstructionandtransformationofChina'slargecitieshasaccelerated,urbancircleshavebeguntoappearinsomeareasofChina,andmanymegacitieshavealsobeguntobuild"satellitecities"hopingtosolvemanyproblemsinlargecities.Forexample,DingXiangyang,directoroftheBeijingMunicipalReformCommission,mentionedinareporttotheMunicipalPeople’sCongressatthe12thBeijingMunicipalPeople’sCongressthatBeijingwilldeterminehigh-levelplanninganddesignthroughpublicbiddinginaccordancewiththestandardsofamodernecologicalcity,andconstructseveralsuitablefiveAnewtypeof"satellitecity"withapopulationofmorethan100,000livingandworkinghasbeenusedtoevacuatethepopulationinthecentralareaof​​thecity.However,thedevelopmentof"satellitecities"inactualoperationoftenmakescitiesmore"bloated"andthephenomenonof"urbandiseases"becomesmoreprominent.Therefore,tosolvetheproblemofurbandiseases,whiledeveloping"satellitecities"fordecentralizedurbanization,careshouldbetakennottomakecitiesmore"bloated."Inthepasttwoyears,theroleofurbanizationinpromotingthecountyeconomyhasweakened.Urbanizationinsomeplacesfocusesonlarge-scaleandhigh-intensity"city-buildingcampaigns",whichpartiallyoverdraftsthedividendsofurbanization.

Transformationofurbanfunctions

Theurbanizationprocessofdevelopedcountriescanberoughlydividedintotwophases.Thefirststageischaracterizedby"centralization",andthesecondstageischaracterizedby"decentralization".Asaresult,"metropolitancircles"or"urbanagglomerations"and"urbanbelts"centeredonlargecitieshavedevelopedrapidly.SomedevelopedregionsinChina,suchasBeijing,Shanghai,andGuangzhou,havealreadyseenatrendofthewealthyclassesmovingfromthecitytothesuburbs,thatistosay,theyhaveenteredthesecondstageofurbanizationdevelopment:the"suburbanizationstage."Thedevelopmentof"urbancircle"and"satellitecity"requiresattentiontothetransformationandcoordinateddevelopmentofurbanfunctionsandsurroundingsuburbanfunctions.Theprocessofurbanizationistheprocessofcontinuousmodernization.Centralcitiesshouldcontinuouslystrengthenthescale,layout,andfunctionofthe"urbanbelt"and"regionaleconomy".Thecontinuousevolutionofurbanfunctionsistheprerequisiteforthesounddevelopmentofcentralcities,anditisalsothebasisforsolvingtheproblemsofbigcitiesanddrivingthestableandhealthyeconomicdevelopmentofsurroundingareas.

Theproblemsbroughtaboutbyurbanizationandurbanizationareindeedshocking.Somescholarsoncesummarizedthatthedisadvantagesofmodernurbanizationaremainlyreflectedintwoaspects:oneis"urbandisease",whichismanifestedinhousing,transportation,environment,employment,safety,health,etc.;theotheris"urbanculturaldisease",thatis,peopleSuspect,disappointment,hatred,hatredandevenhostilitytowardsthecityitselfandotherextremementalitiesandbehaviors.

SomeWesternscholarshaveproposedthatmodernurbanizationisfundamentallyaWestern-styleurbanizationof"urbanadvancementandretreatfromagriculture".Becauseitisbasedonthetheoryofoppositiontonatureandtheexclusionofthecountryside,thisdistortedurbanizationisdestinedtobeunkindtonature,tothecountryside,andtodisadvantagedgroups,anditisdifficulttoavoidrootlessnessandunsustainability.

Theabovegeneralizationmaybebiased,butithelpstopiercethebeautifulmythofWestern-styleurbanizationbasedonbigcities.Letusfacetheproblemsofmodernurbanizationandseekcountermeasures.Metropolitandiseasesareanimportantpartofenvironmentalproblems.Iftheyarenotsolvedwell,theywilldirectlythreatenthemodernizationprocessandnationalecologicalsecurity.InthewordsofDavidGriffin,"Iftheecologicalcrisisisleftunchecked,humancivilizationwillcometoanendintheglobalpursuitofuncontrolleddevelopment."

Theshortcomingsofmodernurbanizationshowthatitisnecessarytoexploreanurbanizationmodelinwhichmanandnatureareinharmonyandurbanandruralareasareprosperous.Thisnewmodelshouldbeanupgradedversionofmodernurbanization,advocatingtheintegrationofthecityandthecountryside,theharmonybetweenindustryandagriculture,andthedevelopmentofanorganic,rooted,andsentimental"aestheticcity."

Thecommunity-supportedagriculture,urbanagriculture,andurbantransformationcampaignsbeingcarriedoutinWesterncountriesareimportantexplorationsofnewurbanization.

Thecommunity-supportedagriculturalmovementisdevelopingrapidlyintheUnitedStates.Moreandmoreyoungpeopleinthecitygotothecountrysidetoengageinfarmingandopensmallorganicfarms.Community-supportedagricultureisnotonlythecitynurturingthecountryside,butalsothecountrysidenurturingthecityandagriculturesupportingthecity.Itisa"green"channeltoachievetheharmoniousdevelopmentofurbanandruralareas.Community-supportedagricultureencouragesmoresmallholderstoadoptorganicfarmingmethodstotreattheirlandwell,whichtrulyembodiesthekindnessof"butkeepasmallamountoflandandkeepfarmingwithchildrenandgrandchildren".

Theurbanagriculturalmovement,whichoncefellintoadownturn,isrejuvenated.Peopleareincreasinglyrealizingthatthebenefitsofurbanlandusedforagricultureareverylowwhenviewedsolelybyeconomicmeasures,butconsideringthesocialandecologicalreturns,"itsvaluewillbehighlighted."Urbanagriculturehasmadeaninestimablecontributiontoreducingenvironmentalpollutioncausedbyhumanactivities,increasinggreenplants,reducingfoodproductionlinks,andreducingcarbonemissions.

The"UrbanTransformationMovement"isanotherrootedeffort.The"UrbanTransformationMovement"originatedinTotnesCounty,England,advocatingsustainablelifestylesandrebuildinglocalecologicalresilience,reducingenergyconsumptionaccordingtolocalconditions,andgettingridofdependenceonoil.

ThisnewurbanizationpathhasnotyetappearedonalargescaleintheWest.

ForChina,thestatemediaandofficialscholarsbelievethatChinanotonlyhasexcellentculturaltraditionssuchas"theharmonybetweenmanandnature",butalsohastheeconomicandpoliticalfoundationstoadvancefromindustrialcivilizationtoecologicalcivilization.China'shigh-speedrail,mobilemultimedia,newenergyandothertechnologieshaveprovidedimportantsupportfornarrowingthegapbetweenurbanandruralareasandrealizingco-prosperitybetweenurbanandruralareas.Ifthisurbanizationwithbothurbanandruralareassucceeds,itwillnotonlybenefittheChinesepeople,butalsomakeahugecontributiontotheworldandhumancivilization.

Process

Asearlyastheperiodwhenprimitivesocietytransformedintoslavesociety,citiesappeared.However,inalonghistoricalperiod,thedevelopmentofcitiesandtheincreaseofurbanpopulationhavebeenextremelyslow.Until1800,theworld'surbanpopulationonlyaccountedfor3%ofthetotalpopulation.Onlyinmoderntimes,withtheriseoftheindustrialrevolution,theemergenceoflarge-scalemachineryindustryandlarge-scalesocialproduction,andtheemergenceanddevelopmentofcapitalistproductionmethods,manynewindustrialandcommercialcitieshaveemerged,whichhasledtorapidurbanpopulationgrowth.Theproportionofthepopulationcontinuestorise.From1800to1950,thetotalpopulationontheearthincreasedby1.6times,whiletheurbanpopulationincreasedby23times.IntheUnitedStates,duringthe60yearsfrom1780to1840,theproportionoftheurbanpopulationinthetotalpopulationonlyrosefrom2.7%to8.5%.WhentheUnitedStatesbegantheIndustrialRevolutionin1870,theurbanpopulationaccountedforonly20%,butby1920,itsproportionsuddenlyroseto51.4%.Lookingattheworldasawhole,theurbanpopulationaccountedfor13.6%in1900,28.2%in1950,33%in1960,38.6%in1970,and41.3%in1980.Therefore,theprocessofurbanizationstartedwiththeemergenceofmodernindustryandcapitalism.

Thedegreeofurbanizationisanimportantsymbolofacountry’seconomicdevelopment,especiallythedevelopmentofindustrialproduction.Duetodifferencesinnaturalconditions,geographicenvironment,totalpopulation,andimbalancesinsocialandeconomicdevelopment,thelevelandspeedofurbanizationinvariouscountriesvarygreatly.Thedegreeofurbanizationineconomicallydevelopedindustrializedcountriesismuchhigherthanthatofeconomicallybackwardagriculturalcountries.In1980,theaverageproportionofurbanpopulationindevelopedcountrieswas70.9%.Amongthem,theUnitedStateswas77%,Japanwas78.3%,theFederalRepublicofGermanywas84.7%,theUnitedKingdomwas90.8%,andCanadawas75.5%.Theaverageurbanpopulationindevelopingcountriesis30.1%,andmanyofthemarelessthan20%.

Cityisthesymbolofhumancivilizationandthecenterofpeople'seconomic,politicalandsociallife.Thedegreeofurbanizationisanimportantindicatorformeasuringtheeconomic,social,cultural,andtechnologicallevelofacountryandregion,anditisalsoanimportantindicatorformeasuringthelevelofsocialorganizationandmanagementofacountryandregion.Urbanizationisaninevitableprocessforhumanprogressandanimportantclueinthetransformationofhumansocialstructure.Afterurbanization,itmarkstherealizationofthegoalofmodernization.Onlyafterthebaptismofurbanizationcanmankindenteramoregloriousera.However,itisfarfromenoughtobeamazedbythefruitfulresultsbroughtaboutbyurbanization,andtoshoutoutloudly.Theprocessofurbanizationisnotnecessarilyabeautifulmovement.Likemanyadvancements,theprocessofurbanizationisalsomixed.Therearemanydiscordantsounds.ItisofgreatsignificancetoChinatocorrectlyunderstandtheimpactofurbanizationandtakenecessarymeasurestosolveitseriously.

Thelevelofurbanizationinsocialistcountriescontinuestoincreasewiththegradualrealizationofindustrialization.TheproportionoftheurbanpopulationintheSovietUnionwasabout18%beforetheOctoberRevolution,reached50%in1961,androseto65%in1981.OtherEasternEuropeancountries,suchasBulgaria,Hungary,GermanDemocraticRepublic,Poland,Czechoslovakia,etc.,allhavemorethan50%oftheurbanpopulation.

China'surbanizationprocess

The"2012ChinaNewUrbanizationReport"introducedthattheurbanizationdevelopmentprocessofNewChinahasroughlyincluded1949-1957.Theinitialdevelopmentofurbanization,thetortuousdevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1958to1965,thestagnantdevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1966to1978,therecoveryanddevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1979to1984,thesteadydevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1985to1991,therapiddevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1992topresent,etc.6Stages.

AreportreleasedtodaybytheNationalBureauofStatisticsonAugust17,2012showsthatChina’stotalpopulationhasgrownsteadilyatalowratesincethe16thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofmycountry,populationfertilityhascontinuedtoremainstableatalowlevel,populationculturalqualityhascontinuedtoimprove,andthelevelofurbanizationhasbeencontinuouslyimproved.Withfurtherimprovement,thepopulation’smarriageandfamilystatusremainedstable.Thereportshowsthattheurbanizationratein2011reached51.27%.

TheprocessofurbanizationinChina:Itischaracterizedbyalatestart,amediumlevel,andafastspeed.AccordingtothedataofChina'ssixcensuses,theurbanizationlevelsofthepreviouscensusesare:12.84%,17.58%,20.43%,25.84%,35.39%,49.68%.

Attheendof2019,China'surbanpermanentpopulationwas848.43million,accountingfor60.60%ofthetotalpopulation.ThisisthefirsttimethattheurbanizationrateofChina'spermanentpopulationhasexceeded60%.

Thelevelofurbanizationhasincreasedsteadily

Sincethe16thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina,mycountry’surbanizationhasdevelopedrapidly.From2002to2011,mycountry’surbanizationratehasbeenWithagrowthrateof1.35percentagepoints,theurbanpopulationgrowsbyanaverageof20.96millionpeopleeveryyear.In2011,theproportionoftheurbanpopulationreached51.27%,anincreaseof12.18%over2002.Theurbanpopulationwas69.79million,anincreaseof188.67millionover2002;theruralpopulationwas65.56million,adecreaseof125.85million......

China'surbanizationmainlybeganinthelate1970s,thatis,afterthereformandopeningup.

Peoplearethemainbodyofthecity,andthestartingpointanddestinationofurbanization.Intheprocessofurbanization,wemustfirstestablishapeople-orientedthinking.First,themajorityofagriculturalworkersneedtohaverealfreedomtochoosetheirjobsandland,breaktheartificialshacklesthatfixfarmersontheland,andimprovethelandpolicy,householdregistrationpolicyandsocialsecuritysystem;Atallstagesofurbanization,fullattentionmustbepaidtotheinterestsofpeopleintheprocessofurbanization.

Therehavebeenmanyproblemsintheprocessofurbanizationandtherewillbemanyproblems.Wemustinsistthaturbanizationitselfstartsfrompromotingpeople'sproductionmethods,improvingpeople'sproductionmethods,andenhancingpeople'svalues,soastosuperviseandguideourwork;constantlydiscoverandsolveproblems.People-orientedsustainabledevelopmentisthelong-termroadtourbanization.

The2012SocialBlueBook"AnalysisandForecastofChina’sSocialSituationin2012"issuedbytheInstituteofSociologyoftheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesonDecember19,2011statedthat2011wasamilestoneinthehistoryofChina’surbanizationdevelopment.Inoneyear,theproportionofurbanpopulationinthetotalpopulationwillexceed50%forthefirsttime.ThismarksthatChina'sdevelopmenthasenteredanewstageofgrowth,andurbanizationhasbecomeanewenginethatpromoteseconomicandsocialdevelopmentafterindustrialization.

China'surbanizationrateovertheyears

Asoftheendof2017,theurbanizationrateofeachprovinceinChinacanbedividedintofourlevels,(referringtoMainlandChina31Provincialadministrativedistrict):

Thefirstlevel:includingShanghai、Beijing、Tianjin3CitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment,theurbanizationrateis80%～90%

Secondlevel:IncludingGuangdong、Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Fujian,Jiangxi,Chongqing,Liaoningandother7provinces,urbanizationTherateis60%～70%

Thethirdlevel:includingHeilongjiang,Shandong,Hubei,Jilin,Ningxia,Hainan、Shanxi、Shaanxi、Hebeib>,Hunan,Anhui,Qinghai,InnerMongoliaandother13provinces,theurbanizationrateis50%～60%

FourthLevel:IncludingSichuan、Xinjiang、Guangxi,Henan、Yunnan、Gansu、Guizhou、Tibetandother8provinces,theurbanizationrateislessthan50%

Practicalproblems

Currently,therearefivemajorstrategicdisadvantagesinthedevelopmentofurbanizationinChina:First,intheworldstructure,China’surbanizationisclearlylaggingbehindthemismatchofindustrialization;thesecondisChina’surbanization.Intheprocess,itisobviousthatlandurbanizationisfasterthanpopulationurbanization.ThethirdisthatChina’surbanizationurgentlyneedstoovercometheunfairnessof"urbanandruralareas,registeredpopulationandpermanentpopulation";fourth,China’surbanizationismorefocusedThequantityandscaleofurbandevelopment,ignoringthecostofresourcesandtheenvironment,presentsextensiveproductionofnon-intensive;fifth,China’surbanizationmustsolvehowtoenteramodernmanagementsystemandeliminatetheimmaturityofurbandiseases.

In-situurbanization

In-situurbanizationreferstotheoriginalruralareaswithoutthedirecteffectandinfluenceofcities;duetothediscoveryanddevelopmentofcertainresourcesorDuetotheestablishmentofexternaltransportationstatus,orduetochangesintheproductionstructure,farmersareseparatedfromthelandtoengageinnon-agriculturalproduction,andtheprocessoftransformingruralareasintourbanareasistheprocessofruralurbanization.

DuetoChina’slargeruralpopulationandaserioussurplusofurbanandrurallabor,theprosperityofChina’sruralareasmustbeachievedthroughthedevelopmentofruralnon-agriculturalindustries.Theexistinglargecitiescannotabsorbhundredsofmillionsofruralpopulations.Itcanstartinsmalltownsandcitieswithlowinvestmentandsimplefacilities.ThroughtheanalysisofChina'sreality,someproblemsintheurbanizationofruralareascanbeexposed.Manyproblemsarisefromtheprocessofurbanizationinruralareas,andatthesametimehindertheprogressofurbanizationinthisarea.

Adjustingtheindustrialstructure

Atpresent,Chinahasenteredacriticalmomentofeconomicdevelopment.Fortyyearsofreformandopeninguphaveshowninitialresults,andanewroundofdeepeningreformsisunderway.InChina,westillneedtoexploreandmoveforward.WiththeadvancementofurbanizationinChina,itisfacinganewroundofurbanconstructionclimax.Weknowthatasanintermediaryconnectingcitiesandruralareas,citiesandtownsshouldmakefulluseoftheresourcesoftheregionanddevelopindustriesthatsuitthem.Atthesametime,attentionshouldbepaidtothecoordinateddevelopmentoftheeconomy.Inmanyareas,therearestillcasesofblindlylaunchingprojectsandcausingrepeatedinvestment;notonlyhasitcausedalotofwaste,butmoreimportantly,ithasdelayedtheprocessofurbanizationandmodernization.Therefore,asatownconstructioncloselylinkedtothecountryside,itsdevelopmentmodelshouldbeformulatedinaccordancewiththeactualsituationoftheregioninitsdevelopmentprocess.Forexample,insomebackwardareasinthewesternregion,becauseoftheirweakeconomicfoundationandshortageofresources,itisquitedifficulttostartdevelopmentattheinitialstage.Inordertoquicklyimprovetheself-developmentcapacityofbackwardareas,wecanestablishanoptimizedsequenceofindustrialdevelopment,thatis,firstdeveloptertiaryindustrieswithlowinvestmentandquickresults,suchastourism,commerceandotherindustries,andusethemtopromotetheoriginalaccumulationofregionaldevelopmentfundsandcommunicateTheoutsideworldlaysthefoundationfortherationalintroductionofexternalcapitalandtechnology.Thendevelopotherindustriesandrelatedindustriesthataresuitablefortheareaaccordingly,therebydrivingthereasonable,sustainableandhealthydevelopmentofthearea,andavoidrushingforsuccess.

Localprocess

In2012,localgovernmentshavestrongdesiretoinvest,suchasHainanInternationalTourismIsland,AnhuiUrbanBelt,ChongqingLiangjiangNewDistrict,andHubei’s“12trillion”investment.Regionalrevitalizationplanshavebeenissuedoneafteranother,localgovernmentshavebecometheprotagonistoffixedassetinvestment,andthedeclineininvestmentgrowthincentralprojectsmorereflectstheintentionofthecentralgovernmenttocontrolthepaceofinvestmentinordertopreventexcessivegrowth.

Buildingpopulationquality

Theurbanizationofruralareasisaprocessofchangesintheproductionmethodsandlifestylesoftheruralpopulation.Withtheprevalenceanddevelopmentofindustrializedproductioninruralareas,theimprovementinthequalityoftheagriculturallaborforceandthecompletenessofsocialservicesareinlinewiththis.Peoplearethemainbodyofthecity,thestartingpointanddestinationofurbanization.Thekeytohumanurbanizationishumanmodernization.Wemustnotonlyspeeduptheentryoffarmersintocitiesandturntheagriculturalpopulationintonon-agriculturalpopulation,butmoreimportantly,throughtrainingandemploymentandstrengtheningcommunityculturalconstruction,strengtheningideologicalandmoraleducation,scientificandculturaleducation,andlegaleducation,improvingtheoverallqualityofthepopulation,andenablingvillagersTransformintoarealcitizen.BasiceducationisanimportantfactoraffectingthedevelopmentofChina'scomprehensivenationalstrengthinthefuture.China'seducationalresourcesareunevenlydistributed,andthelowlevelofcultureinaregionwillinevitablyaffectthedevelopmentofaregionaleconomy,therebyaffectingtheprocessofChina'surbanizationdevelopment.Strengtheningbasiceducationandvocationalskillstrainingfortheruralpopulationandfocusingontheimprovementofthequalityofthesubjectsofurbanizationarefundamentalissuesthatneedlong-termattentionandurgentsolutionsintheprocessofurbanization(city)ization.

Academicdebates

Theacademicdebatesontheroadtourbanizationwereextremelyfiercefromthe1980stothe1990s,mainlyincludingthetheoryofsmallcities,largecities,medium-sizedcities,andpluralism.Developmenttheory,urbansystemtheory,etc.

SmallCityTheory

In1983,theChinaUrbanizationRoadAcademicSymposiumagreedthatChinashouldtakea"socialisturbanizationpathsuitableforChina’snationalconditionsandwithitsowncharacteristics."Theurbanizationroadsindifferentregionsshouldalsohavetheirowncharacteristics."Thefocusoftheseminar’ssummaryreportfocusedon"activelyrestoringanddevelopingsmalltowns,especiallythevastruralmarkettowns".Smallcitiesare"rationalandviable."Giventherealityofruralindustrializationafterthereformandopeningup,theorientationofthe"smalltownstrategy",andtheinertiaoftheestablishedurban-ruralsystem,thiskindofassertionalmostprevailedinthe1980sandearly1990s.

Thetheoryofbigcities

Somescholarsbelievethatthedevelopmentof"largeandmediumcitieswithbetterconditions"and"centralcities"shouldbeemphasized.Somescholars(RaoHuilinandQuBingquan,1989)clearlypointedoutthatlargecitieshavefargreaterscalebenefitsthansmalltowns.Somescholarshaveproposedanoptimizedcityscalerangewithapopulationof1millionto4millionthatissuitableforthecountry'scurrentconditions.Somescholarsalsobelievethatthebenefitsofurbanscalearestillplayingamajorrole,andtherestrictionsonthescaleoflargecitiesneedtobeappropriatelyrelaxed.Inaddition,somescholarsbelievethatinbackwardareas,largecitiesmustdevelopfirsttoforma"polarcore",andthendrivethedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedcities.

Pluralism

Somescholarshavealsotriedtofindabalancebetweentwotit-for-tatopinions,proposingruralurbanizationandtheurbanmodernizationandurbanconnotationcenteredon“urbancircle-centeredenhancement”.Adual(ormultiple)urbanizationroadmodel,orlarge,mediumandsmallcitiescoordinatedwitheachother,andadifferentiateddevelopmentpathintheeast,middleandwest.

MediumCityTheory

The"EconomicTrends"editorialdepartmentputforwardthe"MediumCityTheory"in1984.

UrbanSystemTheory

Withthedeepeningofurbanizationresearch,somescholars(YiXing,1988)pointedoutthat“thereisnouniformandoptimalurbanscalethatcanbeuniversallyaccepted.Thesystemisalwayscomposedoflarge,mediumandsmallcitiesandtowns,andcitiesatalllevelshaveobjectiverequirementsfordevelopment.Therefore,theurbanizationmodelshouldbediverseandmulti-level."Thedevelopmentpathoftheurbansystemispaidattentionto.

Smartcitiesareanadvancedstageofurbanization

Asearlyas2007,theEuropeanUnionproposedtheideaof​​buildingsmartcities.Thenin2009,theEuropeanCommissionputforwardaspecificplanfortheconstructionofsmartcities,anddecidedtoinvest10billionto12billioneurosfortheconstructionofsmartcities.TheconstructionofsmartcitiesintheEUmainlyincludessmartbuildings,smartenergynetworks,smartcitytransportationandsmartmedicalsystems.Comparedwithotherregions,theEU'ssmartcityconstructionpaysmoreattentiontothecity'secologicalenvironmentandsmarteconomy.TheEuropeanUnionhasselectedabout30citiesasthefirstbatchofpilotprojectsfortheestablishmentofsmartcities.

RelevantexpertsintheEuropeanUnionbelievethatsmartcitiesareanadvancedstageofurbanizationdevelopment,basedontheintegrationofmajorurbansystems,theinteractionofphysicalandcyberspace,andtheextensiveparticipationofordinarypeople.Smartcitiesrequiremoresophisticatedmanagement,amoreharmoniousenvironment,amorehigh-endeconomy,andamorecomfortablelife.Comparedwithdigitalcities,smartcitiesfocusmoreonpeople'slivelihoodandservices,encourageinnovationanddevelopment,putmoreemphasisonperceptionandtheInternetofThings,andputmoreemphasisonpublicparticipationandinteraction.TheEU’ssmartcityevaluationcriteriaincludesmarteconomy(i.e.innovativeeconomy),smartmobility(i.e.notonlysmarttransportation,butalsoextendedtoeducation,shoppingandotherfields),smartenvironment(i.e.focusontheecologicalenvironmentofthecity),smartgovernance(i.e.Theadjustmentandimprovementofgovernmentmanagementmodel)andotherindicators.Accordingtoevaluationsbyrelevantauthoritativeorganizations,citiesinSweden,Finland,theNetherlands,Belgium,Luxembourg,Austriaandothercountrieshaverelativelyhighlevelsofintelligence.

Ingeneral,theInternetofThingsplaysaverycriticalroleintheconstructionofsmartcitiesintheEuropeanUnion.InadditiontotheinteractivefunctionsoftheInternetofThings,itismoreimportanttoprovideintelligentdecisionsandservicesbasedontheseinteractiveinformation.Inrecentyears,theEuropeanCommissionhasbeencommittedtoencouragingandpromotingthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThingsindustrywithintheEU,andhastakenthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThingsasanimportantpartoftheconstructionofsmartcities.TheEUhasmainlyadoptedtwomajormeasuresinthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThings:First,continuetoincreaseinvestmentintheInternetofThings,focusingonkeytechnologies,suchasmicroelectronics,non-siliconcomponents,positioningsystems,wirelessintelligentsystemnetworks,securitydesign,softwaresimulation,etc.;Thesecondistostrengthencooperationwithprivatecompaniesinthefourareasofgreencars,energy-efficientbuildings,futurefactories,andtheInternetofThingstoattracttheprivatesectortoparticipateinthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThings.

TheInternetofThingscannotonlyhelpcompaniesimproveeconomicefficiencyandsavecostsinthetraditionallogisticsfield,butalsocanbewidelyusedinroads,transportation,medicalcare,energyandotherfields.TheEUbelievesthatthedevelopmentandapplicationoftheInternetofThingswillmakeamajorcontributiontotheconstructionofsmartcitiesandthesolutionofmodernsocialproblems.Forexample,healthmonitoringsystemswillhelphumanscopewiththeagingproblem.Intrafficjams,the"electroniccallforhelpsystem"canautomaticallycallemergencyrescueserviceswhenacarhasaserioustrafficaccident.TheInternetofThingsapplicationslaunchedbysomememberstatesoftheEuropeanUnionhaveachievedsignificantresults.Forexample,EUmemberstatesareincreasinglyusingdedicatedserialcodesinmedicinestoensurethatmedicinescanbecertifiedbeforetheyreachpatients,reducingcounterfeiting,fraud,anderrorsindistribution.AnotherexampleisSweden,inordertosolvethetrafficcongestionprobleminStockholm,throughtheuseofradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyandtheuseoflaserscanning,automaticphotographyandadvancedfreetrafficroadsidesystemstoautomaticallydetectandidentifyvehicles,andchargeforvehiclesenteringandleavingthecitycenterduringthedayonweekdays.Asaresult,trafficcongestioninStockholmwasreducedby25%,thetimerequiredfortrafficqueuingwasreducedby50%,andurbanpollutionwasreducedby15%.

SmartgridisanimportantpartoftheEU'sconstructionofsmartcities.ThedevelopmentoftheEuropeansmartgridismainlyledbytheEuropeanUnion.TheEUisresponsibleforsettingoveralldevelopmentgoalsanddirections,andprovidingpolicyandfinancialsupport.Between2010and2018,theEUplanstoinvestapproximately2billioneurosinsmartgrids.Asearlyas2001,theItalianNationalPowerCompanytooktheleadininstalling30millionsmartmetersacrossthecountry,establishinganintelligentelectricitymeteringnetwork.Atthattime,theItalianNationalElectricCompanyfullyimplementedremotemeterreading,mainlytosolvetheproblemofdoor-to-doornuisanceandwasteofmanpower,whileavoidingmisreadingormiscalculation.

Nowadays,moreandmoreEUmemberstatesestablishsmartpowerinformationsystemsbyinstallingsmartmeters,moretoreduceenergyconsumptionandgreenhousegasemissions.

Ontheonehand,theintelligentelectronicinformationsystemallowselectricutilitycompaniestoremotelymonitortheuseofelectricitywithoutleavingtheirhomes,andusersnolongerneedtorelyontheirownassessmenttocalculatetheirownenergyconsumption.Quantity,therebysavingalotofmoneyandenergy.

Ontheotherhand,thesmartgridoperationmanagementcentercansimultaneouslycontrolthepowersupplyanddemandwiththehelpofthesmartpowerinformationsystem,whichcannotonlyrealizethetimelyadjustmentofsupplyanddemandloadchanges,butalsoadjusttheoperatingstatusofpowerfacilities,Stabilizetheoperationofthepowergrid,andimprovetheoperatingeconomyofbothsupplyanddemand.

Differentfromthepastpracticeofcontractuallystipulatedloadlevelsbybothsupplyanddemandparties,smartgridscanrespondtochangesinsupplyanddemandinamoretimelymannerandmakepreciseadjustmentstoensurethepowerqualityofthegrid.Inaddition,theEuropeanUnionhopestointegratewindpower,photovoltaicandotherrenewableenergypowerintotheEuropeanpowergridthroughsmartgridtechnology.

Inordertoestablishasmartgrid,theUnitedKingdomhasannouncedtheinstallationof53millionsmartmetersfor30millionresidentialandcommercialbuildingsintheUnitedKingdomby2019,andFranceplanstoreplaceallnewlyinstalledmetersfromJanuary2012Itisasmartmeter.TheEuropeanCommissionbelievesthattheconstructionofasmartgridisoneofEurope'slargestinfrastructureconstructionprojectsinthenext10years.

FourmodelsofurbanizationinChina

1.ThePearlRiverDeltamodel:openingtotheoutsideworld-establishmentofforeign-fundedenterprises-industrialization-urbanization

2.ZhejiangWenzhouModel:SmallCommodityManagement-IndividualPrivateEnterprise-Industrialization-Urbanization

3.SouthernJiangsuModel:LargeCityProliferation-TownandTownshipEnterprises-Industrialization-Urbanization

4.Northeastmodel:developmentofforestandmineralresources-establishmentoflargeandmedium-sizedstate-ownedenterprises-industrialization-urbanization

Performancecharacteristics

TheperformanceoftheurbanizationprocesshasacertaindegreeCharacteristics:Theproportionofurbanpopulationinthetotalpopulationcontinuestorise;intheindustrialstructure,theproportionsofagriculture,industryandotherindustriesfluctuateandchangewitheachother;thelevelofurbanizationisdirectlyproportionaltothegrowthofpercapitaGDP;thelevelofurbanizationishighItisnotonlybasedonthedevelopmentofsecondaryandtertiaryindustries,butalsotheresultofagriculturalmodernization.

Progress

1.Urbanizationlevelindicator

Theformulaofthisindicatoris:PU=U÷P×100%;where:U——cityPopulation;P-totalpopulation.

2.Urbanizationspeedindex

Theformulaofthisindexis:TA=1÷n(PUt+n—PUt);where:TA——urbanizationspeed;n——Theratebetweenthetwotimes;PUt+n,PUt——thepercentageofurbanpopulationinyeart+nandt;notethattheunitofurbanizationspeed(TA)intheformulaistheaverageincreaseintheproportionofurbanpopulation(orDecrease)percentages,notpercentages.

3.Urbanizationqualityindicators

Theurbanizationqualityindicatorsarenotsingle,butanindicatorsystemthatintegratesvariousindicators.Here,theindicatorsystemproposedbyYeYumintomeasurethequalityofurbanizationisused,Andmakeslightchanges,dividedintotwomajorsystems.

UrbanModernization

Urbanmodernizationisacomprehensivereflectionofthequalityofacity,whichisembodiedinallaspectsofthelevelofurbandevelopment.Theindicatorsystemformeasuringurbanmodernizationisdividedintothreecategoriesand11indicators.

Thefirstcategoryisanindicatorofthemodernizationleveloftheeconomicstructure.Itmainlyincludes3indicators:percapitaGDP(yuan/person),theproportionofemployeesinthetertiaryindustry(%),andtheproportionoftheaddedvalueofthetertiaryindustryinGDP(%),whichareusedtoreflectthelevelofeconomicdevelopment.

Thesecondcategoryisthelevelofinfrastructuremodernizationindicators.Including4indicators:percapitapavedroadarea(squaremeters),tenthousandpeopleownpublicbusesandtrams(vehicles),tenthousandpeopleowndoctors(persons),tenthousandpeopleowntelephones(includingmobilephones)(units).

Theyreflectthedevelopmentleveloftransportation,medicalandhealthcare,andcommunicationrespectively.Thethirdcategoryisthelevelofhumanmodernizationindicators.

Including4indicators:percapitapossessionofpubliclibrarycollections,numberofcollegestudentsper10,000people(persons),percapitalivingarea(squaremeters),andpercapitapublicgreenarea(squaremeters).Respectivelyreflectthehumanqualityandthehumanlivingenvironmentandthedevelopmentlevelofculturalinfrastructure.

Urban-ruralintegration

Urban-ruralintegrationisaprocessinwhichcitiesandvillagesareintegratedwithinaninterdependentarea,complementedbyintegration,coordinateddevelopment,andcommonprosperity.

Theindicatorsystemformeasuringurban-ruralintegrationtheoreticallyincludesfourindicators:theaverageprofitrateoftheprimaryindustryandthesecondaryandtertiaryindustries,thematerialflowandinformationflowbetweenurbanandruralareas,andtheincomedifferencebetweenurbanandruralresidents.ThedifferenceinEngelcoefficientbetweenurbanandruralresidents.

Duetothelimitationofstatisticaldata,twoindicators,theincomedifferencebetweenurbanandruralresidents(reflectinglivingstandards)andthedifferenceinEngel'scoefficientofurbanandruralresidents(reflectingqualityoflife)areselectedtocalculatethecurrentlevelofurban-ruralintegrationinChina.

Developmentcomparison

Thecharacteristicsofurbanizationindevelopedanddevelopingcountriesaredifferent.

Developedcountries

1.Startearly.

2.Thelevelofurbanizationishigh.

3.Thephenomenonofcounter-urbanizationappears.

Developingcountries

1.Startlateanddevelopfast.

2.Thelevelofurbanizationislow.

3.Theurbandevelopmentisunreasonable.

Forexample,inBrazil,theurbanpopulationaccountsfor3/4ofthecountry’spopulation,andtheproblemofurbanizationisveryserious.

Aspectsofurbanization

Tourism

"Urbanization"is"people'surbanization",itispeople-orientedurbanization.Itcanbesaidthat"urbanization"isnotthesameas"industrialization".Thetourism-oriented"non-industrial"urbanizationmodelisaveryimportantandworthyofpromotionofthenewurbanizationdevelopmentroad.

Firstofall,wemustfirmlygraspthegeneraldirectionofecologicalcivilizationconstruction,take"greendevelopment,circulardevelopment,andlow-carbondevelopment"astheleadingprinciplesofurbanization,andguideurbanizationtothe"beautiful"Road,let"BeautifulChina"becomealivable,workableandtravelableChina.

Secondly,wemustpersistinprotectingandinheritinglocalculture,maintainingandstrengtheninglocalindividuality,takingculturalshapingasthedrivingforceforlocalsocialandeconomicdevelopment,andsimultaneouslyimprovinglocalsoftandhardpowerthroughculturalconstruction.

Again,itisnecessarytoplantourism,organizewelltheindustrialformat,tourism-orientedurbanizationdevelopmentmodel,andadvocateanewurbanizationpathof"non-industrialization",andtousetourism,culturalandcreativeindustries,andmodernservices.Themodernandnewrealeconomysuchasindustryasthemainbody,buildanewtypeofindustrialstructurewithoutstandingcharacteristics“tobringanimalsandcapitalflowswiththeflowofpeople”,andcreateabetter,higher,andhigher-qualityeconomyandSocialdevelopmentperformance.

Finally,wemustfocusonimprovingtheeconomiccontributionrateandsocialcontributionrateofthetourismindustry,andmakeitapillarandleadingindustrysupportinglocaleconomicdevelopmentwiththehighcontributionrateofthetourismindustry,andatthesametimegiveplaytothetourismindustrytoabsorbThelargenumberofjobsandthewiderangeofemploymentopportunitiesmakeitabasicindustryforlocalemployment,allowingtourismtomaketangiblecontributionstopromotinglocaleconomicdevelopment,absorbinglocalemployment,improvingpeople’slivelihood,andimprovingpeople’squalityoflife.

Theinterventionoftourismcansolvetheindustrialproblemsintheprocessofurbanization,aswellastheproblemofwhowillinvestininfrastructure,farmers'welfare,andurbanconstructionintheprocessofurbanization.Whentheproblemofindustriallayoutanddevelopmentissolved,theproblemofinvestmentanddevelopmentwillbesolvedfundamentally.Inotherwords,itistousetourismtopromotethedevelopmentofotherindustries.

Urbanizationofpeople

Thecentralgovernmenthasrepeatedlystatedthaturbanizationisthegreatestpotentialforexpandingdomesticdemandinmycountry.Underthemarketbackgroundoftheurbanizationtrend,allregionsarekeentosubmitnewdistrictsandnewcitiesforapproval,andplansforsomenewdistrictsandurbansub-centershavebeenreleasedinlargequantities.Itisexpectedthatlarge-scalenewcitieswillemergeinthefuture.

First,adjustandreformlocalgovernmentperformanceevaluationindicators,weakentraditionalextensiveeconomic-orientedindicatorssuchasGDP,andstrengthensomenewintensiveeconomicevaluationindicators.

Secondly,fromtheperspectiveofregulation,stabilizingtheexpectationofmacroeconomicdevelopmentthroughalong-termregulationmechanismisthebasisforavoidingrealestatespeculation.Arelativelystablemacroeconomicdevelopmentexpectationandarealestatemarketdevelopmentenvironmenthavebeenformed.Onlyinthiswaycanrealestatespeculationandrealestatemarketbehaviorbeavoided,andthe"emptycity"phenomenoncausedbyoverheatedinvestmentintherealestatemarketcanbeprevented.

Thirdly,realestatenolongerreliesonthe"policycity"tostimulateregionalplanningandrealestatemarketdevelopment,butaccordingtotheneedsofregionalindustriallayouttocoordinatethedevelopmentofcities,capital,industryandpopulation.Graduallycarryouttheprocessofurbanization.

Fourth,thedevelopmentofnewindustrialcitiesrequiresindustrytotaketheleadandearnestlyachieve"industry-cityintegration".