Briefintroduction
"TheAnalects"(1photo)
"TheAnalects"isoneoftheConfucianclassics,whichismainlybasedonnarrationThecollectionofquotationsandessaysmainlyrecordsthewordsanddeedsofConfuciusandhisdisciplesintheformofquotationsanddialoguestyles,andembodiesConfucius'valuesofpolitics,aesthetics,ethicsandutilitarianism.Thecontentof"TheAnalectsofConfucius"involvesmanyaspectsincludingpolitics,education,literature,philosophy,andtheprinciplesoflivingintheworld.AsearlyasinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriodwhenConfuciussetupanaltartogivelectures,itsmaincontenthadbeeninitiallycreated;afterConfuciuspassedaway,hisdisciplesanddisciplespassedonhisspeechfromgenerationtogeneration,andgraduallyrecordedtheseoralquotationsanddeeds.Therefore,Called"Lun";"TheAnalects"mainlyrecordsthewordsanddeedsofConfuciusandhisdisciples,soitiscalled"Yu".ZhaoYiintheQingDynastyexplained:"Thelanguageofthesage,thelanguageofthesage,thediscussionofthescholars,andthediscussionofConfucianism."Infact,"lun"alsohasthemeaningofcompilation.Theso-called"Analects"referstotherecordingofthewordsanddeedsofConfuciusandhisdisciples.Comedownandcompileitintoabook.Theexisting"AnalectsofConfucius"20chapters,492chapters,ofwhichabout444chaptersrecordedthewordsofConfuciusandhisdisciplesintime,and48chaptersrecordedthewordsofConfuciandisciplestalkedwitheachother.
Catalogueofworks
Thetitleof"TheAnalects"usuallytakesthefirsttwocharactersasthetitle;ifthefirsttwocharactersare"ziyue",skipthesentenceThefirsttwocharactersinthemiddle;iftheopeningthreecharactersareoneword,thefirstthreecharactersaretaken.Thetitleofthearticlehasnologicalrelationshipwiththechaptersinit,andcanonlybetreatedasapagenumber.
1 | Studyisthefirst | Speakingoftheprincipleof"servingthefoundation"andguidingbeginnersintothe"doorofmorality" |
2 | Thesecondinpolitics | Explaintheprinciplesandmethodsofgoverningthecountry |
3 | Thethirdeightyis | RecordConfuciustalkaboutritualmusic |
4 | LirenFourth p> | Speakthetruthofbenevolence |
5 | GongyeChangFifth | Evaluationofancientandmoderncharactersandtheirgainsandlosses |
6 | YongYeSixth p> | RecordthewordsanddeedsofConfuciusandhisdisciples |
7 | Surveyandseventh | RecordConfucius’appearance,wordsanddeeds |
8 | Tabeighth | RemembertheremarksofConfuciusandZengziandtheircommentsontheancients |
9 | ZihanNinth | RecordItalsodescribesConfucius’moraleducationthoughtsandConfucius’sdisciples’commentsonhisteachers;inaddition,italsodescribessomeofConfucius’activities.ThefocusisonConfucius’sstyleofdoingthings,whatheadvocatesandwhathedoesnotadvocate |
10 | TenthTownshipParty | RecordConfucius'speech,talk,manners,clothing,food,housingandlivinghabits |
11 | AdvancedEleventh | RecordConfucius’educationalremarksandcommentsonhisdisciples |
12 | ||
12 p> | YanYuantwelfth | ExplainhowConfuciuseducateshisdisciplestopracticebenevolenceandhowServingpoliticsandtheworld |
13 | ZiLuThirteenth | RecordtheprinciplesofConfucius’sdiscussionofbeinghumanandgoverning |
14 | TheFourteenthConstitutionalQuestion | RecordConfuciusandhisdisciples'viewsonself-cultivationasahumanbeing,andtheirevaluationoftheancients |
15 | ||
15 | FifteenthWeiLinggong | RecordConfuciusandhisdisciplesaboutbenevolencewhentheytraveledaroundtheworldRemarksontheruleofvirtue |
16 | ThesixteenthoftheJifamily | RememberConfuciusongentlemanself-cultivation,andhowtouseetiquetteandlawtogovernthecountry |
17 | YanghuoSeventeenth | RecordConfucius’sdiscussionofbenevolenceandvirtue,andexplainthewayofrulingthecountrywithritualandmusic |
18 | Theeighteenthtrinity | Recordthedeedsofancientsaints,ThewordsanddeedsofConfuciusduringhistravelsaroundthecountriesandtheworld'sviewsonthechaotictimesduringhistravels |
19 | ZiZhangNo.19 | RecordtheremarksofConfuciusandhisdisciplesdiscussinglearningastheTao,disciplesTributetoConfucius |
20 | YaoYuetwentieth | RecordtheremarksofancientsagesandConfucius’discussionofpolitics |
Theprocessofwritingabook
"TheAnalects"isthecrystallizationofthecollectivewisdomofConfuciandisciples.ItseditorsweremainlyZhongGong,Ziyou,Zixia,andZiGong.Theywereworriedaboutthelossoftheteacher'steaching,andtheyfirstdiscusseddraftingtocommemoratetheteacher.ThencompletewiththefewdiscipleswhostayedinLuandthedisciplesagain.
CuiShu,ascholarintheQingDynasty,noticedthatthereweredifferencesinstyleandappellationbetweenthefirstandlasttenchaptersoftheAnalectsofConfucius.Said"toexpressrespectfortheemperor.Answeringthedoctor'squestioniscalled"ZiYue",whichmeansthatitisdifferentfromtheemperor,and"thepeople'swillisdeterminedbydistinguishingtheupperandlowersides."Inthelasttenchapters,"Advanced","YanYuan"andotherchapters,theanswertothedoctor’squestionisalso"Confucius'sanswer",soitissuspectedthat"thefirsttenchaptersareallwrittenbythesonsandZengZimen.Thesaintisnotfaraway.Ming;thelasttenchaptersarecontinuedbyfuturegenerations.Atthattime,theprinceswererespected,andtherightsandinterestswereheavy,coveringthosewhowereaccustomedtowhattheworldsaidbutdidnotexaminetheirstyleindetail,sotherecanbenosimilaritiesanddifferences."Foranotherexample,inthefirsttenarticles,Confuciusgenerallycalled"zi"butnot"Confucius",andthedisciplesdidnotaskConfucius.Inthenexttenchapters,"JiShi"and"Weizi"aremostlycalledConfucius,"Yanghuo"isZhangWenren,and"YaoYue"isZhangWenzheng,bothofwhicharecalled"AsktoConfucius",andothersin"TheAnalects"Thearticleisdifferent,"It'snotthelastletterofKong'sMingshi,andit'sallthepeoplewhohaveadoptedotherbooksforlatergenerations."UndertheinfluenceofCuiShu,laterscholarscontinuedtojudgethecompletionofthebookbasedonthedifferencesintermsandtitlesofthetenchaptersbeforeandaftertheAnalects.SomescholarsevenbelievedthattheAnalectshadonlyasinglechapteratfirst,anditscompilationshouldbeaftertheHanDynasty.
LuDemingoftheTangDynastyquotedZhengXuan'scommentin"ClassicExplanation":"TheAnalects""ZhongGong,ZiYou,ZiXia,etc."ThisstatementiscircumstantialevidenceinGuodianBambooSlips.TombNo.1ofGuodianwasnotlaterthan300BC.Guodianbambooslips"TheAnalectsofConfuciuswasquotedin"YuCong3",whichconfirmstheearlydaysofthebook.""YuCongYi"quotedZiSizi's"FangJi"content,and"FangJi"alsoquotedthecontentof"TheAnalects"."The"YuCong"extracts"FangJi",whichprovesthat"FangJi"wasearlierthantheendofthemiddleoftheWarringStatesperiod,and"FangJi"alsoquoted"TheAnalects".Itisstillcredible.”AmongConfuciandisciples,thereisadescendantofConfucius.InadditiontoConfucius,Zi,ZengZi,RanZi,andMinZiarealsocalledsons.RanZiandMinZidiedyoung.Therefore,theonlyConfucianleaderwhoinheritedfromConfucianismcanonlybeZengShen.AlthoughYanHuiwashonored,hediedearlyanddidnothavetimetoaccepthisdisciples.Itwasnotrecordedbyhisdisciples,sohedidnotweighhissons.Itmayhavebeenrecordedbyhisfamily.Althoughtheoriginalconstitutionandthelacquercarvingopened,althoughtheyreceiveddisciples,theywerecalledZisiziandQidiaozi,buttherecordsin"TheAnalects"werenotrecordedbydisciples,sotheywerenotcalledZi.Mostofthemwerementionedoccasionallybythebrothers.
TheAnalectsisbothaquotationandacollectionoffragments.Thearrangementofthesechaptersdoesnotnecessarilymakesense;evenbetweenthetwochaptersbeforeandafter,theremaynotnecessarilybeanyconnectionbetweenthem.Andthechaptersofthesefragmentsarebynomeansaperson'shandwriting.TheAnalectsofConfuciusisnotlong,buttherearemanyrepeatedchapters.Somewordsandsentencesareexactlythesame.Forexample,thechapter"Spokenwordsmakethecolorfreshandbenevolent"wasfirstseenin"XueerpianNo.1"andre-emergedfrom"YanghuopianNo.17";thechapter"EducatedinWen"wasfirstseenin""YongYeChapterSixth",againfrom"YanYuanChapterTwelfth".Therearealsobasicrepetitionsbutslightlydifferentdetails,suchasthechapter"Thegentlemanisnotheavy","XueErPianNo.1"containselevenmorecharacters,and"ZiHanPianNinth"onlycontains14wordsbelow"LordFaithfulness".Oneword;inthechapter"FatherisWatchingHisWill",therearemorecrossesin"XueErChapter1",and"LiRenChapter4"onlycontainstwelvewordsbelow"threeyears".Thereisalsoameaning,buttherearevariousrecords.Forexample,"LirenChapter4"said:"Ifyoudon'tsufferfromoneself,youcandoit.""XianwenChapterFourteen"alsosaid:Ifyoudon’tknowyourself,youdon’tknowpeoplewhenyousuffer.”The15thchapterofWeiLinggongsaid:“Agentlemanisincompetentwhenheissick,andhedoesn’tknowhimselfifheissick.”Ifyouaddthewords“peopledon’tknow”inthefirstchapterof"XueErPian"Notstunned,notlikeagentleman",isrepeatedfourtimes.Thisphenomenoncanonlybeareasonableinference:Confucius'sremarkswererecordedbyhisdisciplesatthattime,andtheywerecompiledintobookslater.
OfcoursetherearestudentsofConfuciusamongtheauthorsof"TheAnalects".Thechaptersof"TheAnalects"werenotonlywrittenbydifferentstudentsofConfucius,butalsobyhisdifferentdisciples.Manyofthesearerecordsofstudentswhohaveparticipated.Forexample,thefirstchapterof"TabChapterVIII":"ZengZiisill,andthedisciplesummonsthedoorandsaid:"Enlightenyourfeet!Enlightenyourhands!"ThePoem"cloud,trembling,likefacingtheabyss,likewalkingonthinice.Fromnowon,IknowthatIwillavoidHusband!Boy!'"Anotherexampleis"ZiZhangChapterNineteen":"ThepeopleofZiXia'sdooraskedYuZiZhang.ZiZhangsaid:'WhatisZiXiaYun?'Theansweris:'ZiXiasaid:CanandItisirresistible.”ZiZhangsaid:“ItisdifferentfromwhatIheard:agentlemanrespectsthevirtuousandtoleratesothers,andisgoodbutcannot.Iamagreatvirtuous,whycan’tItolerateothers?Iamnotvirtuous,humanWillrejectme,howcanIrejectothers?”ThisparagraphisliketherecordofZiZhangorZiXia’sstudents.Anotherexampleisthefifthandthirteenthchaptersof"AdvancedChapterEleven":"Thesonsaid:'FaithfultoMinZiqian,everyoneisinseparablefromthewordsofhisparents,Kundi.'";Zilu,walkingandwalkinglikealso;Ranyou,Zigong,chattinglikealso.Zile."Confuciussaidthatstudentsalwayscallhisnamedirectly,andhereistheonlywordforMinXiao.Somepeoplesaythatthisis"Confuciusnarratesthewordsofthetimesandpeople."CuiShurefutedthisexplanationin"TheAnalectsofConfucius".ThischaptermayhavebeenmemorizedbyMinHou'sstudents,sothereisthisinadvertentmisrepresentation.Asforthechapter"MinZiShiSide",notonlyisMinZiqiancalled"Zi",itisalsoincomprehensiblebeforethethreeofZiLu,RanYou,andZiGong.Intermsofage,ZiLuisthelongest;intermsofofficialofficials.,MinZicouldn'tkeepupwiththesethreepeople.Whycanhetakethefirstplaceinthisrecordandhavethehonorifictitleof"son"?AreasonableinferenceisthatthisisalsotheresultofMinZiqian'sstudentsmemorizingwhattheyheardfromtheteacheronweekdays.
TheAnalectsofConfuciushasthepenandinkofthedisciplesofConfucius,aswellasthepenandinkofthedisciplesofConfucius.CuiShu's"XinluofZhusi"concludedthatthefewchaptersof"TheAnalects"are"discriminatory".Fromtheuseofwordmeanings,itcanbereflectedthatthewritingsequenceof"TheAnalects"isdifferentormorethanthreetofiftyyears.
Appreciationofworks
Ideologicalcontent
AsaConfucianclassic,thecontentof"TheAnalects"isbroad,profoundandall-encompassing.Therearethreemainideasin"TheAnalects"whichareindependentandindependentCloselydependentcategories:thecategoryofethicsandmorality-benevolence,thecategoryofsocialpolitics-rites,thecategoryofcognitivemethodology-thegoldenmean.Benevolence,firstofall,isakindoftruestatedeepinthehumanheart.Thiskindoftrueultimatemustbegood,andthewholestateoftruthandgoodnessis"benevolence."Confuciusestablishedthecategoryofbenevolence,andthenexpoundedritualasareasonablesocialrelationshipthatadaptstobenevolenceandexpressesbenevolenceandthenormsfordealingwithpeopleandthings,andthenclarifiedthesystematicmethodologicalprincipleof"thegoldenmean"."Benevolence"istheideologicalcoreof"TheAnalects".
TheAnalectsreflectstheeducationalprinciplesofConfucius.Confuciustaughtinaccordancewithhisaptitude,consideringhisdifferentqualities,strengthsandweaknesses,andthespecificcircumstancesofpursuinghisethicsandstudies,andgivingdifferentteachingsfordifferentobjects,showinghistirelessandpreciousspirit.Accordingtotherecordof"YanYuan",thesamediscipleaskedRen,Confuciusgavedifferentanswers,answeringYanYuan's"denyingoneselfandrestoringritualstobenevolence"(oneofthemanifestationsofbenevolenceistodenyoneselfandrestorerituals,andtodosomething);answerZhonggong's"jiDon’tdotootherswhatyoudon’twant.”(Asfarastherelationshipbetweenoneselfandothersisconcerned,theansweriswithdesire.Desireisthechoiceofone’ssubjectiveinitiative.Givingisthepracticeofone’ssubjectiveinitiative.Topreventgoodintentionsfromdoingbadthings,itisnecessarytobecautious);answerSimaNiu"thebenevolentisalsoarrogantinhiswords."YanYuanhasadvancedandadvancedstudies,soheansweredthe"benevolence"program,andZhongGongandSimaNiugaveadetailedanswer.Inanotherexample,ConfuciusansweredthesamequestionfromZiluandRanYou,withcompletelydifferentcontent.TheanswertoZiluis:"Fatherandbrotherarehere,sohowcantheybeheardandacted."Because"theyarebothpeople,sotheyretired."Theansweris:"Wearingthesituationanddoingit."Because"askingalsoretreats,sogoahead."Thisisnotonlyaquestionofteachingmethodsinaccordancewiththeiraptitude,butalsofullofConfucius'highsenseofresponsibilitytowardshisdisciples.
ArtisticFeatures
TheAnalectsaremostlyquotations,buttheyalltalkaboutrighteousnessandrichness,andsomesentencesandchaptersarevivid.Forexample,"ZiluZengxiRanYouGongXihuaWaiting"isnotonlylonger,butalsopaysattentiontothenarrative.Itcanberegardedasawell-structurednarrative.Thecharacterimageisbright,andthethoughttendencyisnaturallyrevealedthroughthecharacter'sexpression,movement,anddialogue.Theartistry.
Confuciusisthecenterofthedescriptionin"TheAnalectsofConfucius","Master'sdemeanorisoverflowingwithmaxims"("WenXinDiaoLong·ZhengSheng");thebooknotonlycontainsstaticdescriptionsofhismannersandbehaviors,butalsoThereisavividportrayalofhispersonality.Inaddition,aroundthecenterofConfucius,"TheAnalects"alsosuccessfullyportrayedtheimagesofsomeConfuciandisciples.RuZilu'sstraightforwardandreckless,YanHui'sgentleandvirtuous,ZiGong'scleverandeloquent,ZengXi'sunrestrainedandrefinedpersonality,etc.,canbecalledabrightpersonalityandcanleaveadeepimpressiononpeople.
Themaincharacteristicsof"TheAnalects"areitsconciselanguage,profoundintentions,andagraceful,smooth,andsubtlestyle.Thereisalsothedisplayofcharactersinsimpledialoguesandactions.Atthesametime,thelanguageiseasytounderstandandclosetospokenlanguage,whichisalsoafeature.
Evaluationofworks
WesternHanDynastyLiuXiang's"Bielu":"Thetwentychaptersof"TheAnalectsofLu"arewrittenbyConfuciandisciples."
EasternHanBanGu's"HanShu·YiWenZhi":"TheAnalectsofConfucius,Confuciusrespondstohisdisciples,peopleofthetime,andhisdisciple'swordsandwords,andhehearsfromthemaster'swords.Itiscalled"TheAnalectsofConfucius"."
EasternHanDynastyWangChong's"LunHeng·ZhengShuoPian":"Intheearlydays,ConfuciangrandsonKongAnguotaughtLupeopletohelpQing,andtheofficialcametoJingzhougovernor.Thebeginningiscalled"TheAnalects"."
IntheEasternHanDynastyLiuXi's"ShiMing·ShiDianyi":"TheAnalectsofConfuciusandhisdisciplessaywhattheysay.Ethicsandethicsalsoexistintheory.Thelanguage,thenarrative,thenarrativewhatyouwanttosay."
WesternJinDynastyFuXuan's"FuZi":"XiZhongniisnowheretobefound.ZhongGong'sdisciplesfollowthewordsofthemasterandcallit"TheAnalects""(QuotedfromNanliangXiaotong’s"AnnotationsonFateDiscrimination")
ZhaoPuoftheNorthernSongDynasty:"Theministerknewitinhislife,andsincerelydidnotcomeoutofit.Inthepast,heusedhissemi-assistedTaizutodeterminetheworld,andnowhewantstoWithhishalf-assistedyourMajestytopeace."(LuoDajing's"HelinYulu"Volume7)
XingBing's"XingShu"intheNorthernSongDynasty:"Speakstraightforwardly,saywords,reply,saywords,andloosewords.Therefore,itisagoodwordtotalkaboutthewordsofthemaster."
SouthSongDynastyZhuXi's"ZhuZiYuLei"volume105:"'Foursons',the'sixclassics'ladder;"JinSi"Records",theladderofthe'foursons'."
SouthSongHeYisun"ElevenClassicsQuestionsandPairs":"TheAnalectscontainsdiscipleswhorecordthewordsofthemaster,themasteranswersthedisciples’questions,andthedisciplesThosewhorespondtoeachother,sometimesthosewhotalktoeachother,thosewhohaveministerstotheking,andthosewhohaveteachersanddisciplestothedoctor,alldiscussthemeaningofthetext,soitiscalled"TheAnalects"."
清ShaoYichen's"YiSongTangPostscript":"MingTaizuisoneofthedomestic,andhisassistantLiuJi,withthe"FourSonsBook"chapteroftheexam.Fivehundredyearswithoutchange,eventoday."
QingDynastyYuYue's"SpringintheHallEssays"VolumeNine:"YuYuewrote"WenqinShendaoStele",thatis,accordingtothedeedswrittenbyhisson,Confucianism,etc.,ontheeleventhdayofthepublicyear,"FourZishu","ThirteenthTheclassicsareallgraduated."
XueFuchengintheQingDynasty,"ElectionTheory":"Changkewaitsforthemastersoftheworldtotrythepolicytheory;thetheoryisstillbasedonthe"foursons"and"fiveclassics"propositions"TheAnalectsofConfucius"hasbeenrespectedsinceEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty"dismissedahundredschoolsofthought,andrespectedConfucianism".Itis"theruleofthefiveclassics,thethroatofthesixarts",anditisthefirst-handmaterialforthestudyofConfuciusandConfucianism,especiallyprimitiveConfucianism.IntheSouthernSongDynasty,ZhuXicombined"TheDaxue","TheDoctrineoftheMean","TheAnalectsofConfucius"and"Mencius"intothe"FourBooks",whichmadetheirstatusintheConfucianclassicsincreasinglyimproved.DuringtheYanyouperiodoftheYuanDynasty,theimperialexaminationsystembegantousethe"FourBooks"torecruitscholars.Fromthenon,untiltheWesternizationMovementwaspromotedinthelateQingDynastyandtheimperialexaminationwasabolished,theAnalectshasbeenthegoldenrulepracticedbyscholarsandscholars.
TheAnalectsofConfuciusenteredthelistofclassicsintheTangDynasty."IntheTangDynasty,therewere"ZhouLi","YiLi"and"BookofRites",and"ZuoZhuan","GongYang"and"GuLiang"intheSpringandAutumnPeriod.ItistheThirteenClassics."ZhaoPu,apoliticianintheNorthernSongDynasty,oncesaidthat"halfof"TheAnalectsofConfucius"governstheworld."ThisreflectsfromoneaspecttheroleandinfluenceofthisbookinancientChinesesociety.
"TheAnalects"retainssomepeople'scriticismofConfucius'smentorandapprentice,somerefuted,somedidnotanswer.Thepartoftherefutationandthedifficultyoftheargumenthasagreatinfluenceonlatergenerations.Forexample,"DifficulttoAnsweraGuest"andothersmallversesthataresetasthesubject-objectquestionandanswertobedebated,areallinspiredbythe"Analects";thepartofself-explanatorymockeryshowstheaffirmationofself-worthbyConfucianism.Praiseforthepositiveandenterprisingspiritof"knowingitcannotbedone".
Verificationofeditions
TheAnalectswaswrittenintheearlyWarringStatesperiod.BecausethefirstemperorofQinburnedbooksanddrewConfucianscholars(calledalchemistsinancienttimes,goodatsacrifices,fortune-telling,etc.),intheWesternHanDynastytherewereonlyoralteachingsandbooksobtainedfromthewallsofConfuciusresidences.Therewerethreedifferentbooks:theteachingsfromtheheadofLu.Twentychaptersof"TheAnalectsofLu";22chaptersof"TheAnalectsofQi"taughtbytheQipeople.Manyofthechaptersandsentencesinthe20articlesarethesameasthoseof"TheAnalectsofLu",buttherearetwomorearticles:"WangWang"and"Knowing"The21articlesof"TheAnalectsofAncientLiterature"(thatis,"TheAnalectsofConfucius")foundinthewallofConfucius’sresidence,therearenotwoarticlesof"WenWang"and"Knowing",butthe"YaoYuePian""ZiZhangWen""Itwasdividedintoanotherone,sothereweretwo"ZiZhangPian",thenumberofwhichisalsodifferentfrom"QiLun"and"LuLun",withmorethan400wordsindifferentwords.
TheAnalectsofLuandTheAnalectsofQiwereoriginallytaughtbytheirownteachers.BytheendoftheWesternHanDynasty,ZhangYu,aHouofAnchang,firstlearnedtheAnalectsofLu,andlatertaughttheAnalectsofQi,sohecombinedthetwobooksItismergedintoone,butthecontentisbasedon"LuAnalects","TakingSuoAn",andaseparatetheory,called"ZhangHouLun".ZhangYuwasthemasterofEmperorChengoftheHanDynasty,andhewasextremelynobleatthetime,sothisbookofhiswasrespectedbyordinaryConfucianscholarsatthattime,andthe"XiPingShiJing"engravedbythelaterHanLingEmperorwasthe"ZhangHouLun".Thisbookbecametheauthoritativereadingatthetime.Accordingtothe"Hanshu·ZhangYuBiography","theConfucianismisthelanguageofthesaying:'Ifyouwanttobethe"On",readZhangWen.'MostscholarsfollowtheZhangfamily,andtherestofthefamilysleeps."TheAnalectsofQi"and"TheAnalectsofAncientAnalects"soondisappeared.AttheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,ZhengXuanused"ZhangHouLun"asthebasetext,referringto"QiLun"and"GuLun"tomake"TheAnalectsofConfucius",whichwasthenthefinalversionof"TheAnalects".
KongBizhong'sbook"TheAnalects"wasdeterminedbyKongAnguo.WhenKongAnguopresentedbookstoEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,itcoincidedwiththe"WitchGuIncident,"andthecourtreturnedthisbatchofbookstoKong.
"TheAnalectsofAncientLiterature"wasdiscoveredinthewallofConfucius'soldhousebythekingofLuGong,LiuYu,duringthetimeofEmperorJingoftheHanDynasty,anditwasnottaughtatthattime.HeYan's"TheAnalectsofAnalects:Preface"said:"The"AncientAnalects"wastaughtbydoctorKongAnguo,andtheworldisnotpassedon.""TheAnalectsofAnalects"oftenquotedKongAnguo's"Notes."However,whetherKongAnguoevertaughtthe"AnalectsofConfucius"andwhetherthetheoryofKongAnguointhe"JiJie"wasafalsework?ChenBiao's"TheAnalectsofConfucius:Preface"hasbeendoubted,andShenTao's"TheAnalectsofConfucius"isconsideredtobefalse.HeYan'sowncounterfeit,DingYan's"AnalectsofConfuciusKongzhuFalsification"isalsobelievedtobefromWangSu'shand.
AttheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,ZhengXuan,auniversityscholar,basedon"ZhangHouLun",referringto"QiLun"and"AncientLun",andmade"AnnotationtotheAnalects".IntheremnantZhengXuan's"TheAnalectsofConfucius",wecanseethesimilaritiesanddifferencesofthethree"TheAnalects"ofLu,Qi,andtheancients.However,the"AnalectsofConfucius"usedtodayisbasicallythe"ZhangHouLun".ZhangYuwasactuallynotenoughtosaythathewasa"jingshi",butjustashamelesspoliticianwhojoinedtheWangfamilyandpreservedhiswealth.Atthattime,hewasdenouncedasa"ChenChen",soCuiShuwasin"TheAnalectsofAnalects."Zhongactuallysaid:"Thetwochaptersof"Gongshan"and"BuddhaPalp"arenotintendedtobetakenintothe"LuLun"astheirowninterpretationofridicule?"However,evenifCuiShu'swordsarenotunreasonable,thechaptersof"TheAnalects"stillcannotTosaythattherearethingsfabricatedbylatergenerations,atmostitisonlytosaythattherearedifferentlegendsamongthedisciplesofConfucianismandthedisciples.
Theversiondisputeof"TheAnalects"isactuallyadisputebetweenauthenticityandfalsehood.In1973,abambooslip"TheAnalectsofConfucius"wasunearthedinBajiaolang,DingxianCounty,HebeiProvince.In2016,about5,000bambooslipswereunearthedfromthetomboftheHouHaihunhouLiuheinNanchang,JiangxiProvince.Archaeologistsdiscoveredthelong-lost"AnalectsofConfucius·Knowledge"inthesebambooslips,andpreliminarilydeterminedthattheybelongedtotheversionof"QiLun"of"TheAnalects".
Annotatededitionsofpastdynasties
TheAnalectsandTheBookofFilialPietyarebothmust-readbooksforlearnersintheearlyHanDynasty.TheyareakindofenlightenmentbooksfortheHanpeople.SincetheHanDynasty,manypeoplehaveannotated"TheAnalects".The"AnalectsofConfucius"annotatedbytheHanDynastyhasbeendeadandlost.TheremnantsofZhengXuan'sannotationsaremoreofthemtoday,becauseDunhuangandJapanhavediscoveredsomefragmentsofTangmanuscripts,whichareestimatedtobetenandsixtyseven;otherfamilies,AfterHeYan'sCollectedExplanationsofTheAnalects,mostofthemonlyexistedinCollectedExplanationsofTheAnalects."AnnotationtotheThirteenClassics·AnnotationtotheAnalectsofConfucius"istheuseof"JiJie"byHeYanoftheThreeKingdomsand"Shu"byXingBingoftheSongDynasty.AsforHeYanandXingYing,therearemanybooksdedicatedto"TheAnalects",youcanrefertoZhuYizun's"JingYiKao",JiYunandother"SikuQuanshuGeneralCatalogSummary"andTangLuDeming's"ClassicInterpretationPreface"andWuJianZhai(ChengShi)"Shuzheng".
Overthepasttwothousandyears,therehavebeencountlessbooksthathaveannotated"TheAnalects".Accordingtostatistics,therearenolessthan3,000monographson"TheAnalectsofConfucius"inthepastdynasties.Unfortunately,mostoftheseancientbookshavebeenlost.Thosewhospreadorderlyandhavegreaterinfluenceinclude:1.HanZhengxuan's"TheAnalectsofConfuciusAnnotation";2.WeiHeyan's"AnalectsofAnalects";3.LiangHuangkan's"OnSemantics";4.SongZhuxi's"AnalectsofAnalects";5.QingLiuBaonan's"TheAnalectsofJustice";Sixth,theRepublicofChinaChengShude"TheAnalectsofConfucius".
Fromtheperspectiveofphilology,therearefourimportantannotatedworkson"TheAnalectsofConfucius":Oneis"TheAnalectsofConfucius"compiledbyWeiHeyanandothers,whichisastudybyscholarsintheHanandThreeKingdomsperiod.Thecrystallizationof"TheAnalects";thesecondisLiangHuangkan's"OnSemanticInterpretation",whichincludesthemetaphysicaldevelopmentofthe"Analects"duringtheWei,JinandSouthernandNorthernDynasties;ThequintessenceoftheessenceoftheAnalects;thefourthisthe"JusticeoftheAnalects"byLiuBaonanintheQingDynasty.Thesefour"AnalectsofConfucius"annotationsrepresentthefourstagesofthe"AnalectsofConfucius"research,aswellasfourresearchmethods.Theyarethebasicmaterialsformodernresearchon"TheAnalectsofConfucius".
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TheAnalectsisacollectionofquotationsfromConfuciusandhisdisciples.ItiscompiledbyConfuciusandhisdisciples.Itisnottheworkofasingleindividual.Confuciuspioneeredthepracticeofprivatelectures.Accordingtolegend,hehad3,000disciplesand72virtuousdisciples.AfterthedeathofConfucius,hisdisciplesandhisdisciplesrecordedthewords,deedsandthoughtsofConfuciusandhisdisciplesandcompiledthemintotheConfucianclassic"TheAnalects".
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