Rubbing

Introduction

Theso-calledrubbingistosoakapieceoftoughtissuepaperinadvance,andthenapplyittothestonetablet,tapitwithabrushtomakethepaperenterthemouth,andwaitforthepaper.Afterdrying,useabrushtodiptheink,gentlyandevenlypattheinktospreadtheinkevenlyonthepaper,andthenpeeloffthepaper.Arubbingwithwhitecharactersonablackbackgroundwillbecopied.Thismethodofcopyingcharacters,Callit"rubbing".Itisacraftingmethodtoprintstoneorwoodcutcharactersonpaperandinkforpreservationanddissemination.

Origin

RubberprintinghasalonghistoryinChina.Ithasbeenengravedonboneplatesorbronzesaswellasbricks,ceramics,woodsandotherimportanteventsasfarbackas2000BC.Thejadethatpreservestextandimagesistheonlyqualitymaterialusedforlonginscriptionsasstone.Amongseverallarge-scaleprojectsimplementedforthepreservativeauthority,theengravingofmorethan4millionBuddhistscriptureson7137stonetabletsorsteleswascompletedfrom605to1096.Priortothis,from175to183AD,theSevenClassicsofConfucianismhadmorethan200,000wordsinscribedonthefrontandbackof46stonesteles,whichestablishedandpreservedthewritingsofSietal.forthescholarsandofficialsoftheEasternHanDynasty.Standardtemplate.ThesubsequentsixdynastiesalsoengravedConfucianclassics,andtheQingdynastyattheendofthe18thcenturytotaleditsachievements.Theclifffacewherethetempleislocatedisalsoknowntobeusedtoengravegiantreligiousstatements.

Asfortheoriginofrubbing,thereisnorecordinhistory.Sofar,therearedifferentopinionsanditisdifficulttoconclude.MostpeoplebelievethatrubbingbeganintheXipingperiodoftheEasternHanDynasty.Butonethingiscertain,thatis,theappearanceofrubbingmusthaveappearedaftertheinventionofpaper,andtherubbingmethodhasaveryancientoriginandappearedearlierthanengraving.

IntheSuiDynasty,therubbingtechniqueofcharactershasbeenverydeveloped,whichalsoshowsthatrubbingtechniqueappearedbeforethis.

IntheTangDynasty,therubbingtechniquebecamemoredeveloped.Notonlywerethereprivateworkshopsforrubbing,butthegovernmentalsoestablishedspecialrubbinginstitutions.

Changes

Therearetwomainchangesregardingthechangesinrubbingmethods.Oneisthechangeinthepositiveandnegativeofthecharacters;theearlieststoneinscriptionswerewritteninconcavecharacters,andthelaterdevelopedstoneinscriptionswereinvertedandconcavecharacters;theotherchangewasthattherubbingsonthetopandbottomofthestoneinscriptionsturnedtowoodcuts.Rubbing.

Works

Theearliestextantrubbingisthe6thcenturyrelic"WenquanInscription"preservedintheDunhuangstoneroom.Butthisisbynomeanstheearliestrubbingproduct.Theappearanceofrubbingtechniquewaslongbeforetherubbingof"WenquanMing".Accordingtothe"BookofSui·Scriptures",theroyallibraryoftheSuiDynastycontainsrubbingtexts,inunitsofvolumes,containingonevolumeofstoneinscriptionsfromthetimeofQinShihuang'seasttourofKuaiji,34volumesoffragmentsoftheXipingStoneScripture,andCaoWei'sthree-tistoneThe17volumesofScripturealsomentionthatthestoneinscriptionsintheLiangshihadbeenscatteredandlostintheSuiDynasty.TherearerubbingsofstoneinscriptionsinLiangshi,whichprovidedocumentaryevidenceforrubbingsintheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.Generallyspeaking,rubbingreferstorubbingtheinscriptiononthestonetablet.Infact,rubbingdoesnotspecificallyrefertotherubbingofthestonetablet.Undertheenlightenmentofspreadingtherubbinginscriptions,itisreasonableforpeopletoengravethetextthatneedstoberubbedandcopiedonthewoodenboardtomakeaprintingplate,andthenrubtheprintingplateontheprintingplate.InDuFu'spoem,thereisaverseof"ThesteleofYishanburnswildfire,andthejujubeiscarvedwithfat."Itdescribesthehistoricalfactsofengravingcharactersonwoodenboardsandmakingthemintowoodblockprintingplates.

Comparedwithengravingprinting

Comparedwithengravingprinting,thismethodofrubbinghasmanysimilarities,thatis,theyallrequiretheoriginalplate,paper,inkandotherconditions.ItspurposeAlsocopytextandimagesinbulk.

Asfarasprintingandcopyingisconcerned,itsappearancehasprovidedtheinventionofprintingwithamethodofprintingonpaper.IthasalreadypossessedthebasicelementsinthedefinitionofprintingandhasacompletesetofTherearebrushandprintingtechnology,itismoreappropriatetoregarditastheembryonicformofengravingprinting.

However,theinscriptiononthesteleisconcaveinscription,whiletheengravedprintingplateisraisedinpositive.Thecopiedrubbingsandengravedprints,theformeriswhiteonablackbackground,andthelatterisBlacktextonwhite.Moreover,theformatofrubbingsisoftenlargerthanthatofengravingprints,andthespeedisfarinferiortoengravingprinting.Therefore,itcannotberegardedasaprintingmethod,itcanonlyberegardedastheprototypeofengravingprinting.

Theearliestsurvivingrubbing"hotspringinscription"

Makingrubbings

Tomakerubbings,firstcoverthesurfaceoftheinscriptionwithwetpaperandpressitinwitharabbithairbrushThenotchofeverydepression.(Anothermethodistocoveritwithdrypaperandapplyriceornoodlepastebeforepressing.)Whenthepaperisabouttodry,coveritwithapaddippedinink.Thenpeeloffthepaperfromthestele.Sincetheblackinknevertouchedtheindentedpart,therubbingsmadebecamewhiteonablackbackground.(Iftheinscriptionisengravedinreliefinsteadofintaglio",theblackandwhitepositionsareinterchanged.)EvenifthisrubbingtechniquedoesnotpredatetheinventionofChineseprinting,itappearstobeatthesametime.Manyscholarsarguethatwoodblockprintingshouldevolvefromthetechniqueofengravingandtakingmolds;forprinting,itisusedtofirstengravetheraisedimageintheoppositedirectiononthewood,thenapplyinkontheraisedpart,andthencoveritwithpaper,whichisactuallyarubbing.Thereverseoperationofthemanufacturingmethod.

Significance

Peoplewhoareengagedinwoodcarving,atfirstobviouslydidnotpayattentiontothesignificanceofit.Theythinkthisisjustfollowingthestonecarvingmethod,replacingstonewithwood.Later,inthelong-termpractice,theygraduallyrealizedtheactualmeaningofusingwoodinsteadofstone,andcombinedthesealandrubbingmethod,thatis,theinscriptionontheinscriptiononthestele,imitatingtheseal,andengravingitintothepositivewriting.Brushtheinkontheplate,andthentransfertheinktothepaper.Inotherwords,enlargetheareaof​​theembossedseal,brushinkandcoverpaperontheplate,imitatingtherubbingmethodforprinting.Inthisway,aperfectprintingtechnique──blockprintingwasbornnaturally.Theemergenceofrubbingtechnologyprovidedtheinventionofprintingwithamethodofcopyingonpaper.Aftercarefulanalysis,rubbinghasalreadypossessedthebasicelementsinthedefinitionofprinting,andithasacompletesetofprocesstechnologywithbrushandprinting.Itcanbesaidthatrubbingitselfisprintingintheshadows.Itismoreappropriatetoregarditastheprototypeofengravingprinting.

RubbingsExhibition

"AuspiciousJinleStone"ChineseChuantuoArtExhibitionAppearsatXilingYinsheArtMuseum

The110thanniversaryofXilingYinsheOntheoccasion,thenewdecorationofXilingYinsheArtMuseumwascompleted.SponsoredbyXilingYinsheArtMuseumandco-organizedbyLiuXinhuicuratedby"CollectionsandProducts"magazine,the"JinJinLeStone"ChinaChuanTuoArtExhibitiontakesthisopportunitytopresentthehighestproductionlevelofChineserubbingart.WhilerevealingtoTonghaothistraditionalculturethatismoreattractiveandmoreornamentalthanprintedmaterials,italsoshowedtheworldtheuniquefeelingsofcontemporaryliterati.

Theartofspreadingextensioncanbecalledthequintessenceofthenationalquintessence,andithasanunparalleledspecialstatusintheinheritanceofmanytraditionalChineseculturalskills.Asearlyas8yearsago,theShanghaiMuseumpurchasedSongTuo's"ChunhuaGeTie"forUS$4.6million.Thefull-formrubbingtechnologyismuchmorecomplicatedthantheflatrubbing.SincetheMingandQingDynasties,rubbingmastershavegathered,andtheworksofChuantuoareeverywhere.Theso-callednoonebeforeandnooneafterwards,suchastheShunativeWangLiteandotherstudentsaftermorethantenyearsofpainstakingpracticalresearch,finallydevelopedandcompletedthefinishingandimprovementofthethree-dimensionalfull-shapetopographytechnologyonthebasisofthetraditionalfull-shapetopography.ShowthewonderfulworkofthisancientChineseculturemorerefinedandperfecttotheworld.Theknowersighshisability,theviewersighshisskill,andtheappreciatorsighshisgod.

ThisChuantuoArtExhibitionlastsformorethanamonthandendsonNovember20.The"ChineseChuantuoArtSeminar"willbeheldduringthisperiod,whichwillsurelyreflectamorebrillianttraditionbythisgod’sskillsThebrillianceofculture.