Definition
Reproduction.Reproductionisaproductionprocessthatisrepeatedcontinuously.Includingtwoaspectsofhumanreproductionandmaterialreproduction.Throughthecontinuousreproduction(reproduction)ofhumanbeingsandthecontinuousreproductionofmaterials(productionmaterialsandlivingmaterials),suchacyclecanmaintaintheexistenceanddevelopmentofhumansociety.Therefore,socialproductionmustbecarriedoutcontinuouslyandcyclically.Ifitisinterrupted,societywillperish.Thiskindofcontinuousrenewalandrepeatedproductionis"reproduction".
Theconceptofreproductionisre-expressedasfollows:Reproductionisthecombinationofhumanbeingsinnature,withlivinglaborasanoldbodyasthecore,commonneedsasthepurpose,andscientificandtechnologicalmeansastheradiusofthefour-dimensionalspace-time,combinedwithotherreproductionentitiesReproductiverelationshipisproducedinthe"sixpossessions-degeneration",andthereproductiveforcewilldecayandreturntonature;atthesametime,theobjectnaturewillnaturallyabsorbthereproductivecapacitytoformthe"sixpossesses-degeneration",whichwillgivebirthandgrowintoajuvenilebody,Andthenformanext-generationreproductionentitywithreproductionbenefits,andformanetworksystemcycleactivitythatmultipliesandevolvesfromonegenerationtothenext.Reproductionincludesreproductionentities,reproductionrelationsandreproductionproductivity.
Realizationconditions
Sociallaborisdistributedproportionallyaccordingtovariousneedsofthesociety,whichisaconditionforrealizingsocialreproduction.Marxsaid:"Thenecessityofdistributingsociallaboraccordingtoacertainproportioncanneverbecancelledbyacertainformofsocialproduction,butonlyitsmanifestationcanbechanged"("MarxandEngels'"Capital"Letters",p.282).Marxdidnotsayhowtocalculatethisratio.NingxiascholarYangBinlinsolvedtheproblemofcalculatingtheproportionsofthetwomajordepartmentsandtheirsub-categoriesthroughthereproductionbalancesheetandthereproductionbalancemodel,whichisamajordevelopmentofreproductiontheory.
Contentsofreproduction
Reproductionisfirstofallthereproductionofmaterialmaterials.Inthereproductionofmaterialmaterials,theproductionmaterialsusedforproductionandconsumptionandtheconsumptionmaterialsusedfordailyconsumptionarecontinuouslyregenerated.Reproductionisthereproductionoflabor,whichregeneratesthelaborcapacityoflaborersthroughtheconsumptionofvariousconsumptionmaterials.Reproductionisalsothereproductionofproductionrelations.Intheprocessofreproduction,peoplecontinuetoformestablishedrelationsofproduction.[PartI)andtheproductiondepartmentofconsumptionmaterials(PartII);andincommodityproduction,theproductvalueofthetwocategoriesincludesthevalueoftheconsumedmeansofproduction,thevalueofnecessaryproducts,andthevalueofsurplusproducts.Threeparts:Inordertoensurethesmoothprogressofsocialreproduction,valuecompensationandmaterialreplacementmustbecarriedoutwithineachdepartmentandbetweenthetwodepartments.Forthisreason,acertainquantitativerelationshipmustbemaintained,anditmustbedevelopedintoatwo-partexchangeaccordingly.Thecirculationdepartmentoftheservice.
Thedifferencebetweenreproduction
ReproductionhasIndividualreproductionandSocialreproductionb>Thedifference.
Theformeristhereproductionofasingleproducerorproductionunit.Thelatteriscomposedofthesumofthereproductionofeachproductionunitthatisinterrelated,intertwined,andmutuallyconditional,includingfourlinksofproduction,distribution,exchange,andconsumption.Theyhavetheirownuniquefunctionsinthereproductionprocess.Productiondeterminesdistribution,exchange,andconsumption;distribution,exchange,andconsumptionaffectproduction.
Scaleclassification
Accordingtoitsscalestatus,reproductioncanbedividedintotwocategories:simplereproductionandexpandedreproduction.
Simplereproduction
Simplereproductionisreproductionwheretheproductionscaleremainsunchanged,orinotherwords,reproductionthatisrepeatedontheoriginalscale.Specifically,thenewproductsproducedbythesocietycanonlycompensatefortheconsumedproductionandsubsistencematerials.
Expandedreproduction
Expandedreproductionisreproductionwhoseproductionscaleislargerthantheoriginal.Specifically,thenewproductsproducedbythesocietyareusedtocompensatefortheconsumedmaterialsofproductionandconsumption,andthereareexcesspartsusedtoexpandthescaleofproduction.
Forexample,ifaleathershoemanufacturerusesthesametools,equipment,rawmaterials,andlabortoproducethesamenumberofleathershoeseveryyear,thisissimplereproduction;ifheaddstools,Equipmentandrawmaterialshavealsohiredmorelabor,andtheproductionofleathershoeshasalsoincreasedgreatly.Thisistheexpansionofreproduction.
Anysociety,inordertoachievedevelopment,mustadoptthemethodofexpandedreproduction.However,"ajourneyofathousandmilesbeginswithasinglestep."Nomatterhowproductionisexpanded,itisalwaysbasedontheoriginalscaleandthestartingpoint.Onlyonthebasisofsimplereproductioncantheexpansionofreproductionbecarriedout.Therefore,simplereproductionisthepremiseandbasisofexpandedreproduction,andexpandedreproductionisthecontinuationanddevelopmentofsimplereproduction.
Althoughallproductionstartsfromsimplereproduction,expandedreproductionoftenbecomesthemainfeatureofallproductionprocesses.Generallyspeaking,expandedreproductioncanbedividedintotwotypes,namely,extensionalexpandedreproductionandconnotativeexpandedreproduction.
1)Theextendedreproductionoftheepitaxialtype
Theextendedreproductionoftheepitaxialtypeistheexpandedreproductionachievedbyincreasingthenumberofproductionfactors.Asfortheleathershoemanufacturerwecitedintheaboveexample,ifhisproductiontechnology,processlevel,andproductionprocessremainunchanged,heonlyreliesontheexpansionofproductionfactorssuchastools,equipment,labor,etc.toformanexpandedreproduction,whichisanextensionaltype.Theexpansionofreproduction.
2)Connotativeexpandedreproduction
Connotativeexpandedreproductionisexpandedreproductionachievedbyimprovingtheuseefficiencyofproductionfactors.Thatis,underthecircumstancethatthenumberofproductionfactorssuchasworkshops,machineryandequipment,andlabordoesnotincrease,itismainlythroughtechnologicaladvancement,strengtheningmanagement,andimprovingthequalityofproductionfactorstomakethescaleofproductioncontinuetoexpand.
Inreallife,theextensionalexpansionofreproductionandtheconnotationofexpansionareoftencombinedtogether,itisdifficulttocompletelyseparatethetwo.Forexample,whenusingtheextensionalexpansionofreproduction,whenthequantityandscaleofproductionfactorssuchasmachineryandequipmentareincreasedwiththenewinvestment,itisoftenaccompaniedbytheimprovementofthequalityoftheproductionfactors;whenusingtheintensiveexpansionofreproduction,technologicalimprovementorWhenrenewingmachineryandequipment,itisalsonecessarytoincreasenewinvestment,whichismoreorlessaccompaniedbyanincreaseinthenumberofscales.Butwhatweneedtobeclearisthatwiththedevelopmentofsocialproductivityandtheprogressofscienceandtechnology,asthesustainabledevelopmentstrategyisadoptedbymoreandmorecountries,theconnotativeexpansionofreproductionaccountsfortheproportionoftheentiresocialreproduction.Theproportionwillbecomelargerandlarger,andwillbecomethemainwaytoexpandreproduction.
Socialreproduction,whetheritissimplereproductionorexpandedreproduction,asfarasitscontentisconcerned,itisnotonlythereproductionofmaterialmaterials,butalsothereproductionofproductionrelations.Ontheonehand,reproductionmustproducecertainmeansofproductionandsubsistencetocompensateorincreasethematerialconditionsthathavebeenconsumed;ontheotherhand,anyproductionhasacertainsocialformandiscarriedoutundercertainproductionrelations.Withthecontinuousrenewalandrepetitionofproduction,thisrelationshipisconstantlybeingreproduced.Therefore,thereproductionofanysocietyistheunityofthereproductionofmaterialmaterialsandthereproductionofproductionrelations.
Natureandcharacteristics
Indifferentproductionmethods,duetodifferentproductivityandproductionrelations,reproductionhasdifferentpropertiesandcharacteristics.Forexample,capitalistreproductionandfeudalistreproductionarenotthesame.Feudalistreproductionischaracterizedbysimplereproduction,whilecapitalistreproductionischaracterizedbyexpandedreproduction.Asfarasthereproductionofmaterialmaterialsisconcerned,inthefeudalmodeofproduction,productivityhasbeenstagnatedforalongtime,andthedevelopmenthasbeenslow.Foralongtime,productionisrepeatedonthebasisoftheoriginaltechnology,andthecompositionandscaleofmaterialmaterialsrarelychange.Inthecapitalistmodeofproduction,productivityisadvancingbyleapsandbounds,andproductiondevelopsonthebasisofrapidtechnologicalchanges.Atthesametime,itundergoescyclicalchanges.Thecompositionofmaterialdataisconstantlyupdated,anditsreproductionscaleisrapidlyexpandingincyclicalchanges.Asfarasthereproductionoflaborisconcerned,inthefeudalmodeofproduction,farmershavebeentrappedinignoranceforalongtime,andtheirproductionexperienceandlaborskillshavebeeninheritedfromgenerationtogeneration,andtheirimprovementhasbeenslow.Inthecapitalistmodeofproduction,withtherapiddevelopmentofproductiontechnology,itisobjectivelyrequiredthatworkershavemoreandmoreculturalandscientificknowledgeandretrainedtomeettheneedsofnewtechnologies.Atthesametime,asthedivisionoflabordeepens,Atacertainstageofdevelopment,workershavealsobecomedeformedandpartialworkers.Regardingthereproductionofproductionrelations,thereproductionoffeudalismreproducestheexploitedandexploitedrelationshipbetweenthelandlordclassandthepeasantswhoaredependentonthelandlordclass.Thereproductionofcapitalismreproducestheexploitedandexploitedrelationshipbetweentheproductivebourgeoisieandtheproletariat.Here,thecapitalistisapersonifiedcapital.Thecapitalistconvertssurplusvalueintocapital,whichexpandsthecapital'sexploitationofwagelabor,whilewagelaborersregeneratetheirownlaborthroughconsumption,andtheregenerativeoutputcanbesoldagaintothecapitalistandbecomethecapitalist.Specialcommoditiesthatrecreatesurplusvalue.Thesocialistreproductionbasedonthepublicownershipofthemeansofproductionhasfundamentallydifferentpropertiesandcharacteristicsfromthefeudalandcapitalistreproductionsbasedontheprivateownershipofthemeansofproduction.Socialistreproductionisbasedonthecontinuousimprovementanddevelopmentofproductiontechnology,sothatproductioniscontinuouslyexpandedandperfected,andtheperiodiccycleofcapitalistreproductionwillnotoccur.Onthebasisofcontinuousexpansionandimprovementofproduction,thematerialandculturalneedsofsocietyanditsmemberswillbemetmoreandmore,andtheproductionrelationsofmutualassistanceandcooperationbetweenworkingpeoplewillalsobecontinuouslyconsolidated,developedandimproved.