DevelopmentandHistory
DuringtheWesternHanDynasty(206BC),Chinaalreadyhadpapermaking,andCaiLunimproveditinthefirstyearofYuanxing(105)intheEasternHanDynasty.Heusedbark,hemp,lint,fishnetandotherrawmaterialstomakepaperthroughfrustration,pounding,frying,andbaking.Itistheoriginofmodernpaper.Thiskindofpaperhaseasytofindrawmaterials,isverycheap,anditsqualityhasbeenimproved,anditisgraduallyused.TocommemorateCaiLun'sachievements,latergenerationscalledthispaper"Caihoupaper".
Paperisthecrystallizationoftheaccumulationoflong-termexperienceandwisdomoftheChineseworkingpeople.Paperisasheet-likefiberproductusedforwriting,printing,paintingorpackaging.Generally,itismadeofanaqueoussuspensionofplantfibersthathasundergonepulpingtreatment,interlacedonthenet,initiallydehydrated,andthencompressedanddried.Chinaisthefirstcountryintheworldtoinventpaper.Accordingtoarchaeologicalfindings,duringtheWesternHanDynasty(206BCto8BC),Chinaalreadyhadhempfiberpaper.Thetextureisrough,thequantityissmall,thecostishigh,anditisnotpopular.
Sinceancienttimes,Chineseworkingpeoplehaveknownhowtoraisesilkwormsandreelsilk.DuringtheQinandHandynasties,thehandicraftindustryofusingsecondarycocoonsassilkflosswasverypopular.Thismethodofprocessingsecondarycocoonsiscalledthebleachingmethod.Thebasicpointsofoperationincluderepeatedbeatingtosmashthesilkwormgarments.Thistechnologywaslaterdevelopedintobeatinginpapermaking.Inaddition,inancientChina,limewaterorplantashwaterwascommonlyusedtodegummedsilkandhemp.Thistechnologyalsoprovidesinspirationforthedegummingofplantfibersinpapermaking.Paperisdevelopedwiththehelpofthesetechnologies.
Inhistory,therearefewdocumentsaboutpapermakingtechnologyintheHanDynasty,soitisdifficulttounderstanditscompleteanddetailedprocess.Althoughlatergenerationshavespeculation,itcanonlybeusedasareference.Onthewhole,therearemanylinksinpapermakingtechnology,sotheremustbeaprocessofdevelopmentandevolution,whichisbynomeanstheworkofoneperson.Itistheaccumulationoflong-termexperienceandwisdomoftheChineseworkingpeople.
Intheearlydaysoftheinventionofpapermaking,therawmaterialsforpapermakingweremainlybarkandrags.Atthattime,theragsweremainlyhempfiber,andthevarietiesweremainlyramieandhemp.Itissaidthatmycountry'scottonwasintroducedfromIndiaatthesametimeasBuddhismintheearlyEasternHanDynasty,andwasusedforweavinginthelaterperiod.Thebarkusedatthattimewasmainlysandalwoodandgoupi(i.e.chupi).AtthelatestintheearlyyearsoftheWesternHanDynastyinthe2ndcenturyBC,paperhadcomeoutinChina.Theoriginalpaperwasmadeofhempfiberorhempfabric.Becausethepapermakingisstillintheearlystageandthecraftsmanshipissimple,thepaperproducedisroughintexture,withmanyunloosedfiberbundles,andthesurfaceisnotsmooth.Itisnotsuitableforwriting,andisgenerallyonlyusedforpackaging.
UntiltheEasternHanDynastyandEmperorHedi,afterCaiLun’simprovement,asetofrelativelyfinalizedpapermakingprocesswasformed.Theprocesscanberoughlysummarizedintofoursteps:
FirstItistheseparationofrawmaterials,thatis,therawmaterialsaredegummedinlyebyrettingorsteaming,anddispersedintofibers;
Thesecondisbeating,whichistocutthefibersbycuttingandpounding.Andmakethefiberbroom,andbecomepulp;
Thethirdispapermaking,thatis,thepulpismadeintoaslurrybypermeatingwater,andthenapaperscoop(stickmat)isusedtoscoopthepulp,sothatthepulpisinterlacedonthescoopSheet-shapedwetpaper;
Thefourthisdrying,thatis,dryingordryingthewetpaper,andthenpeelingitofftobecomepaper.
AftertheHanDynasty,althoughthecraftsmanshiphasbeencontinuouslyimprovedandmatured,thesefourstepshavebasicallynotchanged.Eveninmoderntimes,theproductionprocessofwetpapermakingisstillnotfundamentallydifferentfromtheancientChinesepapermakingmethod..Thedevelopmentofpapermakingtechnologymainlyreflectstwoaspects:intermsofrawmaterials,mulberrybarkandrattanbarkhavebeenusedtomakepaperduringtheWei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynasties.IntheSuiDynastyandtheFiveDynastiesperiod,bamboo,sandalwoodbark,wheatstraw,ricestraw,etc.havealsobeenusedasrawmaterialsforpapermaking,whichprovidedarichandsufficientsourceofrawmaterialsforthedevelopmentofpapermaking.
Amongthem,thebamboopapermadefrombamboointheTangDynastymarkedamajorbreakthroughinpapermakingtechnology.Thefiberofbambooishard,brittle,andfragile,andtechnicalprocessingisdifficult.ThesuccessofmakingpaperwithbambooindicatesthatancientChinesepapermakingtechnologyhasreachedafairlymaturelevel.IntheTangDynasty,processingtechnologiessuchasaddingalum,addingglue,powdercoating,sprinklinggold,anddyeinginthepapermakingprocesscameoutoneafteranother,layingthetechnicalfoundationfortheproductionofvariouscraftpapers.Thequalityofthepaperproducedisgettinghigherandhigher,andtherearemoreandmorevarieties.FromtheTangDynastytotheQingDynasty,thepaperproducedinChina,inadditiontoordinarypaper,alsohasavarietyofcoloredwaxpaper,coldgold,wronggold,Valuablepapersuchasribs,goldandsilverpaintings,calenderpaper,aswellasvariousricepaper,wallpaper,floralpaper,etc.Makepaperanecessityinpeople'sculturallifeanddailylife.Theinventionanddevelopmentofpaperalsowentthroughatortuousprocess.
Aftertheimprovementofpapermakingin105AD,thetechniqueofpapermakingspreadfromHenantoothereconomicallyandculturallydevelopedregions.CaiLunwasnamedLongtinghouinYangxianCounty,Shaanxi,andthepapermakingtechniquespreadtoHanzhongareaandgraduallyspreadtoSichuan.AccordingtothefolkloreofCaiLun’shometownofLeiyang,Hunan,CaiLunalsotaughtpapermakingskillstohishometown.AttheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,Shandongpapermakingwasrelativelydeveloped,andZuoBo,apapermakingexpertinDonglaiCounty(nowYeCounty),wasborn.AfterpapermakingwaspopularizedinvariouspartsofourcountryinthesecondcenturyAD,paperbecameapowerfulcompetitorofsilkandsilk.
InthethirdandfourthcenturiesAD,paperhasbasicallyreplacedsilkandsimplificationastheonlywritingmaterialinourcountry,whichhaseffectivelypromotedthedisseminationanddevelopmentofscienceandcultureinourcountry.DuringtheWei,JinandSouthernandNorthernDynastiesfromthethirdtosixthcenturiesAD,mycountry'spapermakingtechnologycontinuedtoinnovate.Intermsofrawmaterials,inadditiontotheoriginalhempandmulberry,ithasalsobeenexpandedtousemulberryandrattanbarktomakepaper.Intermsofequipment,thepapermakingtechnologyoftheWesternHanDynastywasinherited,andmoremovablecurtainbedpapermoldsappeared.Withamovablebamboocurtainplacedontheframe,thousandsofsheetsofwetpapercanberetrievedrepeatedly,whichimprovestheworkefficiency.Intermsofprocessingandmanufacturingtechnology,lyecookingandpoundinghavebeenstrengthened,thequalityofpaperhasbeenimproved,andprocessedpaperssuchascoloredpaper,coatedpaper,andfillerpaperhaveappeared.
JudgingfromtheancientpapersunearthedinDunhuangstonechambersandXinjiangShaqiduringthisperiod,thepaperfibersareuniformlyintertwined,whiteinappearance,andsmoothinsurface,whichcanbedescribedas"brightradiance".InthesixthcenturyAD,JiaSixiealsowrotein"QiMinYaoShu",therearetwospecialrecordsabouttheprocessingofpapermakingrawmaterialsandthetechnologyofdyeingyellowpaper.Atthesametime,papermakingtechnologyspreadtomycountry'sneighbors,NorthKoreaandVietnam,whichwasthebeginningofthespreadingofpapermakingtechnology.
DuringtheSui,TangandFiveDynastiesinthe6thand10thcenturies,inadditiontohemppaper,mulberrypaper,mulberrypaper,rattanpaper,sandalwoodpaper,Ruixiangpaper,ricestrawpaperandnew-stylepaperappearedinChina.Bamboopaper.Inthesouthernbamboo-producingareas,bambooresourcesareabundant,sobamboopaperhasdevelopedrapidly.Regardingtheoriginofbamboopaper,somepeoplethoughtthatitbeganintheJinDynasty,butthereisinsufficientliteratureandphysicalevidence.Fromatechnicalpointofview,bamboopapershouldnotappearuntiltheleatherpapertechnologyhasdevelopedconsiderably,becausebamboomaterialisstalkfiber,whichisrelativelyhardanddifficulttohandle.BamboopaperisunlikelytoappearintheJinDynasty.BamboopapershouldoriginateaftertheTangDynasty,buthasarelativelylargedevelopmentduringtheTangandSongDynasties.Europedidnothavebamboopaperuntiltheeighteenthcentury.
Paper-producingareasinthisperiodspreadalloverthenorthandsouth.EngravingprintingwasinventedintheTangDynastyandbegantobewidelyusedinthemiddleandlateTangDynasty.Asaresult,thebookprintingindustryemerged,whichpromotedthedevelopmentofthepaperindustry.Theoutputandqualityofpaperincreased,andthepricecontinuedtodrop.Popularizedinthedailylifeofthepeople.Amongthepreciouspapersarethe"hardyellow"oftheTangDynasty,the"Chengxintangpaper"oftheFiveDynasties,water-grainedpaperandvariousartpapers.TherearealreadymanypaintingsandartworksofTangDynastyonpaper,whichreflecttheimprovementofpapermakingtechnology.
IntheSong,Yuan,MingandQingdynastiesfromthe10thtothe18thcenturyAD,tarppaper,mulberrypaperandotherpeltpaperandbamboopaperwereespeciallypopular,andtheirconsumptionwasalsoparticularlylarge.Bamboocurtainsusedinpapermakingmostlyusefinebamboostrips,whichrequiresthatthebeatingdegreeofthepapermustbequitehigh,andthepaperproducedmustbeveryfineanduniform.PreviouslyintheTangDynasty,starchpastewasusedasasizingagent,whichhasthefunctionoffillingandreducingthesinkbottomofthefiber.AftertheSongDynasty,plantmucilagewasusedtomake"papermedicine"tomakethepulpuniform.Commonlyused"papermedicine"wascarambolavine,hollyhockandotherextracts.ThistechniquehasbeenadoptedasearlyastheTangDynasty,butbecamepopularaftertheSongDynasty,sothatstarchpasteisnolongerused.
Atthistime,therearemanyvarietiesofprocessedpaper,andtheuseofpaperisincreasing.Inadditiontopainting,calligraphy,printing,anddailyuse,mycountryisalsothefirsttoissuebanknotesintheworld.Thispapercurrencywascalled"Jiaozi"intheSongDynastyandcontinuedtobeissuedaftertheYuanandMingDynasties.Later,countriesallovertheworldfollowedtoissuepapercurrency.Thewallpapers,paperflowers,andpaper-cutsusedforinteriordecorationduringtheMingandQingDynastiesarealsoverybeautifulandsoldathomeandabroad.Allkindsofcolorfulwaxpaper,coldgold,lacquer,ribbing,lacquerandsilverpainting,calenderpaper,etc.,aremostlyenjoyedbythefeudalrulingclass.Thecostisveryhigh,andthequalityishigherthanthatofordinarypaper.
Inthisperiod,papersaboutpapermakingalsoappearedconstantly.Forexample,"PaperPu"bySuYijianinSongDynasty,"PaperJianPu"byFeiinYuanDynasty,"ChuShu"byWangZongmuofMingDynasty,especially"HeavenlyCreations"bySongYingxingofMingDynasty,allhavemanyrecordsofancientpapermakingtechnologyinmycountry..Therecordofbamboopaperandleatherpaperinthethirteenthvolumeof"TiangongKaiwu","Finishing",canbesaidtobeaconclusivenarrative.Thereisalsoapapermakingoperationdiagramattachedtothebook,whichisthemostdetailedrecordofpapermakingintheworldatthattime.AfterhundredsofyearsintheYuan,MingandQingdynasties,tothemiddleoftheQingDynasty,mycountry'shand-madepapermakinghasbeenquitedeveloped,withadvancedqualityandawidevarietyofvarieties,whichhasbecomethematerialconditionsforthedevelopmentandspreadoftheChinesenation'scultureforthousandsofyears.
Thespreadofpapermakingtechnology
PapermakingtechnologywasfirstintroducedtoNorthKoreaandVietnam,whichareadjacenttomycountry,andthentoJapan.SoonafterCaiLunimprovedpapermaking,NorthKoreaandVietnamhadpaper.CountriesontheKoreanpeninsulahavesuccessivelylearnedthetechnologyofpapermaking.Pulpismainlyextractedfromfibersinhemp,rattan,bamboo,andstraw.AroundtheendofthefourthcenturyAD,BaekjelearnedtomakepaperwiththehelpoftheChinese,andsoonGoryeoandSillaalsomasteredpapermakingtechnology.Sincethen,thetechnologyofGoryeopapermakingcontinuedtoimprove.IntheTangandSongDynasties,Goryeo'sleatherpaperwasexportedtoChina.DuringtheWesternJinDynasty,theVietnamesealsomasteredpapermakingtechnology.In610AD,theKoreanmonkTransailedacrosstheseatoJapananddedicatedpapermakingtoPrinceShotoku,theregentofJapan.PrinceShotokuorderedthepromotionthroughoutthecountry.Later,theJapanesepeoplecalledhimapapergod.
China'spapermakingtechnologyhasalsospreadtosomecountriesinCentralAsia,andhassincespreadtoIndiathroughtrade.
PapermakingwasmisrepresentedasbeingpassedontothewestaftertheBattleofTarros.Infact,accordingtotherecordsofDuYou's"JingXingJi",therewerenopapercraftsmenamongthecapturedcraftsmen.Inrecentyears,scholarsfromUzbekistanhavepointedoutintheirresearchthatbeforetheBattleofTarros,theartofpapermakingwaspeacefullypassedtoSamarkandthroughthecapitalofBahana,Kokand.Inthe10thcentury,papermakingtechnologyspreadtoDamascusinSyria,CairoinEgyptandMorocco.Inthespreadofpapermaking,thespreadofArabscannotbeignored.
EuropeanslearnedaboutpapermakingtechnologythroughArabs.ThefirstEuropeancountrytobeexposedtopaperandpapermakingtechnologywasSpain,onceruledbyArabsandMoors.In1150AD,theArabsestablishedthefirstpapermillinEuropeinSadiva,Spain.In1276,Italy'sfirstpapermillwasbuiltinMontefallotoproducehemppaper.In1348,FranceestablishedapapermillnearTroyes,southeastofParis.Sincethen,severalpapermillshavebeenestablished,sothatFrancenotonlyhassufficientdomesticpapersupply,butalsoexportstoGermany.Germanyonlyhaditsownpapermillinthe14thcentury.BecausetheUnitedKingdomisseparatedfromtheEuropeancontinentbysea,papermakingtechnologywasintroducedrelativelylate,andithaditsownpapermillinthe15thcentury.Swedenestablishedtheearliestpapermillin1573,Denmarkbeganpapermakingin1635,andthepapermillbuiltinOsloin1690wastheearliestpapermillinNorway.Bythe17thcentury,allmajorEuropeancountrieshadtheirownpaperindustry.
AftertheSpanishmovedtoMexico,theyfirstestablishedapapermillintheAmericancontinent.PapermakinginMexicobeganin1575.Beforeindependence,theUnitedStatesestablisheditsfirstpapermillnearPhiladelphiain1690.Bythe19thcentury,China'spapermakingtechnologyhadspreadtoallcountriesonthefivecontinents.
InordertosolvetheproblemofpoorpaperqualityinEurope,FrenchMinisterofFinanceDurgeoncehopedtousetheJesuitpriestsstationedinBeijingtospyonChina'spapermakingtechnology.DuringtheQianlongperiod,JiangYouren,aFrenchpainterandJesuitpriestwhoworkedintheQingcourt,sentpicturesofChinesepapermakingtechnologybacktoParis.OnlythendidChina'sadvancedpapermakingtechnologyspreadwidelyinEurope.In1797,FrenchmanNicolasLouisRobertsuccessfullyinventedthemethodofmakingpaperwithmachines.FromthetimeofCaiLun,theChinesecontinuedtoleadthepapermakingfornearly2000yearsbeforebeingsurpassedbytheEuropeans.
Theinventionandpromotionofpapermakinghaveaprofoundimpactonthespreadofscienceandcultureintheworld,andplayamajorroleintheprogressanddevelopmentofsociety.
InresponsetoattemptstodenyCaiLunastheinventorofpapermakingandChinaasaninventorofpapermaking,the20thInternationalAssociationofPapermakingHistorywasheldinMalmedy,BelgiumfromAugust18to22,1990.ThecongressunanimouslydeterminedthatCaiLunwasthegreatinventorofpapermakingandChinawasthecountrythatinventedpapermaking.AccordingtothetextualresearchbyComradeShiJianhou,theeditorialboardofLuoyangLocalHistoryRecords.LocatedintheoutskirtsofLuoyang’sancientcityoftheHanandWeiDynasties"Theinscription"isnowlost.)
Inshort,papermakingwasspreadalongtherouteoftheTangDynasty-Arabia-Europe.
Archaeologicaldiscoveries
Judgingfromthearchaeologicaldiscoveriessofar,theinventionofpapermakingisnolaterthantheearlyyearsoftheWesternHanDynasty.
TheancientpaperunearthedinBaqiao,Xi'an,ShaanxiProvinceinMay1957wasscientificallyanalyzedandidentifiedashemppaperoftheWesternHanDynasty,datingnotlaterthan118BC.In1973,twopiecesofhemppaper,darkyellowandroughintexture,werediscoveredattheShuijinPassofJianshui,Juyan,GansuProvincein1973.
ThreepiecesofhemppaperfromtheXuanEmperorperiodoftheWesternHanDynasty(73~49BC)wereunearthedinZhongyanVillage,Fufeng,Shaanxiin1978;fivepiecesofeightpieceswereunearthedattheFengsuiSiteoftheWesternHanDynastyinMajuanwan,DunhuangCounty,Gansuin1979.PiecesofhemppaperintheWesternHanDynasty.ThefragmentofapapermapfromtheperiodofEmperorWenoftheWesternHanDynasty(179-141BC)unearthedinFangmatan,Tianshui,Gansuin1986,showsthatthepaperatthattimewasusedforwritinganddrawing.JudgingfromthequalityofthepaperunearthedintheWesternHanDynasty,thepapermakingtechnologyintheearlyyearsoftheWesternHanDynastyhasbasicallymatured.
Significanceandvalue
Papermaking—especiallytheimprovedpapermakingbyCaiLunintheEasternHanDynasty(alsoknownas"CaihouPaper"),isarevolutioninwritingmaterials.Itiseasytocarry.ThewiderangeofmaterialsusedhaspromotedtheculturaldevelopmentofChina,Arabia,Europeandtheentireworld.
Afterhavingtext,themostimportantthingistohaveagoodcarrier.AncientEgyptiansusedthepapyrusfromtheNileRivertorecordhistory;inancientEurope,peopleusedanimalskinssuchassheepskintowritecharactersforalongtime;andinChina,beforetheinventionofpapermaking,oraclebones,bambooslips,andsilkwereusedinancienttimes.Materialsforwritingandrecording.However,theoraclebonesandbambooslipsarerelativelyheavy.QinShihuanghadtocompleteacartadaytoreadthememorials.Althoughthesilksilkwaslight,thecostwasveryexpensive,anditwasnotsuitableforwriting.IntheHanDynasty,duetotherapideconomicandculturaldevelopmentoftheWesternHanDynasty,theoraclebonesandbambooslipscouldnolongermeettheneedsofdevelopment,whichpromptedtheimprovementofwritinginstruments-paperwasinvented.Papermakingisanimportantchemicalprocess.TheinventionofpaperisaveryvaluablecontributionmadebyChinainthedisseminationanddevelopmentofhumanculture.ItisamajorachievementinChinesehistoryandhasalsocontributedtoChinesehistory.importantinfluence.
Papermakinginfluence
ChinesesilkalsospreadtoIndia.TheearliestrecordsarefoundinancientIndianbooks.TheIndianstatesmanandphilosopherKautilya's"OnPoliticalAffairs"(alsotranslatedas"AdministrationoftheState")hasthewordcinapatta,whichmeans"abundleofChinesesilk".Kadiliaissaidtobeborninthe4thcenturyBCasacourtieroftheMauryaDynasty(thedynastyofMagadhainancientIndia,builtin321BCandreplacedbytheSundadynastyinabout187BC).ThisshowsthatatthelatestinthefourthcenturyBC,ChinesesilkwasimportedintoIndia.Inaddition,itcanbeseenfrommanywordsinSanskritthattheancientIndianpeople’sknowledgeofsilkismuchmoreaccuratethanthatoftheGreeksandRomans,becausetheyknewthatsilkwasspitbybugsandsilkwasdrawnfromcocoons(oldn)..
BeforesilkwasintroducedtoIndia,theclothesoftheancientIndianpeoplewereonlycottonclothes,wool,anddeerskin.TheremaybewildsilkinancientIndia,butuntiltheTangDynasty,silkwasrarelyused.TheintroductionofChinesesilkaddednewclothingmaterialstotheancientIndianpeople.IntheSongDynasty,Indiansnearthetradeportsofthetwocountriescouldalreadywearsilkclothes.Ofcourse,inancientChina,notonlysilkfabricswereimportedintoIndia,butalsorawsilk.TheIndiansthendyedtherawsilkandwoventhemintosilkfabrics.Brocade,silk.TheIndiansilkisasthinasacicada'swingsandisexceptionallyexquisite.
Inadditiontosilk,paperandpapermakingtechniqueswereintroducedtoIndiafromancientChinaandhadanimportantinfluenceonIndianculture.InancientIndia,woodboardsandbamboosheetsweresometimesusedaswritingmaterials,andyehbarkandbayleavesweremoreoftenused.Theword"birchbark"isoftenseeninclassicalSanskritwritings.Itoriginallymeantwritingmaterials.AfterChinesepaperwasimported,peopleusedthiswordtocallpaper,whichshowsthatbirchbarkiswidelyused;bayleafisakindofPalmleavesarelargeandlong.AncientIndianswroteandcopiedscripturesontheleaves.
Papermakingmethod
Ancient
ReferringtoFigure1,therearefivemainstepsinpapermakingintheMingDynasty.ItcanbeseenfromthefigurethatChina'spapermakingindustrywasquitematureatthattime,expertsineachprocessperformedtheirduties,andsomespecialtoolsforpapermakinghavebeendeveloped.ThepapermakingmethodshowninthepictureisthepapermakingmethodwidelyusedinancientChina,andthepapermakingmethodisrelativelyfast.
Cuttingthebambooandfloatingpond:Cutdownthebambooandsoakitinthepondtomakethefiberfullyabsorbwater.Youcanaddbark,hemp,andoldfishnetsandotherplantmaterialstomash.Boilthetangsonhighheat:Boilthescrapstodispersethefibersuntiltheyareboiledintopulp.Inthepicture,itcanbeseenthatthescrapsinthecauldronarepressedwithdashi,whichhelpstoboilcompletely.Swingthematerialintothecurtain:Afterthepulpiscooled,usetheflatbamboocurtaintopickupthepulp,filterthewater,andbecomeapaperfilm.Thissteprequiresproficientskillsinordertogetamoderatelythickandevenlydistributedpaperfilm.Curtainpressingpaper:Foldthepaperfilmonebyone,pressittightlywithawoodenboard,andplaceheavystonesonittopressoutthewater.Toastingthroughfire:Putthesemi-driedpaperfilmonthesideofthefiretodry,andthenpeeloffthefinishedproduct.
Modern
Nowadays,scienceandtechnologyareadvancingrapidly,andthemodernpapermakingprocesshasbeenmechanized.
GroundwoodPulp(GroundwoodPulp)usesmechanicalgrindingpowertoobtainwoodfiber,alsoknownasmechanicalpulp,whichcanbedividedintogeneralmechanicalpulp,Refinedmechanicalpulp,thermomechanicalpulp,etc.
ChemicalPulp(ChemicalPulp)Usechemicalmethodstoseparatefiberandlignintoobtainwoodfiber,whichcanbedividedintosodapulp,sulfitepulp,andkraftpulpWait.
SemichemicalPulp(SemichemicalPulp)combinesmechanicalandchemicalpulpingmethods,whichcanbefurtherdividedintoneutralsemi-chemicalpulp,coldsodapulping,chemicalmechanicalpulp,etc..
Progressinmethods
IntheearlyWesternHanDynasty,politicalstability,ideologicalandculturalactivitieswereveryactive,andtherewasastrongdemandforcommunicationtools,andpaperemergedasanewwritingmaterial.XuShenwrote"ShuWenJieZi",writtenin100AD.Talkingaboutthesourceof"paper".Hesaid:"'Paper'isfromthedepartment,thatis,nexttothe'silk'".Thissentencemeansthatthepaperatthattimewasmainlymadeofspunsilk,whichwascompletelydifferentfrompaperinthegeneralsense.XuShenbelievesthatpaperisathinsheetofsilkflossleftonthebedmatafterbeinghitinthewater.Thiskindofsheetmaybethemostprimitive"paper",somepeoplecallthiskindof"paper""hehoof".Thismaybeapreludetotheinventionofpaper.Therecordofthiskindof"paper"canbetracedbacktothefirstyearofYuanyanEmperorChengdiintheWesternHanDynasty(12BC)."TheBookoftheHanDynasty·TheBiographyofQueenZhao"recordsthattheimperialconcubineCaoWeinenggavebirthtotheprinceandwaspersecutedbythequeenZhaoFeiyanandsisters.ThepoisontheygavetoCaoWeinengwaswrappedin"Heho"paper.,Trytodrinkthismedicine!Don'tre-enterit,youknowit!".Itisspeculatedthatpapermayhaveacertainrelationshipwithsilk.
CaiLunseriouslysummeduptheexperienceofthepredecessors.Hebelievesthatexpandingthesourceofpapermakingrawmaterials,improvingpapermakingtechnology,andimprovingpaperqualitycanmakepaperacceptabletoeveryone.CaiLunfirstusedbarktomakepaper.Barkisamuchricherrawmaterialthanhemp,whichcangreatlyincreasetheoutputofpaper.Thelignin,pectin,andproteincontainedinthebarkarefarhigherthanthoseofthehemp,sothedegummingandpulpingofthebarkismoredifficultthanthehemp.ThispromptedCaiLuntoimprovepapermakingtechnology.IntheWesternHanDynasty,limewaterwasusedforpulping,andintheEasternHanDynasty,theplantashwaterwasusedforpulping.Theplantashwaterismorealkaline,whichisbeneficialtoimprovethequalityofpulp.InthefirstyearofYuanxing(105AD),CaiLundedicatedabatchofhigh-qualitypaperheproducedinShangfangtoHanheEmperorLiuZhao.TheHanheEmperorpraisedhistalentandimmediatelyorderedtheworldtoadoptit.Inthisway,CaiLun'spapermakingmethodsquicklyspreadeverywhere.
The"HanDynastyPapermakingProcessFlowChart"vividlyreproducesthepapermakingtechniqueoftheHanDynasty.Rawmaterialssuchashempheadandragsareimmersed,chopped,washed,steamed,rinsed,pounded,andmixedwithwater.Itbecomesasuspendedslurry,picksupthepulp,andbecomespaperafterdrying.
Historicalrecords:HanHedioncevisitedtheFengshi,possiblyvisitingthepapermillsandpaperhouseshere(nowdividedintoformerpapervillageandbackpapervillage,locatedinLuoyang,about2000eastoftheancientcityofHanandWeiMeters,facingtheLuoRiver)islikelytobethelocationofapaperworkshopintheHanDynasty.Inthesetwoplaces,therearesuperiorgeographicalenvironmentsforpapermakingandrelativelyrichpapermakingresources(suchashemp,Chulin,etc.).
AfterCaiLunpresentedpaper,papermakingtechnologyandpaperwerewidelyspread.AttheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,ZuoBo,anativeofDonglai,wasalsoanexpertinpapermaking.ThepaperhemadeiscleanerandmoredelicatethanCaihoupaper.ZhaoQi's"SanfuJulu"mentionsZuoBo'spaper,ZhangYi'spen,andWeiDan'sink,sayingthattheyareallvaluablewritingtools.Pen,ink,andpaperarejuxtaposed,indicatingthatpaperwasthecommonlyusedwritingmaterialatthattime.Paperbecameastrongcompetitorofbambooslips,woodenslips,andsilksilk.Inthethirdandfourthcenturies,itbasicallyreplacedthesilkandbecametheonlywritingmaterial,whichstronglypromotedthedevelopmentofscienceandculture.
Ancientpapermaking
Takingbamboopaperasanexample,itispointedoutin"TiangongKaiwu"that:beforeandaftertheawnspecies,cutbamboosbyclimbing,cutoffthelengthoffiveorsevenfeet,andimmerseoneinthepond.Afterahundreddays,afterprocessing,poundingandwashing,removethecoarseshellandgreenskin.Thenuseagoodcalcificationjuicetocoattheslurry,putitinabucketforcookingforeightdaysandnights,stopthefireforoneday,takeoutthebamboomaterialandrinsewithwater,andthenpasteitwithfirewoodash(vegetableashwater),andthensteamitinthekettle,withashThewaterdrenched,soformorethantendays,naturallystinks.Takeitoutintoamortar,pounditintoamuddysurface,andthenpulpitintopaper.Theserecordsareroughlythesameasthelaterfolkbamboopapermakingprocess.
Modernpapermaking
Modernmechanicalpapermaking
Modernpapermakingprocedurescanbedividedintothemainstepsofpulping,modulation,copymaking,andprocessingXX:
1.Pulping
Pulpingisthefirststepinpapermaking.Generally,therearethreemethodsforconvertingwoodintopulp:mechanicalpulping,chemicalpulpingandsemi-chemicalpulping..
2.Modulation
Themodulationofpaperstockisanotherkeypointinpapermaking.Thestrength,colortone,printabilityofthefinishedpaper,andthelengthoftheshelflifeofthepaperaredirectlyrelatedtoit.related.
Generallycommonpreparationprocesscanberoughlydividedintothefollowingthreesteps:a.Dispersingpulpb.Beatingc.Gluingandfilling
3.Copymaking
Themainworkofthepapermakingdepartmentistoevenlyinterweaveanddehydratethethinpapermaterials,andthendry,calender,rollpaper,cut,sort,andpack,sothecommonprocessisasfollows:
a.Screeningofpapermaterial
Thepreparedpapermaterialisdilutedtoalowerconcentration,andthroughthescreeningequipment,theimpuritiesandundissociatedfiberbundlesarescreenedoutagain.Maintainqualityandprotectequipment.
b.Netpart
Makethepapermaterialflowoutfromtheheadboxonthecirculatingcopperwiremeshorplasticnetandevenlydistributeandinterweave.
c.Presssection
Thewetpaperwiththenetsurfaceremovedisledtoatworollerswithfelt,bymeansofthesqueezingoftherollersandthewaterabsorptionofthefelt,Thewetpaperisfurtherdehydrated,andthepaperistightertoimprovethepapersurfaceandincreasethestrength.
d.Dryingpart
Sincethemoisturecontentofthepressedwetpaperisstillashighas52-70%,themechanicalforcecannolongerbeusedtoremovethemoisture,soInstead,letthewetpaperpassthroughanumberofcylinderswithheatedsteaminsidetodrythepaper.
e.calendering
f.rollpaper
g.cutting,sorting,packaging
Therearemanycylindricalpaperrolls,whicharecutintosheetsofpaperbyapapercutter,andthenmanuallyormechanicallysortedtoremovethedamagedorstainedpaper.Finally,everyfivehundredsheetsarewrappedintoapack(usuallycalledaream).).
Afterthepaper-makingwoodissawedtoasuitablesize,theprocessofpeelingiscarriedout.Thelogsareplacedinalargedrum.Whenthedrumrotates,thelogsrubagainsteachothertoremovethebark,andthefallenbarkwillbeusedasForboilerfuel,thedebarkedlogswillbecutinto1.5to2inchesand0.25inchesthicksquarewoodchips.Softwoodchipsandhardwoodchipsneedtobetreatedseparatelyduetodifferentphysicalproperties.
Woodiscomposedofsmallcellmembranefibers(cellulosefibers)bondedtogetherwithagelatinoussubstancecalledlignin.Inthemanufactureofpulp,chemicalsareusedtocookwoodchipstodecomposelignintoseparatethefibers.Putthewoodchipsintoahugecontainercalleddigesters,whichfunctionslikeapressurecookerusedinthekitchen.Thewoodchipsandchemicalsaresteamedunderpressurefor1.5to4hoursuntiltheybecomemoistandsoftlikeanoatmealmixture,Theseparatedfibercanbesuspendedonwater.Themixtureiswashedtoremoveremainingchemicalsanddecomposedligninandbleachedtoasuitablewhiteness.Fromhere,thepulppassesthroughaseriesofrefinerstoloosenthelinearelementsonthefiberwallofthepulptomakethesurfacerough,andthefibersareentangledwitheachotherintoasheet.Thenadddyesandotheradditivestomakethefinishedpaperhavetherequiredcharacteristics.
Pulpisaddedwithwaterintheratioof20partsofwatertoonepartoffiber.Throughtheformingfabricorwireofthepapermachine,thefibersofthepulpareintertwinedtoformpaperandremovemostofthewater..Atahighspeedof3,000feetperminute,thepaperpassesthroughaseriesofabsorbentclothsandsteamheatedrollerscalleddryerstoremovethewaterremaininginthepaper.Thepaperundergoesacoatingprocesstoaddstarchsolutiononbothsidesofthepaper.Thestarchmakesthesurfaceofthepapersmoothandtheinkwillnotmeltwhenusedforprintinginthefuture.Becausethecoatingprocessbringsmoisture,thepaperneedstorepeatthepreviousdryingprocess.Thedriedpaperisthenpolishedbyaheavyandsmoothrollertomakethesurfacesmoother.Thepaperiscollectedandrolledintoalargepaperrollattherear,andthendividedintosmallpaperrollsofsuitablewidth.Someoftheoriginalrollsarepackagedandshipped.Partofitisreprocessedandcutintoflatsheetsofsuitablesizebeforepackagingandshipping.
ThebasicprocessofpapermakingProcessintroduction:
Hydraulicpulper:Thepulpboardistornandfrictionalinthehydraulicpulper,soastoachievethepurposeofpulpdisintegration.
Beating:Thebeatingcausesthefibertodeform,swell,crushandcut,andfibrillate.Throughbeating,theshapeofthefibercanbechanged,sothatthepulpcanobtaincertaincharacteristics(suchasmechanicalstrengthandphysicalproperties),soastoensurethatthepaperandpaperboardmadeofpapercanachievetheexpectedqualityrequirements.Purification:Thepurposeofpurificationistoremoverelativelylargeimpuritiesinpapermaterials,suchasmetalscraps,cinders,etc.Theprincipleofpurificationequipmentistousedensitydifferencetoseparateimpurities.Commonlyusedequipment:conecleaner.
Screening:Thepurposeistoremovetherelativelysmallandbulkyimpuritiesinthepapermaterial,suchaspulpmass,fiberbundles,grassclippings,etc.
Commonlyusedequipment:pressurescreen.
Headbox:Theheadboxisakeypartofmodernpapermachines.Itsstructureandperformancehaveadecisiveeffectontheformationofthepaperandthequalityofthepaper.
Themaintask:
Itcaneffectivelydispersefiber.Thehigh-turbulenceheadboxcanproducehigh-strengthmicro-turbulence,whichcaneffectivelydispersefibers,preventfiberprecipitationandflocculation,andcaneffectivelyimprovethestrengthofthepaper.
Distributethepaperevenlyalongthetransversedirectionofthepapermachine.(Determinethehorizontalquantitativedistributionofthepaperweb)
Theshotcreteisstabletoensurethatthepulpspeediscoordinatedwiththewirespeed.(Determinethelongitudinalquantitativedistributionofthepaperweb)
Wiresection:Thepulpisdehydratedandformedinthewiresection.Thepaperpulpconcentrationis0.1~1.2%,thedrynessofthepaperis15~25%whenexitingtheroll,andthedrynessoftheformingpaperis90~95%.Itcanbeseenthatthedehydrationvolumeofthenetpartaccountsformorethan90%ofthetotaldehydrationvolume.
Presssection:Usemechanicalsqueezingtofurtherdewaterandimprovethedrynessofthepaperweb.Atthesametimeincreasethetightnessofthepaperandthestrengthofthepaper,andimprovethesurfaceproperties(suchassmoothness)ofthepaper.Mechanicalsqueezedehydrationiseconomicallymorecost-effective.Thepresssectionofthepapermachineincreasesthedrynessby1%more.Thesteamconsumptionofthedryersectionisreducedby5%.Inthissense,thepresssectionshouldremoveaslittlewateraspossible.Usinganewtypeofcompoundpress,thedrynessofthewetpaperoutofthepresssectioncanreach48-50%.
Theroleofthedryingsection:
1.Afterthepresssection,themoistureofthewetpaperisremoved,sothatthedrynessofthefinishedpaperisincreasedto92-95%.
2.Improvethestrengthofthepaper.
3.Increasethesmoothnessofthepaper.
4.Finishthesizingofthepaper.
Calendar:Thecalenderisusedtoimprovethesmoothness,glossandthicknessuniformityofthepaper.
Rewinding:Rollthepaperoutofthecalenderintoarollon-line.
Rewinding:Thetwosidesofthereelonthereelareuneven,andthepaperwidthistoowide,itmustbeslittedandrewindedintorollpaperorcross-cutintoflatpaper.
Packaging:Usepackagingpaperwithabasisweightofnotlessthan120g/squaremetertorollontotherollpapertoformanouterpackage.
Inventordispute
Papermakingisoneofthefourgreatinventionsinancientmycountry.Whoinventedpapermaking?Foralongtime,peoplethoughtitwasinventedbyCaiLun,theeunuchoftheEasternHanDynasty.Themainbasisistherecordof"TheBiographyofCaiLuninLaterHanDynasty".Thebooksays:"Sinceancienttimes,manybookshavebeenmadeofbambooslips.Theuseofsilkfabrics(thatis,silkfabricscutaccordingtothewritingneeds)iscalledpaper.Itisexpensiveandsimpleandheavy,anditisnotconvenientforpeople.(Creation)Usetreeskin,hempheadandsilkcloth.Fishnetispaper.InthefirstyearofYuanxing,itisplayed.Theemperorisgoodathisability,andhecanneveruseYan,sotheworldissaltyandcalled'Caihoupaper'."Therefore,Later,someChineseandforeignwritingswerebasedontherespectthatCaiLunintheEasternHanDynastywastheinventorofpaper,andtheyear105whenhepresentedpapertoHanandEmperorLiuZhaowasregardedasthebirthyearofpaper.
Inthehistoricalrecords,longbeforeCaiLun,therearealsosomerecordsaboutpaper.Forexample,itwassaidin"SanfuOldThings":PrinceWeiLiuZhihadabignose,andEmperorWuofHandidnotlikehim.JiangChonggavehimanideaandtaughthimto"holdapapertocoverhisnose"whenhegoestoseeEmperorWuagain.TheprinceobeyedJiangChong'swords,coveredhisnosewithpaper,andwentintothepalacetomeettheEmperor.EmperorWuoftheHanDynastywasfurious.Thishappenedin91BC.Anotherexampleisthe"BookofHan·TheBiographyofEmpressZhao":ZhaoZhaoyi,thesisterofEmperorZhaoFeiyan,thefavoriteconsortofEmperorHancheng,wantedtokillCaoWeineng,themaidoftheharem.AccordingtoYingShao,anativeoftheEasternHanDynasty,“HeTi”means“thinsmallpaper”(latercalledsilkcottonpaper).Anotherexampleisthe"BookoftheLaterHan·TheBiographyofJiaKui"thatin76AD,EmperorJiaKuioftheHanZhangordered20peopletoteachthe"ZuoShiZhuan",and"givetheJianandZhiJingZhuaneachone."Theabove-mentionedpaperrecordsareallasearlyas105AD,theyearCaiLunpresentedpapertotheHanandEmperors.
TheinventionoftheWesternHanDynasty
TheinventorofCaiLunwhodeniesthepapermakingtechnologybelievesthat"theworkingpeopleoftheWesternHanDynastywhoinventedthepapermakingtechnology.TheworkingpeopleoftheEasternHanDynastymadeimprovementsafterinheritingthepapermakingtechnologyoftheWesternHanDynasty.,Developmentandimprovement.AtthetimeofHedi,ShangFangling(inchargeofmanagingtheroyalworkshopandsupervisingthemanufactureofvariousequipment)CaiLunorganizedtheShaofuShangfangworkshopwithsufficientmanpowerandmaterialresourcestosuperviseandproduceabatchoffinepapersthatwererefinedinpreviouslives.YuYuanInthefirstyearofXingXing,afterpromotion,'youcan'thelpbutuseYanwhenyouaretheworld'."Thisisanopinionindispute.
CaiLun’sinvention
AnotheropinioninsiststhatCaiLunistheinventorofpapermakinginourcountry.ExplainthatthepapermentionedinCaiLun’spreviousancientdocumentswasallmadeofsilkfiber.Infact,itisnotpaper,butaby-productofbleachingsilk.Sinceancienttimes,apieceofChinese-stylevegetablefiberpaperisusuallyrequired.Aftercutting,retorting,beating,suspending,papermaking,settinganddrying,etc.,Baqiaopaperisnotarealpaper.Thereasonisthat"fromtheoutside,thepaperisloose,thepapersurfaceisrough,andthethicknessisverydifferent.Throughphysicalmicroscopeandscanningelectronmicroscopeobservation,itisfoundthatmostofthefibersandfiberbundlesarerelativelylong,indicatingthattheyarepoorlycut.Theyareformedbynaturalaccumulationoffibersandhavenotundergonethebasicoperationsofpapermakingsuchasshearingandbeating.Notreallypaper.Maybeit'sjustleftoversfromretreatedtextiles,suchasmessyhemp.Thepilesofthreadandotherfibersareformedintoflakesunderthepressureoftheweightofthemirrorbodyunderthebronzemirroroftheancienttombformanyyears.Inaddition,theotherso-calledWesternHanancientpapersarealsoveryrough,atbesttheyarejusttherudimentsofthepaper.CaiLunandhiscraftsmensummarizedandimprovedonthebasisofpredecessors'bleachingandmanufacturingofrudimentarypaper,andtransferredtheproductionofpaperfromtherawmaterialsandtechnologytoanindependentindustrystageforwriting.Itistruethat"CaiLunpaper"willnotbemadebyCaiLunalone,butwithouthis"intention",Shangfangcraftsmenalonewouldnotbeabletoproducethiskindofplantfiberpaper.Therefore,eventodaywhentherudimentarypaperisunearthed,itisstillcorrecttoregardCaiLunastheinventororrepresentativeofmycountry'spapermaking,andithassufficienthistoricalbasis.
Inaddition,therecordsaboutCaiLun'spapermakinginthe"BookoftheLaterHan"aremainlytakenfromLiuZhen's"DongguanHanJi".LiuZhenandCaiLunarecontemporariesandshouldbecredible.ItcanbeseenfromtherecordthatCaihoupapercannotonlypaytributetotheemperor,butalsoreplacethesilksilkforwriting,andthequalityofthepapermustreachacertainlevel.
SomescholarsalsobelievethatwhetherBaqiaopaperisaproductoftheWesternHanDynastyisalsoworthyoffurtherresearch.Thereasontheyputforwardisthat“itisdifficulttomakeaconvincingscientificjudgmentontheproductionageoftheancientpaperbeforetheageofthetomb’slifecannotbeascertained.Moreover,thetombhasadisturbingsoillayerandhasbeendisturbedbyexternalsources,whichcannotberuledout.Thepossibilityofentrainmentbyfuturegenerations;ChangmaWangdui,whichisalsoaHantomb,isasintactasnothinghappened.Thetombownerhasanametocheck,historicaldataisreliable,andtheunearthedculturalrelicsaresorich.,Thereisnopieceofhemppaper.SomeresearchershavealsorecognizedfromtheunearthedBaqiaopaperthattherearescriptsthataresimilartothefontonit,whichresemblesthefontonthemanuscriptoftheEasternJinDynasty"ThreeKingdoms:SunQuanBiography".Basedonthis,theybelievethatBaqiaopaperItmaybeaproductoftheJinDynasty.
Inheritanceandloss
Heavyrainfellintheskyandtheriversurged.Sometreesandhempcontainingalotoffiberonthemountainwerebroughtintotheriver.Undertheactionofthewater,itbecomesathinoriginalpulp,whichfloatstotheabandonedbranchesontheshoretogather.Peopleinancienttimesweresurprisedtofindthatthesebrokenbamboocurtainsandthethingsgatheredonthebrancheswerepeeledoffafterthesunwasdried,andtheyturnedouttobeusable.Paper.Thisnaturalphenomenoninspiredthewisdomoftheancients.Afterrepeatedresearchandstudy,theyusedtheprinciplesofnaturetoproduceartificialpaper.
Formorethanathousandyears,apapermakerinBeizhangVillage,Chang’anWehavebeenusingprimitiveandsimpletoolstomanufacturepurenaturallintpaperinaccordancewiththecomplexandcompleteprocessinventedbyCaiLunintheEasternHanDynasty.Thisprocessiscalledthelivingfossilforstudyingtheevolutionofhandmadepapercraftsmanship.However,thelintpapermarketItkeepsshrinking,theincomeoftheworkshopisdecreasing,andtheinheritanceislacking.
FromXi’antothesouthformorethan20kilometers,thewestisthetangyFengRiver,fromthesouthtothenorth,itflowsintotheWeiRiver,andtheeastiscalledthelocalpeople.TheartificialriverofFenghuiCanal.BeizhangVillageofChang'anislocatedbetweentwostreams.TheQinlingMountainstothesoutharethickwithshrubs,andmulberryandmulberrytreescanbeseeneverywhere.Theyhavebecomeinexhaustiblehigh-qualityrawmaterialsforpapermaking.ThesurgingFengRiverisalsothebark.Thesoaking,fermenting,rinsing,andbeatingprovideconvenientconditions.Sinceancienttimes,BeizhangVillagehasalargepopulationandsmallland,andhand-madepaperhasbeenthemainsourceoflocalvillagers’livesforalonghistoricalperiod."Cangjie,Leigongwa,FengChuPaper,waterbleachingcurtain."ThefolksongsofBeizhangVillagethathavebeenhandeddownnotonlydescribethebirthoftheearliestpaper,butalsobecomeastrongevidenceofthelonghistoryofpapermakingintheFenghearea.
Successor
IntothepapermakingTheartinheritorZhangFengjianfirstsawhisdaughter-in-lawstickingtotherootofthewall,tearingoffsheetsoftissuepaperfromastackof30cmthickwetpaperbricks,andpastingthemonthewalltodry.ThisscenemadepeopleimmediatelyReminiscentoftheoldfolksong:"ThereisawomanwhomarriesinBeizhangVillageandgetsupinthemiddleofthenighttostandonthewall."Itissaidthatthisisthelastprocessofpapermaking.Paperdrying.
The69-year-oldZhangFengxueenthusiasticallygreetedustositdownandtookoutafewhandfulsofbarkandsaid:"Thisisthebarkofmedlar,thescientificnameisChu.Bark.Thetwoherearemadeofmedlartrees.Thebarkofmedlarbarkinsummeriscalledtoothbark.Itiseasytopeelofffromthetree.Thefinishedrangisblack;thebarkandtrunkofthetenwintertwelfthlunarmontharegluedtogether.Rangiswhite.BecauseRangisdividedintoblackandwhite,thepapermadeisalsodividedintoblackandwhite."
AccordingtoZhangFengxue'sintroduction,theproductionofpaperpulphastogothroughseveralprocessesincludingmaterialpreparation,cutting,stepping,mashing,andwashing.Thespecificprocessis:firstselectthefreshmedlarbarkthathasbeensoakedincleanwater.Soakitinlimewaterfor2-3days,andthensteamitinalargepotforonedayandonenight.Whenthefiberiscompletelysoftened,takethelimeandotherimpuritiestotheriverandwashitthoroughly,thenputitonastonemillandgrinditintoa穰,thenuseCutitwithaguillotineknifeandpressitintoalooseshapewithatool,thenputitinastonetankandpounditwithastonetooltomaketheplantfibersofterandfiner,andfinallyputitinthestonetanktoelutethepulpintoauniformpulp.
Zhang’sbackyardhasasinkthatis5meterslongand3meterswideforsoakingpulp.Itissaidthatthissinkmustbebuiltwithstonestoensurethatthewaterdoesnotsmell.ZhangJianchang,ZhangFengxue’sson,standsbythesideofapool1Intheholeofthesquaremeter,holdtheflyrodandstiritbackandforthinthewatertodistributethefibersevenlyinthewater,andthencleverlycoverthefibersinthepulponthepapercurtaintoformwetpaper,whichisstackedonthepaperbedonebyone.Afteracertainthickness,usethelevermethodtoputthewetpaperonthefulcrum,andgraduallyremovealargeamountofmoistureinthewetpapertoformpaperbricks.Thelastisthescenewesawwhenwejustenteredthedoor,tearoffthepaperonebyone,Stickitonthewallanddryit.
Theoldmanuncoveredabigclothbagandshowedathickstackofleatherpaperinfrontofhiseyes.Thispurenaturalpaperisbrightandclean,anditisveryflexible.Youcanrubitwithyourhands.Afterunfolding,itisbasicallyflatasbefore.Itissaidthatthispaperisstillresistanttopreservation,anditspaintingsandcalligraphyworksafterahundredyearsarestillthesameastheonesjustpainted.Unfortunately,mostofthepaintingsandcalligraphynowusemodernricepaper,andthewhitelinenpaperisbasicallynotusedbyanyone.Occasionally,thereareteachersandstudentsfromXi’anAcademyofFineArtsorsomeoldpaintersofChang’anSchoolofPaintingforcalligraphyandpainting,andsomeforeigntouristsandoverseasChinesewhocometotraveltobuybackaspaperart.AlthoughthewhitehemppapermadeinBeizhangVillageisinXi’anEachisonly0.25yuan,butinforeignexhibitions,eachcanbesoldfor6-7USdollars.
Yuanyuan
Accordingtolegend,intheEasternHanDynasty,CaiLunsufferedfromthefaultofothers.ThecourtwantedtoarresthimandgotoKyotofortrial.CaiLunwasunwillingtoendurethehumiliationandcommittedsuicidebytakingpoisonintheplacewherehemadepaperandthefiefinLongtingCounty.TheCaiLunfamilywasalsoinvolvedandfledandhid,someofthemfledtoAnkang.TheZiwuRoadcrossedtheQinlingMountainsandpassedthemostadvancedplantfiberpapermakingtechnologytoBeizhangVillagewhenitwalkednorthoutoftheQinlingPass.
ThisisjustawayofconnectingBeizhangVillageandCaiLun’slegend,whetherornotItcanbetestedthat,infact,thepeopleinBeizhangVillagestillusethepapermakingmethodinventedbyCaiLunthatusesplantfibersasrawmaterials.Thisconclusionhasbeenrepeatedlydemonstratedbyexperts.Thehead,cloth,andfishnetaremadeofpaper.ItwasplayedinthefirstyearofYuanxing(105AD).Theemperorisgoodathisability,andhedoesn’tneedit.Therefore,theworldiscalled“CaiHouPaper””.
“CaiLuncan’tmakepapersheets,saidGuanyinmotherprescription.ZhangLangburnedthelime,andLiLangmadepaper."ThefolkrhymescirculatinginBeizhangVillagetellthestoryofCaiLunexperimentingwithpapermakingandovercomingatechnicaldifficulty.
TheoldmanZhangFengxuerecalledthatbeforetheCulturalRevolution,almosteverypaper-makingworkshopinthevillageenshrinedpaper-makingancestorsonthewalls.ThestatueofMasterCaiLun,thereisalsoaCaiLunTempleoutsidethevillage,whichenshrinesthe"PaperSaintCaiLunPatriarch",andacceptstheworshipofpaperworkersandvillagers.Atthattime,thevillageheldagrandCaiLuntemplefaironthe30thoftheLunarNewYeareveryyear.Inthemarket,menandwomen,youngandoldinthevillagemakeanoiseatthetemplefair.Oneofthehighlightsofthetemplefairisthe“scalingman”(thegeneralmanager)whopresidesoverthelotterytodeterminetheRongxingeverythreeyears.Everypaperworkercomestoacceptthesilvertosignupforthelottery.RangxingisThehand-madepaperindustryplaysanirreplaceablerole."Walkingpeople"purchase楮barkfromthe"Rangshang"inQinling,anduse楮barktomakesemi-finishedpaper穰,whichismanageduniformlybyLuoxing,andthepriceisunified.Acquisitionorunifiedstorage.
Prosperity
Accordingtoresearch,intheTangDynasty,becauseofthelargedemandforpaperintheGyeonggiarea,thepapermakingskillsofBeizhangVillagewereflourishing,especiallyconsideredThefinewhitehemppaperwasevensoldtoNorthKorea,Japanandothercountries.IntheQingDynasty,thepapermadeinBeizhangVillagewasselectedasthepaperformemorialsandimperialexaminations.
BeijingVillagewashand-madebeforeliberation.ThewhitelinenpaperwaspopularinYan'an,andnewspapersintheliberatedareaandXi’anareausedalotofpaperproducedhere.
Duringthe"People’sCommune",almosteveryfamilyinBeizhangVillagebytheFengheRivermadepaper,andthecommuneconcentratedartisans.Itwasproducedinaunifiedmannerandsoldbythesupplyandmarketingcooperativesforpackagingpaper.Theincomeisconsiderableandquiteprosperous.ThepapermakingskillsofBeizhangVillagearepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughtraditionalfamilyoraltraditions.ZhangFengxueandMaSongshengarestillusingittomakethishistoricalname.Paper-whitehemppaper.
Decline
InZhangFengjian,morepeopleseerecycledpapermadefromwastepapermadefromwoodpulp,whilemulberrypaperonlyhasalotofAccordingtothevillagers,thehand-madepaperworkshopsinBeizhangVillagegenerallyproducerecycledpaperinordertoreducecosts.Theleftovermaterialspurchasedfromtheprintingplantcanbebeatenbyamachinetomakeonemonth’spaperaday.Convenientandlowcost.Theproductionprocessofmulberrypaperisverycomplicated,andthepreparationofhalfamonth’spulpcanonlybemadein5days."Recycledpaper"ismostlyusedascheap"burningpaper"inruralareasofsouthernShaanxi,becauseithasgoodwaterabsorptionandcanbeusedasahospitalTheabsorbentpaperinthedeliveryroom,thehigh-valuewhitehemppaper,israrelyasked.
Whenmodernadvancedpapermakingmachinesoutputpaperontheproductionlineataspeedof900metersperminuteandmorethan8meterswide,BeizhangThepapermakersinthevillagestillrepeattheseancientpapermakingprocessesthathavelastedformorethan1,000years,andtheycanproduceabouttwelveorthreeknivesofpaper(100sheets/cut)everyday.ZhangJianchangsaidthattheirfamilyofthreegotupearlyandworkedinthedarkaday.Formorethan10hours,calculatedat6centsperpieceofrecycledpaper,theincomeforadaywithoutanyproblemsisgenerally70yuan,andtheactualincomeisbasically40-50yuan.Amonthofmorethan1,000yuanneedstofeed5people,andthelifeisgood.Verytight.Becausetheprofitistoosmall,sincethereformandopeningup,manyyoungpeoplehavegivenuptraditionalhandicraftproductionandengagedincommercialservices,Intransportationandotherindustries,thereareonly10householdswith12peopleengagedintraditionalhand-madepapermaking.
ZhangFengxuestartedtolearntraditionalpapermakingtechniquesfromhisfatherZhangYuanxinattheageof12.In2002,hewasinvitedtoWashington,USAtoparticipateinthe36thSmithsuoFolkCultureandArtFestival.Sincethen,hehasalsoparticipatedinvariousculturalactivitiesinthecountry,demonstratingthistraditionaltechniquetotheworld.ButwhatisworryingisthattheonlypersonleftinthevillagewhohasmasteredthekeytechnologyofpulpingisZhangFengxue.Theartistwhocanmakethinbamboocurtainsforpapermakinghaslongsincepassedaway.Afterthe1980s,especiallyafterthedeathofsomeoldfolkartists,therewerefewerandfewerdescendants.Theformerlyenviableprofessionof"papercrafting"hasgraduallydeclined.ZhangFengxuesaidthathissonZhangJianchangdidnotmasterthecraftofpulping,becauseitcouldnotbelearnedintwoorthreeyears.Itwouldtakealotoftimeandalotofeffort.ZhangJianchangisthemainlaborinthefamily.Hemainlydealswiththelaborofproducingrecycledpapertosupporthisfamily.Hehasnoenergytolearntheskillsofpulping.
Theuseofhand-madepaperandthereductionofeconomicincomehavecausedthisancientcrafttobeonthevergeofextinction.SomeabandonedstonemillsandstonemortarscanbeseeneverywhereinBeizhangVillage.Theyhaveallbecomehistoricalrelics.Perhapsafewyearslater,therewillbeonlyonearchwayintroducingthehistoryof"PaperVillage"inBeizhangVillage...
Theemergenceofpaper
Whenpapercameout,itisdifficulttoknow.Accordingtodocumentsunearthedinarchaeology,wecanknowthatpaperwasinventedintheWesternHanDynasty.In1933,apieceofhemppaperwasunearthedfromtheformersiteofFengsuiPavilionofHanDynastyinLuobuNaoer,Xinjiang.Atthesametime,theunearthedwoodenslipsbeartheyearnumberofthefirstyearofEmperorHuanglongoftheHanDynasty(49BC);in1957,itwasunearthedinBaqiaointheeasternsuburbsofXi'an.OldpaperfromthesecondcenturyBC,thepaperwasyellowishandhadbeenbrokenintopieces.Thelargestwasabout10cminlengthandwidth,andthesmallestwas3cm.Ithasbeenidentifiedthatitismadeofhempandasmallamountoframiefiber.Itsproductiontechnologyisrelativelyprimitive,thetextureisrough,anditisnoteasytowrite.In1977,archaeologistsalsodiscoveredtwopiecesofhemppaperduringtheexcavationattheWesternHanFengsaisiteinJianshuijinguan,Juyan,Gansu.Oneofthem,whenunearthed,themasswasformedintoamass,afterrestorationandunfolding,thelengthandwidthare12×u65297X9cm,thecoloriswhite,thinandeven,onesideisflat,theothersideisslightlyraised,thetextureisfineandtough,containsasmallamountoffinetwine,microscopicobservationandchemicalidentificationAllshowthatitonlycontainshempfiber,andthelatestbambooslipsunearthedinthesameplacearethesecondyearofEmperorXuanluoftheHanDynasty(52BC).TheseconditionsindicatethataslateasthemiddleofthefirstcenturyBC,higher-qualitypaperwasalreadyavailableintheremoteborderfortresses.Thiskindofpapershouldhaveappearedinthemainlandearlier,thatis,itappearedintheBaqiaopaperaboutafewdecadeslater.of.Thesefactsshowthatthetechnologicalprogressofpapermakinghasbeenrapidsinceitsinvention.In1978,inFufeng,Shaanxi,hediscoveredpaperfromtheXuanEmperorperiodoftheWesternHanDynasty.In1901,twopiecesofEasternHanpaperwerediscoveredsuccessively;in1942,attheFengsuisiteoftheEasternHanDynastybytheEjinaRiverinInnerMongolia,archaeologistsexcavatedthepaperfromtheEasternHanDynastyaboutthebeginningofthesecondcenturyAD,theso-calledEjinpaper.Theseven-lineresidualcharacters,whichcanbesaidtobetheearliestsurvivingcalligraphypaper;in1959,apieceofEasternHanDynastypaperwasalsofoundinMinfengCounty,Xinjiang;in1974,abatchofEasternHanDynastypaperwasexcavatedinanEasternHanDynastytombinWuweiCounty,Gansu.ComparedwiththeWesternHanDynastypaper,thesepapershavemadesignificantprogress.Therearemorethanadozensheetsofpaperwithwrittenhandwriting,someareletters,poems,andsomeareeverydaydocuments.Itcanbeseenthatpaperatthistimehasbeenmorecommonlyusedaswritingmaterials.NS.DuringtheEasternHanDynasty,paperwasnotonlyusedintheCentralPlains,butalsospreadtoXinjiang,InnerMongoliaandotherregions.Inaddition,itisnotlimitedtotheupper-levelrulers,butitisalsowidelyusedbytheprivatesector.ItcanbesaidthattheEasternHanDynastywasaperiodwhenpapermakingtechnologywasrelativelymature.
Fromtheunearthedobjects,wecanknowthattheearlypaperwasmadeofhemp.Themanufacturingprocessisroughlyasfollows:Rettingthehemp,thatis,soakingthehempinwatertodegummedit;thenprocessingthehempintohempstrands;thensmashingthehempstrands,alsoknownasbeating,todispersethehempfibers;andfinallyremovingthepaper.Itistospreadthehempfiberevenlyonthebamboomatimmersedinwater,andthentakeitoutanddryitintopaper.
Thisprocessisverysimilartothebleachingmethod,indicatingthatthepapermakingprocessisbornoutofthebleachingmethod.Ofcourse,theearlypaperwasstillveryrough,thehempfiberwasnotsmashedenough,andthefiberwasnotevenlydistributedwhenitwasmadeintopaper,soitwasnoteasytowrite,anditwasmostlyusedforpackagingitems.Butafterall,thisistheearliestpaperintheworld,anditisbecauseofitsappearancethatcausedtherevolutionofwritingmaterials.Inthisrevolutionofwritingmaterials,CaiLunlefthisnameinhistorywithhisgreatcontributions.