knowledge

Concept

Knowledgeisalsotheresultofhumanbeings’understandingoftheobjectiveworld(includinghumanbeings)inpractice.Itincludesdescriptionsoffacts,information,orskillsacquiredineducationandpractice.Knowledgeisthesystematicunderstandingthatmankindobtainsfromvariousways,whichissummarizedandcondensed.Inphilosophy,thestudyofknowledgeiscalledepistemology,andtheacquisitionofknowledgeinvolvesmanycomplexprocesses:perception,communication,andreasoning.Knowledgecanalsoberegardedasthemostfundamentalfactorthatconstituteshumanwisdom.Knowledgeisconsistentandfair.Thetruthfulnessofknowledgeshouldbejudgedbylogic,notbystandpoint.Thedefinitionofknowledgeisstillacontroversialissueinepistemology.RobertGrantpointedoutthatalthoughthequestionof"whatisknowledge"hasarousedtheinterestofmanygreatthinkersintheworld,thereisstillnounifiedandcleardefinition.

Fromtheperspectiveoftypology,knowledgecanbedividedintosimpleknowledgeandcomplexknowledge,uniqueknowledgeandcommonknowledge,concreteknowledgeandabstractknowledge,explicitknowledgeandtacitknowledge,etc.Inthe1950s,theworld-famoussciencemasterMichaelPolanyi(CarlPolanyi'syoungerbrother)discoveredthehiddendimensionofknowledgeandregardeditasthemostimportantdiscoveryinhislife.

Theconceptofknowledgeisthemostimportantconceptinthefieldofphilosophicalepistemology.

Knowledgeisuselessifitcannotchangebehavior;butonceknowledgechangesbehavior,knowledgeitselflosesmeaningimmediately.——"ABriefHistoryoftheFuture"

ThefamousBritishhistorianPeterBurkeputforwardhalf-jokinglyinhisexpositionthatknowledgeis:"Theso-calledknowledgerevolutioninearlymodernEurope-theRenaissance,thescientificrevolution,andtheEnlightenment-itisonlythesuperficializationofcertainpopularorpracticalknowledge,anditslegitimacyasknowledgeisestablishedbytheacademicstructure".

Orbecauseoftheconvenienceofhistoricaldata,Burkeusedarelativelybroadandsuperficialdefinitionof"knowledge":"Forconvenience,thisbookusestheword'information'torefertoRelatively“primitive”,specialandpractical,“knowledge”means“thought-out”,processedorsystematic(interpretation)”.

Chinesewords

Chineseetymology

Theword"knowledge"of"knowledge"isfromthemouthofthearrowandthesoundofthearrow."Arrow"means"archery"and"mouth"means"speaking".Thecombinationof"arrow"and"mouth"means"speakingislikeshootinganarrow,andspeakingislikeabull's-eyeinanarrow."Originalmeaning:Itisaccurate(inonephrase)."Idon'tknow"or"unknown"meansthatthewordsarenotaccurate,asifthearcherydidnothitthebullseye.Whetherthearrowisshotcorrectlycanbeconfirmedbythetargetreporter;whetherthewordsareaccuratecanbecheckedbythepublic.Example:Inthe18thcentury,BritishastronomerHalleyclaimedthatheknewthebehaviorofHalley’scometandpredictedthatthiscometwouldreappearin1759.Later,onJanuary21,1759,peoplereallysawthecometagain.Halleyisveryaccurate,andthisis"knowing."

The"knowledge"of"knowledge"iswrittenintraditionalChinesefromtheword"knowledge"andtheword"knowledge".Theword"戠"startsfromthesoundandfromtheGe."Shuowen"saysthatthemeaningofthiswordhasbeenlostduetotheinterruptionoftheinheritance.Infact,wecanstillunderstanditsoriginalmeaningtoday.Theword"戠"ispronouncedfromGe,originallyreferringtothephalanxdrilloftheancientarmy."Yin"referstothesoundoftheinstructor'scommands(includingthesoundofdrumsorderingthearmytoadvanceandretreat,andthesoundofsoldiersshoutingtokill),and"Ge"referstotheweaponsofsoldiersparticipatingintheexercise.Followingtheinstructionoftheinstructor,thearmywillmoveforwardorbackward,moveleftorright,moveforwardinahorizontalline,swipelefttogether,swiperighttogether,andotheruniformgroupactions.Lookdownonthereviewingplatform.Arraydrillsarelikewatchingagroupgymnasticsperformanceinthestandsofastadium,andwewillseevariouspatternsformedbytheuniformmovementsoftheparticipants.Therefore,theoriginalmeaningoftheword"戠"is"regulargraphicsanditstransformation".Everywordfrom"戠"hasthismeaning.Example:"Weaving"meansaddingpatternsinthefabricmanufacturingprocesstomakeitintoapatternedfabric.Inanotherexample,the"flag"istoaddthenationalpatterninthemanufacturingprocessoftheflagclothasanationalsymbol.Forexample,theChineseflaghasafive-starpattern,theAmericanflaghasastarandstripespattern,andtheBritishflaghasarice-shapedpattern.Foranotherexample,the"job"istheteamgymnasticsparticipants,thetaskistoacceptinstructions,andthenmaketherequiredmovements.Theresultofalltheparticipantsdoingthisisthattheteamgymnasticstransformsvariousgraphics.Insummary,herewegivetheoriginalmeaningandextendedmeaningof"knowledge(knowledge)".Originalmeaning:Uselanguagetodescribetheshapeanddetailsofthepattern.Extendedmeaning:difference,distinguish.Forexample:"literacy"means"recognizingcharactersbasedontheshape,structure,andstrokesofacharacter."Atthesametime,thereisaspeedandamethodtolearnknowledge.Itrequiresmethodsandmethodstolearnknowledgequicklyorknowknowledgequickly,forexample:learningthroughonlinechannels,learningthroughbooks,etc.

Citationexplanation

1. Peopleyouknow;friends."Mozi·Order":"Brotherswhohaveknowledgewanttoseeit,forcalling,don'tletthementerthelane."CenZhongmian'snote:"Knowledge,friends."Thosewhohaveabadsmell,theirrelatives,brothers,wivesandconcubinesareknowledgeableandincompetent."HanKongrong"OnShengXiaozhangBook":"Theknowledgeathomeisscattered,butonlytheKuaijiShengXiaozhangsurvives."TangBaiJuyi"Poem:"YesterdayIheardthedeathofJia,butnowIhearofthedeathofYi.Inthreepointsofknowledge,thetwoaredividedintoghosts."MingLuoGuanzhong's"Fengyunhui"wedge:"Followtheimperialedict,recruitwiseandbravemen...Brothers,butwithknowledge,beBringusinforthecountry."

2. Gettoknow;makefriends."SouthernHistory·YuciBiography":"Beinghonest,knowledgeablewithothers,wemuststayandvisiteachother,andthereisanendtoeachother,andtheworldcallsitthis.""WaterMargin"Chapter79:"ItturnsoutthatWenHuanzhangisafamousscribe,andthecourtministersaremoreknowledgeableandreadytogreethim."

3. Understand;identify.HanLiuxiang"BiographyofWomenintheQiguanConcubineJing":"Peoplehavetalkedaboutthemonarch,butdon'tyouknowevil?",Mustserveasaservant."TangXueYongqiu"JiyiJi·WangFeng":"EachsidehassevenZhuJi,thewritingisabsurd,butitiscurvedandlinked,anditisnotknowledgeable."VolumeTwenty-seven:"Themasteroftheacademyrespectshimgreatly,andhealsoseeshisknowledgeandmatters,andallmattersoftheacademy,largeandsmall,arebasedonhisopinions."LuXun's"ThreeFreeCollections·OverviewofToday'sNewLiterature":"Thesameistrueintheliteraryworld.Weknowtoolittle,andtherearetoofewmaterialstohelpusknow."

4. Theabilitytorecognizethings.MingJiaoHong's"Jiao'sBicheng:ReadingMencius":"Achildwhoisachildwillbebornwithknowledge,andchaoswillgoaway."

5. HumancognitionThefruitorcrystallizationofnatureandsociety.Includingempiricalknowledgeandtheoreticalknowledge.MaoZedong's"RectificationoftheParty'sStyle":"Sincetheexistenceofclasssociety,thereareonlytwoknowledgeintheworld,oneiscalledproductionstruggleknowledge,theotheriscalledclassstruggleknowledge.NaturalsciencesandsocialsciencesareThecrystallizationofthesetwokindsofknowledge,philosophyisaboutthegeneralizationandsummaryofnaturalknowledgeandsocialknowledge."ZhuZiqing"OntheTruth":"Everyonewantstruthinknowledge,theyneedtoknowthefactsandseektruth."BaJin"Postscript":"Igotalotoflifeknowledgefromthem."

In-depthresearch

Educationalpsychology

TheindividualpassedTheinformationobtainedafterinteractingwiththeenvironmentiscalledknowledgeinpsychology.

KnowledgeclassificationAccordingtotheunderstandingofmoderncognitivepsychology,knowledgecanbedividedintobroadsenseandnarrowsense.Broadknowledgecanbedividedintotwocategories,namelydeclarativeknowledgeandproceduralknowledge.

1.Declarativeknowledge:Declarativeknowledgeisknowledgethatdescribesthecharacteristicsandrelationshipsofobjectivethings,alsoknownasdescriptiveknowledge.Declarativeknowledgemainlyincludesthreedifferentlevels:symbolicrepresentation,concept,andproposition.

Symbolrepresentationisthesimplestformofdeclarativeknowledge.Theso-calledsymbolicrepresentationreferstothesymbolthatrepresentsacertainthing.Forexample,thewordformsofEnglishwordslearnedbystudents,numbersinmathematics,symbolsinphysicalformulas,andsymbolsofchemicalelementsareallsymbolicrepresentations.

Conceptsreflecttheessentialcharacteristicsofaclassofthings,andaremorecomplexdeclarativeknowledge.

Thepropositionisthestatementoftherelationshipbetweenthings,whichisacomplexdeclarativeknowledge.Propositionscanbedividedintotwocategories:oneisanon-generalizedproposition,whichonlyexpressestherelationshipbetweentwoormorespecialthings.Anothertypeofpropositionexpressestherelationshipbetweenseveralthings.Thistypeofpropositioniscalledgeneralization,suchas"thediameterofacircleistwiceitsradius".Themultiplerelationshiphereisauniversalrelationship.

2.Proceduralknowledge:Proceduralknowledgeisasetofknowledgeabouttheoperatingstepsofdoingthings,alsoknownasoperationalknowledge.Thiskindofknowledgeismainlyusedtosolvetheproblemsof"whattodo"and"howtodo"foroperationandpractice.

Strategicknowledgeisarelativelyspecialkindofproceduralknowledge.Itisknowledgeaboutthemethodsandtechniquesofawarenessactivities.Suchas:howtoremembereffectively,howtoclarifythethinkingdirectionofsolvingproblems,etc.

Differentfromphilosophy,cognitivepsychologystudiesknowledgefromtheperspectivesofthesourceofknowledge,theproductionprocessofindividualknowledge,andtheformofrepresentation.Forexample,Piagetbelievesthatexperiencecomesfromtheinteractionbetweentheindividualandtheenvironment.Thistypeofexperiencecanbedividedintotwocategories:oneisphysicalexperience,whichcomesfromtheexternalworld,andistheinformationaboutobjectivethingsandtheirCognition;theotherislogic—mathematicalexperience,whichcomesfromtheactionsofthesubjectandistheresultoftheindividual’sunderstandingoftheinteractionbetweenactionsandactions.Forexample,childrengainexperienceaboutconservationofquantitybymanipulatingobjects,andstudentsgainknowledgeaboutmathematicalprinciplesthroughmathematicalreasoning.Piaget'sdefinitionofknowledgeisexpressedfromtheproductionprocessofindividualknowledge.Bloombelievesin"TheTaxonomyofEducationalObjectives"thatknowledgeis"thememoryofspecificthingsandgeneralprinciples,thememoryofmethodsandprocesses,orthememoryofapattern,structureorframework",whichisfromtheknowledgecontainedFromtheperspectiveofthecontent,itbelongstoadescriptionofthephenomenon.

Webelievethatinunderstandingthemeaningofknowledge,itisnecessarytodistinguishtheknowledgeasthecommonwealthofhumansocietyfromtheknowledgeintheindividual'smind.Theknowledgeofhumansocietyexistsobjectively,buttheknowledgeintheindividual’smindisnottheobjectiverealityitself,butasubjectiverepresentationoftheindividual,thatis,theknowledgestructureinthehumanbrain,whichincludesfeelings,perceptions,representations,etc.,aswellasconcepts,Propositions,andschemas,whichrespectivelysignifythedifferentbreadthanddepthofindividualresponsestoobjectivethings,whichareformedthroughindividualcognitiveactivities.Generallyspeaking,individualknowledgeisstoredinthebrainintheformofahierarchicalnetworkstructurerangingfromconcretetoabstract.Philosophymainlystudiesthenatureofcommonknowledgeinhumansociety,whilepsychologymainlystudiesthenatureofindividualknowledge.

KnowledgeManagement

Let’sfirstlookataknowledgehierarchydiagram:

Herewecanseethatthefiveevolutionlevelsofknowledgecanevolveinbothdirections..Dataissortedoutfromnoise,transformedintoinformation,upgradedintoknowledge,andupgradedintowisdom.Suchaprocessisaprocessofinformationmanagementandclassification,sothattheinformationgoesfromlargeanddisorderlytosortedorderly,andeachtakeswhatitneeds.Thisisaprocessofknowledgemanagementandaprocessofsublimatingthevalueofinformation.

Conversely,withthetremendousenrichmentofinformationproductionmethods,whentheinformationreachesacertainamount,wefindthatnoisehasappeared.Theprocessofinformationproductionisactuallyaprocessofdeclining,fromwisdomtodisseminationForknowledge,fromthepopularizationofknowledgetoinformation,frominformationtorecordeddata,thedatahaslostitsapplicationvalue,onlythevalueofrecording,fromthedeclineofdatatonoise,itispurelyineffective.

Fromthiswecanderivethefollowingdetailedprocess:

Afteranalyzingtheevolutionprocessofthisknowledge,wecanalreadyseethatthedefinitionofknowledgerequiresseveralkeypoints:

Justuseit,anditneedstohavetheroleofguidingpracticeandactionimmediately.Whetheritisusedsmartlyandcorrectlydependstoacertainextentonthepersonwhousesit.

Expressionmustbeexpressible,expressive,andinheritable.Theformofexpressioncanbevaried,butitmustbeabletobeunderstoodbythereceiver,andtheprocessofexpressionwillalsoproduceacertainamountofinformationloss.

Therefore,wecanmakethefollowingconclusions,knowledgeisallhumanbeingssummarizedandconcluded,andbelievedthatitiscorrectandtrue,andcanguidethesolutionofpracticalproblems,suchasviewpoints,experiences,proceduresandotherinformation.

Knowledge,asaspecialkindofinformation,hasmoreadditionalfeatures,thatistosay,ifacertainkindofinformationincreasestheimprintofthisfeature,thecloseritistoknowledge.

RecessiveFeatures

Explanation:Knowledgehasstrongconcealmentandneedstobesummarized,summarized,andrefined.

Action-orientedfeatures

Knowledgetree(2photos)

DynamicFeatures

Explanation:Knowledgeisconstantlyupdatedandrevised.

Subjectivecharacteristics

Explanation:Everyone’sunderstandingofknowledgewilladdtheirownsubjectivewishes.

Canbecopied/transferred

Explanation:Knowledgecanbecopiedandtransferred,andcanbereused.

Extendedgrowthcharacteristics

Explanation:Knowledgeiscontinuouslyenrichedandexpandedintheprocessofapplicationandcommunication.

Capitalcharacteristics

Explanation:Knowledgeismoney.

Characteristicsofmultiplication

Explanation:Knowledgewillnotbereducedafterspreading,butwillhaveamultipliereffect.Iftwopeoplesharethesameknowledge,thereareatleasttwo.

Proficiencycharacteristics

Explanation:Themoreproficienttheuseofknowledge,thehighertheeffectiveness.

Situationalfeatures

Explanation:Knowledgemustfunctioninaprescribedsituation.Humanschooseknowledgegenerallytocomparesituations.

Characteristicsofmentalacceptance

Explanation:Knowledgemustbeinternalizedbythehumanmindandtrulyunderstoodbeforeitcanbeusedaccurately.

Result-orientedfeatures

Explanation:Knowledgenotonlyspeedsuptheprocess,butalsoleadstoapredictableresult.

Characteristicsofpower

Explanation:Apersonwhohasknowledge,evenifheisnotinahighposition,stillhascertainimplicitpower.

Characteristicsoflife

Explanation:Knowledgeisaprocessofgenerationandeffectiveness.Ithaslengthoflifeandisnotpermanent.

Knowledgeeconomy

Thesignificanceoftheerawhenmankindenterstheknowledgeeconomy:Theknowledgeeconomyisthateconomicgrowthdirectlydependsontheproduction,disseminationanduseofknowledgeandinformation,withhigh-techindustriesastheprimaryindustryPillar,withintellectualresourcesastheprimarysupport,itisasustainableeconomy.AccordingtotheWorldOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,theknowledgeeconomyisaneconomybasedontheproduction,storage,use,andconsumptionofknowledgeandinformationwithmodernscienceandtechnologyasitscore.

Nonakabelievesthatknowledgeisaconfirmedbelief,whichiscreated,organized,andtransmittedthroughthebeliefpatternsandconstraintsoftheknowledgeholderandreceiver,andatthesametimeitistransmitted.Aculturalsystem.Knowledgeisobtainedfromthechange,reconstruction,andcreationofirrelevantorrelatedinformation,anditsconnotationisbroader,deeper,andricherthandataandinformation.Thisviewemphasizestherelationshipbetweenknowledgeandbackground,aswellasknowledgeandinformation.Hedistinguishestwoformsofknowledgein"EnterprisesthatCreateKnowledge":TacitKnowledgeandExplicitKnowledge.Accordingtothisdivision,thefirsttwotypesofknowledgeareexplicitknowledge,whichcanbeobtainedbyenterprisesthroughreadingmaterialsortextbooks,participatinginconferencesandqueryingdatabases.Thistypeofknowledgecanbeinformatized;whilethelattertwotypesofknowledgebelongtotacitknowledge,whichisMoreimplicitknowledgeisdifficulttoquantifyandinformationize,anditisdifficulttotransferthroughformalinformationchannels.Itscharacteristicsare:

(a)Itisakindofproceduralknowledge,whichiscloselyrelatedtoaction;

(b)Indailylife,tacitknowledgeisuseful,Itisatoolforpeopletoachievevaluegoals.Thehigherthevalueofthegoal,themoredirectthisknowledgesupportsthegoal,themoreusefulthisknowledgeis;

(c)Theacquisitionoftacitknowledgecannotgetdirecthelpfromothers,itusuallydependsonitselfAcquiredisknowledgethatcannotbeexplainedinwords.Theexplicitnessoftacitknowledgeistheprocessofknowledgesharing.

SECImodel

IkujiroNoakaandHirotakaTakeuchi(1991)alsoproposedacompletemodelof"knowledgecreation"-theSECImodel

data,Thedifferenceandconnectionbetweeninformationandknowledge(MichaelEarl)

Datainformationknowledge

ContentEventtrendexpertise

FormCommunicationmodelearning

InformationTaskdescriptionoperationcode

HowtogetObservationandjudgmentexperience

OrganizationalintentionsAutomateddecision-makingactions

OECDclassification

WorldEconomicCooperationOrganization(OECD)

(a)Know-whatknowledge(Know-what),mainlynarratestheknowledgeoffacts;

(b)Know-whyknowledge(Know-why),mainlytheknowledgeofnaturalprinciplesandlaws;

(c)Know-howknowledge(Know-how),mainlyreferstotheskillsandabilitiesofcertainthings;

(d)Know-whoseknowledge(Know-who)involveswhoknowsandwhoknowsKnowledgeofhowtodocertainthings.

Davenport&Prusakintegratestheform,constituentelements,mainfunctionsandstoragesubjectsofknowledge,anddescribesthedefinitionofknowledgefromthefollowingaspects:

(1)Theformofknowledge:knowledgeisafluidanddynamicmixture,whichcanbechangedandupdatedatanytimewithstimulationandlearning;

(2)Components:includingexperience,values,situationalinformationandprofessionalismInsight;

(3)Mainfunction:Itprovidesareferencestructuretoevaluateandintegratetheinformationandexperiencegeneratedbythenewstimulus,formanewstructureandguidedecision-makingandbehavior;

(4)Thestoragesubject:itisproducedandusedbythemindoftheknower.Intheorganization,knowledgenotonlyexistsinfilesandknowledgebases,butalsoexistsinroutinework,process,practiceandculture.middle.

Classification

Darkknowledge

Darkknowledgereferstosomeknowledgethathasbeenmasteredbythelearningmachinebuthumansdonotyetunderstand.Thiskindofknowledgeisneitherexpressiblenorperceptible,butmachinescanunderstand.

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