Originanddevelopment
Aphilosophicaltheoryisalsoatheoreticaltheory.
Ingeneral,irrationalismisaphilosophyofspiritualcrisis,butittakespeopleasthesubjectandmaincontentofthestudy,promotessubjectivity,andinasensereflectsthemeaningandspiritofmodernpeople.Hasapositivemeaning.
Cluestotheevolutionofirrationalism:Voluntarism-LifePhilosophy-Existentialism-Freudism-FrankfurtSchool.Theirrationalphilosophicaltrendemphasizesvariousirrationalfactorsinhumanspirituallife,andatthesametimeexaggeratesthelimitationsanddefectsofreason.Itdeniesthatreasonhastheabilitytounderstandtheworld,andpointsoutthatexistenceitselfhasirrationalandillogicalproperties.Irrationalismdeniesontologythattheworldisarationalandharmoniouswhole,andregardstheworldasadisordered,accidental,incomprehensible,andevenabsurdworld.Itunilaterallyemphasizesinnerexperienceandintuitiveinsightinepistemology.Schopenhauerwasthefirsttocriticizerationalismandestablishedavoluntaristideologicalsystem.Hebelievedthat"theworldismyappearance."Thefreeworldindependentofhumanappearanceiswill.Williseverywhere.Notonlypeoplehavewill,butanimalsalsohavewill.Plantsandeveninorganicsubstancesalsohavewill.Anyobjectistheobjectificationofwill.Schopenhauerassertedthatwillishigherthanknowledge,willistheprimaryandmostprimitivefactor,andknowledgeisonlyaddedlater.Schopenhauer'svoluntarismcreatedtheprecedentofWesternirrationalism.Nietzsche,whowasdeeplyinfluencedbySchopenhauer'sthought,developedSchopenhauer'slifewillintoastrongwillandestablishedhisownuniquephilosophicaltheory.Hebelievesthattheessenceoflifeiswill,aninsatiabledesireandcreativeinstinct,andusesthisasastandardtoevaluateallvaluesandestablishnewvalues,putforwardtheslogan"Godisdead",andattackedrationalismsinceGreece.Atthesametime,NietzschestronglypraisedtheGreektragedyspiritthatembodiesthespiritofApolloandDionysius,andbelievesthatitisentirelyintuitiveandhasnothingtodowithreason.Hetookmydesireasthebasisofmoralityandpointedoutthathumannatureisthespiritofself-creationanddestructionofDionysus.Nietzsche'sphilosophyhasgreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofirrationalism.Inthedevelopmentofirrationalism,Freud'spsychoanalysistheoryisespeciallyworthmentioning.Forthefirsttime,hecarefullyusedasscientificmethodsaspossibletoinvestigatethedeep-seatedstructureofhumanconsciousness,andproposedthedeep-seatedbasisofirrationalinstinctintheentirehumanspirituallife,whichprovidedascientificbasisforthestudyofirrationalism.
Sincethe20thcentury,irrationalismhasbecomeatrendofthoughtthathasswepttheWest,spreadingwidelyinphilosophy,ethics,psychology,society,politicsandotherfields.Amongthem,inadditiontoFreud,Heidegger,Sartreandothershavethegreatestinfluenceonexistentialism.Toacertainextent,theybroadenedthehorizonofirrationalismresearch.
IrrationalisminChina
IrrationalismisaphilosophicaltrendthatprevailedintheWestattheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury,andlaterbecameamodernistliteraryschoolofallkindsinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.Thetheoreticalbasis.Sinceatleastthe1980s,irrationalismhasenteredthedomesticliteratureanditsresearchscenewiththeinfluxofWesternculturalthoughts,andhasbeenhighlypraisedbysomescholars.Thisliterarytendencyhasdevelopedtotheextreme,whichiscenteringoninstinctandbody,advocatingwildnessandindulgence,opposingmoralsandethics,blasphemingthesublime,anddispellinghistory.Fromthelate1980stotheearly1990s,iteventriggeredtheprotracted"rational-irrational"discussion.
Inthe21stcentury,irrationalismhasonceagainsetoffwavesindomesticliterarycreationandtheoreticalcriticism,anditisbecomingmoreandmoreintense.The"irrational"warfareontheterritoryofChineseliteratureisgettingmoreandmorefierce,eventothepointwhereitseriouslyjeopardizesthehealthydevelopmentofliterature.Somewriterspromotetheprincipleof"happyanimals"andboldlyventtheirinstinctivedesires.Thelarge-scaleeroticdescriptionsandtheunobstructeddisplayoferoticdesiresshowoffinagrandiosemannerandappearonthestagewithouthumility.Theseinstinctivecarnivalwritingshavepenetratedwidelyintoallaspectsofliterature,includingfilmsandTVdramaswithawideaudience.Inresponsetothisunhealthyliterarysituation,thetheoreticalcommunityhasalsoshownahighdegreeofandintenseattention.Adebateabout"rationality-irrationality"reopenedinthefieldofliteraryresearchinthe21stcentury.
ScholarssuchasDangShengyuanpointedlypointedoutthatinadditiontobeingkeenoninstinctivemadness,indulginginlowerbodycarnivals,andobsessedwiththelawofthejungle,narrativeidling,languagevulgarity,logicalconfusion,meaningdanglingandnarrativeincontinencearealsoAnotherfaceofirrationalisminthecurrentliteraryfield,andwantonfalsificationofhistoryandblasphemyofthesublimearethesalientfeaturesofirrationalisminthecurrentliteraryfield.Inresponsetothisabnormalliterarycounter-current,manyscholarsbasedontherationalspiritofliterature,severelycriticizedandfloggeditfromtheaspectsofmorality,humannature,historicaloutlook,andnewrationalspirit.
Irrationalism:Theghostontheliterarymapofthenewcentury
Inthecurrentliteraryfield,instinctandbodyhavebecometwoimportantkeywords,theso-called"bodymonologue","Writingonthelowerbody"haspenetratedwidelyintoallaspectsofliterarycreation."Comprehensivedesirerelease,resoluteposture,fleshyliterarycrawling,thepursuitofphysicalpresence,andthelowerhalfofthebodyarethenormsandotherwritingethicsconspiracytoevadetheessence,reason,spirit,andspiritthatliteratureshouldpossess.Amessysymphonyoffleshislefttotortureandwanderinthecurrentliteraryworld."
Acurasingthelawofthejungle,advocatinganimalnature,advocating"wildness"andadvocating"servility"arealsothecurrentliteraryfield.Atypicalirrationaltendency."WolfTotem"in2004,"TibetanMastiff"in2005and"HedgehogSong"in2007areallrepresentativeworksadvocatingandpraisinganimalnatureandadvocating"animalphilosophy".Whentalkingabout"WolfTotem",thecriticLiJianjunsaid:"InaneraofWangGang'ssolutionandconfusionofvalues,everythingmaybeturnedupsidedown,andeverythingmaybe'twisted'.Shamelessisglory.Inferiorityisequaltoelegance,and'rascals'become'heroes'."Hebelievesthat"WolfTotem"raisestheadmirationforthespiritofthewolftotheheightoftherevivaloftheChinesenation.Thehopeofrevival”,butthroughouthumanhistory,ifanation’srejuvenationtakesthespiritofawolfasitstotem,thenthenationiswithineasyreachofthedisaster—GermanfascismandJapanesemilitarismarealive.illustration.
Tamperingwithhistoryandblasphemingthesublimeisanotherdistinguishingfeatureofirrationalisminthecurrentliteraryfield.Forexample,blindlypraisingtheprosperityofKangxiandQianlongoftheQingDynasty,describingitassunnyandfullofvitality,butdisregardingthehistoricalrealityoftheQinggovernmentthatwasclosed,farawayfrommoderncivilization,andcrisis-ridden;underthebannerof"humanizeddescription",itwasgiventoCixiThequeenmother"turnedoverthecase"andwas"Zhaoxue"byLiHongzhang,imitatingandjokingabouthistory;thebattleofGuandubecameawarbetweenCaoCaoandYuanShaoforthelittlewidow,andthebloodyhistorywassmearedintoanambiguousfarce;theclassicsweredispelledatwill."TheTrueStoryofAhQ","Medicine"and"KongYiji"were"adapted"infilmandtelevisionworksintoAhQsellingbloodbunsandmarriedKongYiji'sdaughter.
Inaddition,inthecurrentliterarylandscape,wecanstillfeeltheidiosyncrasiesofirrationalliterarynarratives,languagevulgarity,andlogicalconfusion.AccordingtoDangShengyuan’ssummary:irrationalismpursuesthepersonalizationoflanguageexcessively,breakinglanguageconventions,leadingtothebreakofthelanguagechain;refusingtounderstand,thinkingthateasy-to-understandisimmoralforliterature;advocatingthe"threereductions"(Sensereduction,consciousnessreduction,languagereduction),"threeavoidances"(avoidknowledge,thoughts,andmeanings),"threetranscendences"(beyondlogic,grammar,andrationality);advocating"intransitivewriting";Theinfiniteoverflowof“arbitrariness”,“improvement”,“disorderly”,“patchwork”andanti-logic,anti-understanding,anti-integrity,anti-elementmeaning,etc.,hascausedthefragmentationofthetext,universalityandregularity.Escapeandthefloodofirrationality.
CriticismandRighteousness:DefendingtheLiteraryRationalSpirit
Inresponsetothistendencyofliterarycreation,manycriticshaveexpressedgreatanxietyanddeepconcern.TheycallforliteratureTherationalspiritoftheauthorcriticizesirrationalliterarythoughtsfromtheaspectsofmoraltheory,humannaturetheory,historicalview,newrationalspiritandsoon.
Criticsadvocaterationalwritingandopposetheirrationaltendencyrepresentedbyinstinctanddesireincontemporaryliterature.Somepeoplethinkthatincurrentliterarycreation,women’slifeexperiencessuchassexualdesire,childbirth,andabortionaredescribedtirelesslybymanywriters.Theyareimmersedintheprivateexpressionsof"oneperson'swar"and"privatelife",fallingintothemesandthemes.Thelowlevelofwaitingrepeats.Theresultofrepelling"rationality"willonlyleadtoseriousconfusionofmeaning.Thenewaestheticprincipleshouldbeafusionof"bodyasthecriterion"and"ideaasthecriterion".Thewritermustmakehismindconstantlystronger.Somepeoplecallthespreadofirrationalisminthecurrentliteraturethe"thirdtransformation"ofcontemporaryliterature,andclaimthat"desireishumaninstinctivedesire.Whendesiresaresuppressed,humansareincompleteandalienated."Butifyoublindlyinflateyourdesiresinfinitely,youwillgototheotherextreme.”Hestronglyopposesthisso-called“thirdtransformation”,andbelievesthatthistransformationof21stcenturyliteraturecomesattheexpenseofreason.Expressesworry.
Recallingthereturnofmoralityinliteratureisaneffortbyscholarstoaddressthecrisisfacedbythemoralattributesofliterature.Literatureactsonpeople'sheartsandspirits,caresforthevalueoflifeandenhancesthespiritualrealm,soitisboundtoshouldercertainmoralideals.Weshouldpayattentiontotheroleofliterarymoralityininfluencingtheproductionanddisseminationofworks,andtheinfluenceofmoralidealsinliteratureontheconnotationandstyleofliteraryworks.Weneed"workswithmoralpassion".
Inresponsetosomewriters’oppositiontothepursuitoftruth,goodnessandbeautyintheperformanceofhumannature,theyvigorouslyexploredcrudehumannatureandaffirmeditsreasonableexistence.Withcrudenessasthedeepestpoint,theredwasturnedintopeach.TheliterarycriticWangGanpointedout:"Lowerbodywriting"pushesbodywritingtoextremes,literatureisstrippedofvastsocialcontent,andsubconsciousnessisnarrowlyunderstoodasnakedsexualconsciousnessandsexualcontent.ThissloganofbodyfirstandsexfirstcancelstherichnessofliteratureTheapproachisverywrong.XieYoushun,aprofessoroftheChineseDepartmentofSunYat-senUniversity,criticizedthatthiskindofcreationthattreats"beastnature"ashumannature,"thenarrownessandshallownessofspiritisclearataglance."
Attheendofthe20thcentury,advocatesofirrationalismonceproposedthatirrationalityis"anecessarylinkforChineseliteraturetoburyclassicismandmovetowardsmodernism."Whetheritpossessesthecriteriaofmodernity.TheybelievethatChineseliteratureattheendofthe20thcenturyisstillinthemodernstageandlacksmodernitybecauseit"lackofirrationalspirit."Inresponsetothisview,RadaroftheChineseWritersAssociationpointedout:Modernityisfullofmovementandchange.Itisaconceptrelatedtoprogressanddevelopment,butatthesametimeitisaconceptfullofcontradictions.Ontheonehand,itrepresentsrationality,ontheotherhand.,Itimplantsmentalanxietyintoallaspectsofhumanlife.However,itisabsurdtothinkthatChineseliteratureinthe20thcenturycannotbecalledChineseliteratureinthetruesense.Ifhumanawakeningandanti-feudalismarenotmodernity,humanitarianismisnotmodernity,andinstrumentalandhumanisticrationalityarenotmodern.Sex,sowhatexactlyismodernity?Theviewthatirrationalismisthedominantliterarytalentiscalledmodernliteratureisobviouslybiased.
Inviewoftheirrationaltreatmentofhistoryincontemporaryliterarywriting,thetheoreticalcircleadvocatestherationalistspiritofhistoricalwriting.Nowadays,therearesomeadaptationsthatcompletelydisregardhistoricalfactsinsomeoftheworksthattalkabouthistory.Theseworksdissolvethehistoricalcontentandthedepthofthoughtwithentertainment,fashion,consumption,andsecularity.LuGuishan,aprofessoratRenminUniversityofChina,pointedoutthattheessenceofthisphenomenonistoreplacehistoricaldeterminismwithsubjectivefictionaltextualdeterminismandlinguisticdeterminism."Itdoesnotviolatethebasicnatureofthehistoricalobjectsrepresented,andrespectstheobjectivity,authenticityandregularityofhistory.Thisisthebottomlinethatshouldbeadheredtoinartisticcreation.Thosefrivolousandplayfulhistoricalworkshavedispelledthenationalspiritandtarnishedpeople.Purethoughtsandemotionsanduprightethicalandmoralsentimentsarenotconducivetocultivatingandimprovingthejustice,noblepersonalitypursuitsandspiritualrealmoftheyounggeneration."TherearealsoopinionsthathistoricalnovelsshouldbeabletoshowournationalculturalspiritandrequirethehistoricalnovelsTheauthorpossessesanenterprisinghistoricalspirit,balancesandresistsvulgarityandspiritualdeclinewithanewrationalspiritandahumanisticspirit,andproposesto"rebuildthevalueandspiritofliterarycreationwithanewrationalspirit",makingit"thesoulofliteratureandart".
Returntothesublime:theinevitablechoiceofliterarycreation
Somescholarspointedoutthatthecurrenteraofdesirenarrationisfloodedwithtext,andthedesireexpansioncreatedbyconsumerismisjustlikeamalignanttumor.Devourthehumanity,rationalityandpoeticspiritofliterature.
Inresponsetothecurrentlossofliterarydignity,scholarscallforanactiveresponse,promoteaseriouscreativeattitude,andcreateagoodliteraryenvironment,sothatliteraturecanreturntothespiritualhomeandemotionalhabitatofpeople.Returnto"ahigherrealmofideologysuspendedintheair."Inthecurrentliteraryfield,ithasbecometheconsensusofmanycriticstogivetopprioritytoadheringtosocialbenefitsandtoabandontheerroneousliterarytendencyofadvocatingirrationalism.Andconsciouslyenhancingthesenseofsocialresponsibilityandhistoricalmission,firmlygraspingthehealthyaestheticpulse,infectingreaderswithhigh-qualityworks,whileadheringtothe"two-for"directionand"double-hundred"policy,willberecognizedbymorepeople.
Infact,inmoderntimes,mostwritershavebeenabletoadheretothe"two-for"directionofliterarycreation,keepcloseflesh-and-bloodtieswiththepeople,andtrytosatisfythepeople’sgrowingspiritualandculturalneeds.Thegoodworksthatthepeopleneedandaresatisfiedwithareregardedasthebasiccriteriaformeasuringthesuccessorfailureoftheircreation,resistbadtaste,andpursuetheunityofideologyandartistry.Ontheotherhand,somescholarshavepointedoutthatadheringtothe"double-hundred"policymustbebasedonthepremiseofadheringtothe"two-for"direction,andonthisbasis,continuetocreatearelaxedcreativeenvironmentforthemajorityofwriters.Manyscholarsstatedthattheyresolutelyresist"junkliterature"markedby"irrationalism",opposevulgarcustoms,andcultivatereaders,encouragereaders,andcomfortreaderswithexcellentworks;interveneinsocietywitharationalattitudeandstrengthentheirownmoralcultivation.Onlybypayingattentiontothetimes,payingattentiontopeople'slivelihood,andcorrectlyunderstandingtheroleofirrationalityinliterarycreation,canliteratureandartflourishfurther.