Information Processing Psychology

Summary

Contemporarycognitivepsychologyisabroadsubjectfield.Itsresearchinvolvesallaspectsofhumancognition,anditsconceptsandtheoriesalsopenetratealmostpsychologyAllbranchesofthefield.Interestingly,theconnectionistresearchthatemergedduringthesecondcognitiverevolutiondidnotmakeinformationprocessingpsychology,whichischaracterizedbycomputeranalogy,withdrawfromtheforefrontofpsychology.Itevenstillexistsasthemainbodyofcognitivepsychology..Therefore,tograspthefullpictureofcontemporarycognitivepsychology,wemustfirstgraspthebasicviewpoints,researchcontentandresearchmethodsofinformationprocessingcognitivepsychology.

Itisanactivityprocessofproducingsecondaryinformationwithhighvaluecontentandconvenientforuserstouseonthebasisoforiginalinformation.Thisprocesswilladdvaluetotheinformation.Onlyonthebasisofproperprocessingofinformationcannewandeffectiveinformationorknowledgebeproducedtoguidedecision-making.Informationprocessingpsychologyistostudythetransmission,conversion,storageandfunctionmechanismofinformationintheinformationprocessingsysteminordertouncovertheactivitiesinthe"blackbox"ofthemind.

Basicviewpoints

Asweallknow,computersprovidethemostconvenientmetaphorforinformationprocessingpsychology—comparethehumanbraintoacomputer.Severaloperationsactonsymbols,andprocessinginformationisstillstoredinsymbolform.Thestructureandprocessofprocessingcanbevisuallyexpressedasflowchartsoras"boxes-and-arrowsmodels".Thehumanbrainisaninformationprocessingsystem.Itcaninput,encode,store,extract,copy,andtransmitphysicalsymbolsthatcharacterizeinformation.Thecompletionofthisprocessisaseriesofprocesses,anddifferentprocessingtasksandprocessingstagesaredifferent.Cognitivestructureiscompleted.Theserelativelyindependentcognitivestructuresareconnectedbackandforth,andhavehierarchicaldifferences.Theyare"machines"inthehumanbrainsimilartoartificialintelligencemachines.

Informationprocessingsystem,alsoknownas"SymbolOperationSystem",ismainlycomposedoffourparts,namelysensor,effector,processor,memorydevice,amongwhichsensoristhedevicethatreceivesinformation,Thatis,thesensorysystem;theprocessoristhecontrolpartoftheentireinformationprocessingsystem,whichdeterminesthegoal,planandexecutionoftheinformationprocessing,includingthecontrolprocessorandworkingmemoryinthefigure;thememorydevice,mainlyreferstothepermanentMemoryisanimportantpartoftheinformationprocessingsystem,whichstoresalargenumberofsymbolstructurescomposedofvarioussymbolsconnectedinacertainrelationship,thatis,information;theeffectoristhepartoftheinformationprocessingsystemthatrespondstotheinformation,whichistheentiresystemThefinalstructurecontrolstheoutputofinformation.Thecorehereistheprocessor,whichalsoincludesthreefunctionalparts:

(1)Asetofbasicinformationprocesses,suchasmakinganddeletingsymbols,makingnewsymbolstructuresandcopyingandchangingexistingonesStructure,markingexternalstimuliwithsymbolsorsymbolstructure,distinguishingandcomparingsymbolstructure,anddeterminingresponseaccordingtosymbolstructure;(2)Short-termmemory,maintainingbasicinformationprocessinputandoutputSymbolicstructure;

(3)Thenarratorintegratesthebasicinformationprocessandshort-termmemorytodeterminethesequenceofthebasicinformationprocess.Thedescriptionandregulationofthesequenceofthebasicinformationprocessconstitutetheprogram,whichisthebehaviormechanismoftheinformationprocessingsystem."Informationprocessingpsychologyisthestudyofthetransmission,conversion,storage,andmechanismofinformationinaninformationprocessingsysteminordertouncovertheactivitiesinthe"blackbox"ofthemind.

Mainresearch

Informationprocessingpsychologyhasawiderangeofresearchcontents,mostofwhichfocusonfouraspects:perceptualprocessingandpatternrecognition,attention,memory,andproblemsolving.

PerceptualProcessing

PerceptionItistheprocessofdeterminingthemeaningofastimulus,includingtheorientation,selection,organizationandinterpretationofthestimulus.Informationprocessingpsychologyfocusesonthemeticulousstudyoftheperceptualprocess,therebyrevealingitsinternalinformationprocessingmethods.Theseprocessingmethodsmainlyinclude:

(1)Data-drivenprocessingandconcept-drivenprocessing(Lindary&Norman,1977).Theformerreferstoprocessingstartingfromstimulus,alsocalledbottom-upprocessing;thelatterreferstothesubject’sperceptionofperceptionTheprocessingthatbeginswiththegeneralknowledgeoftheobjectisalsocalledtop-downprocessing.

(2)Seriesprocessingandparallelprocessing.Theformerreferstoaprocessingmethodinwhichinformationprocessingiscarriedoutstepbystepinadeterminedorder,andthelatterItreferstotheprocessingmethodinwhichmultiplestimulusinformationcanbeprocessedsimultaneouslyindifferentinformationprocessingunits.

(3)Overallprocessingandlocalprocessing,theformerreferstotheoverallcharacteristicsofthestimulus,thelatterItreferstothelocalcharacteristicsofperceptualstimuli,andinmanycases,perceptualprocessingshowsobviousoverallsuperiorityeffects,suchaswordsuperiorityeffects,objectsuperiorityeffects,etc.

Patternrecognition

Thefocusofthefieldofperceptionresearchispatternrecognition.Patternrecognitionreferstotheidentificationandclassificationofexternalstimuli.Anotherreasonwhycognitivepsychologistsareinterestedinpatternrecognitionisthattheywantcomputerstosimulatethisabilityofpeople.,Tomakeitmoreintelligent.Therearethreerepresentativetheoriesininformationprocessingpsychologythatcanexplaintheprinciplesofinformationrecognition,understandinganddecipheringtoacertainextent.

Templatematchingmodel

Thetemplatematchingmodel(templatematchingmodel)isproposedbasedontherecognitionmodeofthemachine.Itscentralideaisthatthehumanmemorysystemstoresvariousstimulitemplates.WheninputThestimulusinformationmatchesacertainstoredtemplate,andthestimulusinformationcanbedecipheredandrecognized.However,itisobviouslynotenoughtoexplainthehighlyflexiblecognitiveprocessofhumanbeingsonlywiththismechanicalandstrictlycorrespondingrigidtemplatematching.Itisalsouneconomical.

Prototypematchingmodel

Theprototypematchingmodelimprovesthetemplatematchingmodel.ItisbelievedthatpeoplemaystoredifferentExternalstimulusstrictlycorrespondstothetemplate,butageneralizedrepresentationofatypeofstimulus,thatis,prototype,sotheprototypeisacomprehensiveandabstractproduct.Aftertheexternalstimulusinformationisinput,theinformationprocessingsystemrecognizesitaccordingtothedegreeofmatchingbetweentheinputinformationandtheprototypeInformation,thestimulusinformationisgenerallyrecognizedashavingthemostGoodmatchingprototype,andgiveitacertainmeaning,sothatitcanbeunderstood.Obviously,theprototypematchingmodelencompassesthetemplatematchingmodel,andatthesametimeovercomestheshortcomingsofthetemplatematchingmodelofinflexibilityanduneconomical,andisalsosupportedbymorelifeexperienceandpsychologicalexperiments.However,thepatternrecognitiontheorythatcanbetterreflectthemeaningofsymbolprocessingisstillafeatureanalysismodel.

Featureanalysismodel

Thefeatureanalysismodelbelievesthatafterthesubjectreceivestheinputinformation,itwillfirstperformfeatureanalysisonit,andthencomparetheresultsoftheanalysiswiththelengthThefeaturetablesofvariousthingsintimememoryarecompared,andrecognitionisobtainedoncethebestmatchisobtained.Thefeatureanalysismodelismoreflexibleandeconomicalinexplaininghumanpatternrecognition,anditalsohasahigherabstraction.Buttherearestillsomequestions,suchashowalargenumberoffeaturetablesarestored,andwillitincreasetheburdenofmemory.

Thestudyofattention

Thepsychologicalmechanismofattentionisoneoftheearliestexperimentalsubjectsinmoderncognitivepsychology.Mainlythebinaurallisteningtechnology.SinceBroadbentfirstproposedtheearlyselectionmodel,cognitivepsychologistshavesuccessivelyputforwarddifferentviewpointssuchasthemid-termselectionmodel,thelateselectionmodelandtheresourcerestrictiontheory.

Filtermodel

Inthebinaurallisteningexperiment,Terryfoundthattheinformationofthesubject’sfollowingearswaspaidattentionto,soitcouldbefurtherprocessed.Non-followerinformationisnotnoticedandcannotbeprocessed.BritishpsychologistBrudbentputforwardtheattentionfiltertheorybasedonfurtherexperiments(Broadbent,1958).Thetheorybelievesthattheprocessingcapacityofthehumancerebralcortexisverylimited.Inordertohaveabottleneckfilterintheinformationinputchannel,theinformationpassingthroughthefilterisfurtherprocessedtobeidentifiedandstored,andtherestoftheinformationisblockedattheadvancedlevel.Outsidethehub.Thiskindoffilterworksaccordingtothe"allornothing"principle,onechannelpassestheinformationandtheotherchannelsareclosedatthesametime.Therefore,thistheoryisalsocalledthesingle-channeltheory,whichbelievesthatthefilterislocatedbeforeperception,soinformationselectionoccursintheearlystageofinformationprocessing,soitiscalledtheearlyselectionmodel.

Attenuatormodel

Thereisevidencethatsomeparticularlystrongstimuliorinformationthatisparticularlymeaningfultotheinformationreceiver,evenifitisnotenteredfromthefollowerTheprocessingsystemcanalsobeidentified,soAmTreisman(AmTreisman)proposedanattenuatormodel.Theattenuatormodelbelievesthatthefilteringdeviceintheinformationchannelworksaccordingtotheattenuationmode,buttheactivationthresholdofparticularlymeaningfulitems(suchasyourownname)islow,soitcanbeactivatedandidentified.Thisfilteringdeviceiscalledthehubfilter.Itseemsthatthechoiceofattentionnotonlydependsonthecharacteristicsofsensoryinformation,butalsodependsontheroleofthecentralfilter,soitisalsocalledthemid-termselectionmodel.

Thelateselectionmodel

Thelateselectionmodelbelievesthatselectiveattentionoccursinthelatestageofinformationprocessing,andthefilteringdeviceislocatedbetweenperceptualprocessingandworkingmemory.Themodelassumesthatallinputinformationreacheslong-termmemoryandactivatesrelateditemsinit,andthencompetesfortheprocessingofworkingmemory.Informationwithhighperceptualintensityorsignificantmeaningisfurtherprocessedandthenreacted.Thismodelcanexplainthephenomenonofattentionallocationwell,becausealltheinputinformationhasbeenprocessed;itcanalsoexplainthatparticularlymeaningfulinformationiseasytoattractpeople’sattention,becausetheactivationthresholdoftheseitemsstoredinlong-termmemoryisveryhigh.low.However,thismodelisnoteconomical,anditassumesthatallinputinformationisprocessedbythehub.

Completelydifferentfromtheabove-mentionedfiltertheoryisthetheoryofmentalintelligencelimitationproposedbyD.Kahneman.Thistheoryregardsattentionasthesourceofmentalintelligence,andthetotalamountofhumanmentalintelligenceislimited.Ifataskdoesnotexhaustallthesourcesofintelligence,thenitcanbedirectedtoanothertask.Whenapersonisfacedwithmorethanonetask,thepersonmustallocatethesourceofmentalintelligence,andtheamountofmentalintelligenceoccupiedbyeachtaskwillberelativelyreduced,andtheactivityefficiencywillbecorrespondinglyreduced.Thistheorycanwellexplainthephenomenonofattentiondistributionandrelatedexperimentalresults,butitcannotpredicthowmanypeople’smentalsourcesofintelligenceareandhowtheyaredistributed.Soitisstillnotcompletelysatisfactory.

Accordingtothepointofviewofinformationprocessing,memoryistheprocessofinformationinput,encoding,storageandextraction.Itcanmorefullyreflecttheworkflowofinformationprocessingsystems,soitisalsothecoreofinformationprocessingpsychologyresearch.Oneofthecontents.

Researchonmemory

Accordingtotheviewpointofinformationprocessing,memoryistheprocessofinput,coding,storageandextractionofinformation,whichcanmorefullyreflecttheworkflowoftheinformationprocessingsystem.Soitisalsooneofthecorecontentsofinformationprocessingpsychologyresearch.Theresearchoninformationprocessingofmemoryfocusesonthreeaspects:thestructure,representationandcapacityofmemory,mainlythestructureandinformationrepresentationofmemory.

Researchonmemorystructure

Researchonmemorystructurestartsfromtwokindsofmemorytheories.Asearlyas1890,AmericanpsychologistJamesproposedtheconceptsofprimarymemoryandsecondarymemory.Theformerreferstoshort-termmemoryandthelatterreferstolong-termmemory.AtkinsonandShifrey(1968)proposedathree-levelinformationprocessingmodelformemory.Themodelbelievesthatthememorystructureisfixed,whilethecontrolprocessisvariable.Memoryconsistsofthreestoragesystems:sensorymemory,short-termmemoryandlong-termmemory.Intheprocessofinformationprocessing,theexternalinformationfirstentersthesensorymemorythroughthesensoryorgans,wheretheinformationiskeptforaveryshorttime,onlyabout1second,andthenthenoticedinformationisrecognizedandenteredintotheshort-termmemory.Short-termmemoryisabufferforinformationprocessing.Theinformationinitisatthecenterofconsciousactivity.However,thecapacityhereislimited,only7±2informationblockscanberetained,andtheinformationretentiontimeisonlyabout1minute,unlessKeeprepeatingtheinformation.Retellingcanmakepartoftheinformationintheshort-termmemoryenterthelong-termmemory.Thecapacityofthelong-termmemoryisverylarge,andtheretentiontimeoftheinformationcanalsobeverylong.Itisourinformationdatabase,andthelargeamountofknowledgeandexperiencewehaveaccumulatedarestoredhere..Theinformationinthelong-termmemorycanbereturnedtothestateofconsciousnessundertheactionoftheactivationsignalfortheapplicationofthecognitivesystem.

Therearealsodifferentopinionsonthemulti-storagetheoryofmemory,andtherepresentativeoneisthetheoryofCrick’sprocessinglevel.Theprocessingleveltheorybelievesthatthemulti-storagestructuredoesnotexist,andthelengthoftheinformationretentiontimeisnotduetothedifferenceinthesystem,butsimplybecauseithasbeenprocessedatdifferentlevels.Informationprocessingleavestracesofmemory,somemoryisaby-productofinformationprocessing.

Researchontherepresentationofmemoryinformation

Therepresentationofmemoryinformationismainlytheinformationrepresentationoflong-termmemory,andtheinformationoflong-termmemoryisalsocalledknowledge,Thatis,personalknowledge.Peopledivideknowledgeintotwocategories:declarativeknowledgeandproceduralknowledge.Therepresentationmethodsofdeclarativeknowledgearebothsituationalandsemantic.Amongthem,therepresentationtheoryofsemanticmemoryinformationmainlyincludestwotypes:networkmodelandfeatureanalysismodel.Theformerbelievesthatthehumanbrain’smemoryofsemanticsisstoredhierarchicallyintheformofanetwork.Allconceptsaredividedintoseverallevelsaccordingtothelogicalsubordinaterelationship,andtheconceptsofeachlevelareconnectedinturntoformahierarchicalnetwork.Thefeatureoftheconceptisattachedtoeachnodeofthenetwork;thelatterconsidersthattherepresentationoftheconceptdependsonthefeatureset.Anyconceptincludesadefiningfeaturesetandadescriptivefeatureset.Themorethefeaturesofthetwoconceptscross,theoverlapoftheconceptsThemore,theclosertherelationship.

Researchonproblem-solving

Inthemid-1950s,twopublicationsmarkedthebeginningofresearchonproblem-solvingbyinformationprocessingtheory.OneisBruner,Goodnow,andAustin(1956)"ThinkingResearch",whichmainlystudiesthecognitiveprocessofclassifyingstimulusinformation;theotherisaresearchpaperpublishedbyNewell,ShawandSimon,whichtheydescribeinthispaperAnengineeringresearchsituation.Thegoalofthisengineeringresearchistodevelopprogramsforadigitalcomputersothatitcansolveproblems,andinfact,thisistherealbeginningofartificialintelligence.Thefirststepoftheworkistocollectasmuchinformationaboutpeopleaspossibletosolveproblems,andbasedontheanalysisofthedata,tocompileaproblem-solvingprogramsimilartothatusedbypeople;thesecondstepistocollectdetailedinformationaboutpeopleandcomputerswhentheysolvethesameproblem.Onthepremiseofanalysisandcomparison,thecomputerprogramismodifiedtoprovideacomputeroperationmodeclosertohumanbehavior.Oncethesimulationinaparticulartaskissuccessful,theresearchercantrytousethesameinformationprocessingseriesandproceduresinawiderrangeoftasks.Theproblem-solvingtheorygraduallyformedinthesestudieswaslaterfullyexpressedintheirlongwork"HumanProblemSolving"(Newell&Simon,1972,pp.787-868).Thismonographcanbecalledaclassicworkonproblem-solvingresearchinmoderncognitivepsychology.NewellandSimonbelievethatproblemsolvingisaprocessofcontinuousheuristicsearchintheproblemspace.

Anothermajorresearchonproblemsolvingisresearchbyexpertsandnovices.Therearetwomaindifferencesbetweenexpertsandnovicesinproblemsolving:problemrepresentationanddifferenttypesofproblemsolvingmethods.Expertsarebasedonknowledgeinaspecificfield,andtheyhavericherproblemrepresentationsthannovices.Theserepresentationscanbeseenasschemascontainingsub-schemes.Forexperts,theinformationcontainedintheschemaisofteninformationorganizedaccordingtobasiclaws,ratherthanthesurfaceinformationfromtheproblem.Expertsaremorelikelytousetheinformationgivenbytheproblemtousethepositivepushstrategytoadvancetotheproblemtargetstate.Novicesmayproposehypothesesbasedonpossiblesolutionsandthentestthehypotheses.Thisstrategyhaslessperformance.Throughthepracticeofapplyingstrategies,expertswillautomatevariousrecalledandeasy-to-executeoperationsduringtheforwardpushprocess(VanLehn,1989).Throughsuchautomationandschematization,expertswillshifttheburdenofworkingmemorytonoresources.Thelimitedlong-termmemorycanfurtherimprovetheperformanceandaccuracyofproblemsolving.Butnovicesmustusetheirworkingmemorytosearchforprobleminformationandfindmultiplealternativestrategies.Hehasnoworkingmemoryspacetomonitortheirproblem-solvingprogressandaccuracy.

Atpresent,theresearchonproblemsolvingininformationprocessingpsychologyisstillveryimmature.Thisfieldalsoneedstoaccumulatemoredata,ormoreeffectiveresearchmethodsareneeded.

ResearchMethod

TheabilityofinformationprocessingpsychologytoemergeintheAmericanpsychologyworlddominatedbybehaviorismiscloselyrelatedtoitsbreakthroughinmethodology.Specifically,themostrepresentativemethodsofinformationprocessingpsychologyinclude:factor-basedexperimentalmethods,eyemovementresearchmethods,oralreportanalysismethods,andcomputersimulationmethods.

Factor-basedexperimentalmethods

Theexperimentalmethodsofinformationprocessingpsychology,especiallytheexperimentswithreactiontimeandhomeworkscoresasindicators,arepaidmoreattention.Comparedwithotherbranchesofpsychology,thereactiontimemethodisitsmosteffectiveandtypicalexperimentalmethod,whichmainlyincludesthesubtractionreactiontimemethodandtheadditivefactormethod.

Thesubtractivereactiontimemethodreferstowhentwoinformationprocessingserieshavetherelationshipofinclusionandinclusion,thatis,inadditiontoalltheprocessesoftheotherinformationprocessingseries,thereisalsoauniqueInformationprocessingstageorprocess,thetimedifferencebetweenthesetwoprocessingseriesisthetimerequiredforthisuniqueinformationprocessingstageorprocess.Justasthediscriminativereactionincludesalltheprocessingstagesofthesimplereaction,andatthesametimeitalsohasamentalprocessingstageofsignaldiscriminationthatisnotavailableinthesimplereaction,thenthetimerequiredforthediscriminativementalprocessingcanbeobtainedbysubtractingthereactiontime.Obviously,themorecomplexthementalprocessing,thelongertheprocessingtimerequired.

Butthismethodalsohasitsweaknesses.Theuseofthisexperimentrequirestheexperimentertohaveapreciseunderstandingoftheseriesofpsychologicalprocessesbetweenthestimulusandtheresponsecausedbytheexperimentaltask,andrequirestwosubtractivetasks.Itisgenerallydifficulttomatchsharedpsychologicalprocessesstrictly.Theseweaknessesgreatlylimitthewidespreaduseofthesubtractivereactiontimemethod.

Inthemiddleofthe20thcentury,Sternbergputforwardtherulesofaddition,calledadditivefactorsmethods.Thismethodisthedevelopmentandextensionofthesubtractivereactiontimemethod.Thelogicoftheadditivefactorreactiontimeexperimentis:iftheeffectsoftwofactorsaremutuallyrestricted,thatis,theeffectofonefactorcanchangetheeffectofanotherfactor,thenthetwofactorsonlyactonthesameinformationprocessingstage;Theeffectsofeachfactorareindependent,thatis,theycanbeaddedtogether,thenthesetwofactorseachactondifferentinformationprocessingstages.Inthisway,throughunivariateandmultivariateexperiments,thevariousstagesoftheinformationprocessingprocessaredeterminedfromthetimechangeofthecompletionofthejob.Therefore,theimportantthingisnottodistinguishtheprocessingtimeofeachstage,buttoidentifyeachprocessingstageandprocessingsequence,andconfirmtheexistenceofdifferentprocessingstages.Theadditivefactormethodassumesthatwhentwofactorsaffecttwodifferentprocessingstages,theywillhaveindependenteffectsonthetotalreactiontime.Thatis,regardlessofthelevelofonefactor,theotherfactorwillhaveaconstanteffectonthereactiontime.Thisistheso-calledadditiveeffectofthetwofactors.Thebasicmethodofadditivefactormethodistoexplorefactorswithadditiveeffecttodistinguishdifferentprocessingstages.

EyeMovementResearchMethods

Eye-movementiseyemovement.Ithasthreebasicmethods:fixation,saccadesandpursuitMovement)(YanGuoli,2004,pp.5-13).Thesethreeeyemovementmethodsareoftenintertwined.Thepurposeistoselectinformationandimagethestimulitobenoticedinthefoveaareatoformaclearimage.Eyemovementcanreflecttheselectionmodeofvisualinformation,whichisofgreatsignificanceforrevealingtheinternalmechanismofinformationprocessing.Theeyemovementexperimentreliesonaneyetracker,whichisaninstrumentthatrecordseyemovementinformation.

Accordingtoresearchreportspublishedinrecentyears,thecommonlyuseddataorparametersforpsychologicalresearchusingeyetrackersmainlyinclude:

(1)Eyetrackingdiagram;

(2)Eyemovementtime;

(3)Eyemovementdirectionanddistance;

(4)Pupilsizeandblinking.

Theresearchofeyemovementpsychologyisanascendantfield,anditstechnicalmethods,researchideasandsubjectareasinvolvedarestillintheprocessofrapiddevelopment.

Oralreportanalysismethod

Speakingreportanalysismethod(protocolanalysis),alsoknownasthink-loud,isamethodwhereparticipantsreportthemselvesaloudTheideawhenperformingacertainoperationtoexplorethemethodofinternalcognitiveprocess.Spokenreportsaremostlycarriedoutduringtheoperation,andcanalsobenarratedthroughrecallaftertheoperation.Intheoralreportexperiment,thesubjectsarerequiredtoreportthedetailedcontentoftheirthinkingduringtheoperationaloudandtruthfully,sothattheinternalthinkingprocessisexternallyverbal,buttheyarenotrequiredtoexplainthesituationorthinkingprocess.Whatthesubjectsreportedshouldmainlybetheinformationretainedinshort-termmemorythatwillsoondisappear.Usingthismethod,Naxen,Simonandothershavemadecertainachievementsincognitiveresearch.Theoralreportanalysismethodhasbeenacceptedandadoptedbymanyinformationprocessingpsychologists.

Computersimulationmethod

Computersimulation(computersimulation)isthemostrepresentativeresearchmethodofinformationprocessingpsychology,whichistounderstandpeoplethroughcomputersimulationofmentalprocessTheprocessofmentalactivityitselfisalogicalanalysisoftheprocessofhumaninternalinformationprocessing.Computersimulationisusuallycombinedwiththeoreticalanalysis,startingfromthreeaspects:programreduction,processanalysis,andprogramsimulation.

Related Articles
TOP