Guozijian

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Historicalevolution

Han,WeiandJinperiods

Guozijian(10photos)

ThehighestinstitutioninthecountryduringtheHanDynastywascalled"TaiXue".Theestablishmentofthe"TaiXue"byEmperorWuoftheHanalsoinheritedthefunctionofthehighestinstitutionofimpartingConfucianclassics.

InthefirstyearofYong'an(258years),theEmperorSunXiuoftheEasternWuDynastyestablishedGuoxue,establishedadoctoralsystemofTaixue,andenacteddoctorsoftheFiveClassics,whichwastheoriginofJianyeTaixue.TheWesternJinDynastyEmperorWudiXianningestablishedGuozixueatthebeginningoffouryears(278).ThiswasthebeginningoftheestablishmentofGuozixueapartfromTaixueinthehistoryofancientChineseeducation.

"BookofJin·Volume24·OfficialRecords"records:"Xianningfouryears(278years),EmperorWuestablishedGuozixueatthebeginning,fixedtheGuoziJijiu,onedoctor,andfifteenassistantsPeopleteachstudents.Doctorsareallthosewhoperformpureandclearcode.Ifyouarefreetoridearegularattendant,aservantofthemiddlebook,oraprince'sconcubine,youmustcallforatest."Enrollment.However,thestudyofGuoziwasnotprosperousintheWesternJinDynasty,especiallyaftertheendoftheWesternJinDynasty.

AfterJinwuEmperorSimaYanunifiedthecountry,JianyeTaixuewassuspended.AfterthedeathofEmperorWuofJin,the"EightKingsRebellion"oftheCentralPlains,alargefamilyheadedbyWangDaoandXieAn,surroundedtheWesternJinimperialfamilyLangxieWangSimaRuiin307,andhurriedlycrossedsouthtoJianye(nowNanjing),knownas"Yongjia"inhistory.Nandu"establishedtheEasternJindynasty,whichwasontheleftsideoftheriver,andbuiltJiankangTaixueunderJilongMountain.

AttheendoftheWesternJinDynasty(313),becauseEmperorJinMin'snamewasSimaYe,inordertoavoidhisname,JianyeCountywasrenamedJiankangCounty.LaterSong,Qi,Liang,andChensuccessivelyestablishedJiankangTaixueinJiankang.

DuringtheLiuSongDynasty,inthefifteenthyearofYuanjia(438),EmperorWencalledLeiCizongtothecapital(nowNanjing)andopenedtheSchoolofGuoziinJilongMountain,andgatheredhundredsofprofessors.

AttheendoftheLiuSongDynasty,ZuChongzhireturnedtoJiankangandservedastheofficialancestorofYeZheShushe.ZuChongzhispentalotofenergytostudymachinerymanufacturing,rebuildguidecars,andinventedthousandsofmilesofboats,watermills,etc.,whichwastheearliestbeginningofthemechanicalengineeringprofessionintheSouthernDynastiesofmycountry.

ZuChongzhicalculatedthetruevalueofPitobebetween3.1415926and3.1415927,whichisequivalenttoaccuratetothe7thdecimalplace,simplifiedto3.1415926,whichbecamethemostadvancedachievementintheworldatthattime.

NorthernQichangedGuozixuetocallit"GuoziTemple".AfterSuiPingchen,heimplementedapolicyofrestrainingthelocalforcesinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,destroyingthepalacesoftheSixDynasties,blazingfiresandburningthousandsofmiles,JiankangCitywascompletelydestroyed,andJiankangTaixuewasinterrupted.

DuringtheSuiandTangDynasties

IntheearlyyearsofEmperorKaihuangintheSuiDynasty,itwasdecidedthatGuoziTemplehadjurisdictionoverGuozixue,Taixue,FourSchools,CalligraphyandMathematicalStudies.InthethirteenthyearofEmperorKaihuang(593),GuoziTemplewasnolongeraffiliatedwithTaichangandbecameanindependenteducationalmanagementinstitution,renamedGuozixue.

InthethirdyearofDaye(607),itwasrenamedGuozijian.Therewasonepersonintheprisonwhowasdedicatedtothemanagementofeducation.Therewereonemasterbookandonerecorderunderthesupervisionofthegovernment,suchasGuozixueandTaixue.,FourSchools,Calligraphy,andMathematicalStudies.Therearequotasfordoctors,teachingassistants,andstudentsinallofficialschools.Accordingtothe"SuiShu·HaiguanZhixia"record:Doctor:"Guozi,Taixue,andfourdisciplineseachhavefivepeople,andShushu,andmathematicseachhavetwopeople,"AssistantProfessor:"Guozi,Taixue,andfourdisciplineseachhavefivepeople,"BookandCountingtwopeopleeach,"student:"Onehundredandfortypeopleinthecountry...".GuozixueandTaixuecoexistsidebyside.ItisaschoolthatspecializesinthestudyofConfucianclassics.

TheTangDynastyinheritedthesystemoftheSuiDynasty.InthefirstyearofWude(618),theGuoziSchoolwasestablishedintheTangDynasty.Theschoolhas300students,allstudentsarechildrenofnobles,and24teachers.InthefirstyearofZhenguan(627)TangrenamedGuoziSchoolasGuozijian,andatthesametimebecameanindependenteducationaladministrativeinstitution.Intheprison,thereisonepersonwhosacrificeswine,whoisthehighesteducationchief.ThereisoneCheng,onemasterbook,andonepersonresponsibleforstudents'academicperformanceandschoolstatusandotherspecificmatters.IntheTangDynasty,ZengJiyichangedthenameofGuozijian,andwasrenamedSichengguanandChengjunjian.ThenamewasrestoredinthefirstyearofShenlong(705).Accordingtothe"BookofOldTang·TheBookofEmperorGaozong":"AllsixstudiesareundertheImperialCollege."Theso-calledsixstudiesareGuozixue,Taixue,Simenxue,law,calligraphyandarithmetic.

DuringtheSongandYuanDynasties

AftertheTangDynasty,ChinaenteredtheperiodoftheGreatSplitofFiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms.Duringthisperiod,Jiangzhou(nowNanjing)onceagainbecamethecapitaloftheSouthernTangDynasty.In902,YangXingmiwasnamedtheKingofWu,andYangzhouwasthecapitalofthecountry,andhewascalled"YangWu"inhistory.Later,thepowerministerXuWenmanipulatedWu'smilitaryandpoliticalpower.In909,XuWenconcurrentlyservedasthegovernorofaforeignstate,andhisadoptedsonXuZhigaowasinchargeofmilitaryandpoliticalaffairs.

In937,XuZhigaoproclaimedEmperorWuinthereignofWuandmadeJinlingthecapital.JinlingwasrenamedasJiangningMansion,thecountrywasnamedTang,anditwascalled"SouthernTang"inhistory.In939,XuZhigaoclaimedthathewasthedescendantofEmperorYongwang,thesixthsonofEmperorMingofTangDynasty.ThepalacecityoftheSouthernTangDynastywaslocatedinthecenterofJinlingCity,roughlylocatedalongtheHongwuRoadinpresent-dayNanjing.

TheSongDynastyfollowedtheTangDynastysystem,dividedintoXijingGuozijian(nowLuoyangCity,HenanProvince),TokyoGuozijian(nowKaifengCity,HenanProvince),andaddedmartialarts.TheGuozijianintheSongDynastyalsochangeditsnamefrequently,sometimescalledGuozijianorGuozixue,anditsfunctionsweredualistic.Onewastoserveasthehighestadministrativeinstitutionforgovernmenteducation,andtheotherwasthehighestinstitutionforstudentstostudy.

Forexample,ChengYi,awell-knownscholarintheNorthernSongDynasty,onceservedastheimprisonmentfortheImperialAcademyinXijing,andHuYuanoncesentencedtheImperialimprisonmentforTokyointhenameofspeakingout.InthesecondyearofEmperorTaizongofSongDynasty(989),GuozijianwaschangedtoGuozijian,andinChunhuafiveyears(994),GuozixuewaschangedtoGuozijian,andthenamechangedrepeatedly.

Recruitthechildrenofofficialsabovegrade7toenroll,andtheyarecallednationalstudentsorsupervisedstudents.AtthebeginningoftheSongDynasty,therewasnoquota,butlateritwaslimitedto200people.However,theactualnumberisverysmall,soitcanbeaddedtotheclasstofillupthevacancyoraudit.

Guozixuesetupasupervisingschooltosupervisetheschool,whichwillteachthebusinessandmoralitybydirectlectures.

NanjingGuozijianintheNorthernSongDynasty-YingtianfuAcademy(2photos)

InthethirdyearofQinglioftheNorthernSongDynasty(1043),FanZhongyanparticipatedinthepolitical"NewQingliNewDeal",andYingtianfuAcademywaspromotedItwastheImperialCollegeinNanjing(nowShangqiu),andtheImperialCollegeinTokyo(nowKaifeng)andXijing(nowLuoyang)wererankedasthehighestinstitutionintheNorthernSongDynasty.FanZhongyanputforwardtenreformproposalssuchas"refiningtributesandselectingofficials".Reformingtheeducationsystematthattime,Yingtianfu(nowShangqiuCity,HenanProvince)implementedreformsfirst,andchangedthesuperficialstyleofstudythatadvocatedCifuatthattime,emphasizingtheclassicsandtherighteousnessandcurrentaffairs.,Focusonreality.

ThecentralgovernmentschoolsintheLiaoDynastyalsohadShangjingGuoziStudies,ZhongjingGuoziStudies,TokyoGuoziStudies,XijingGuoziStudiesandNanjingGuoziStudies.ExceptforNanjingGuozixue,thereisnocleartexttotest.

GuoziXueintheJinDynastywasfoundedinthethirdyearofHailingKingTiande(1151).ItstipulatedahundredstudentsofCifuandJingyi,andonlythebrothersordescendantsofofficialsfromtheclan,relatives,andofficialsofthethirdrankandabovewereenrolled.

Inaddition,inthethirteenthyearofKingSejong'sDading(1173),theJurchenGuoziSchoolwasestablished,andonlyoutstandingJinrenstudentswereallowedtoenter.

IntheYuanDynasty,GuoziwasestablishedtosuperviseGuozixue.MongoliaGuozisupervisedandadministersMongoliaGuozixue.MongoliaGuozixuewasfoundedintheeighthyearofYuanShizutoYuanDynasty(1272).TheadmissionqualificationsarelimitedtoMongolianandHanpeople.ThelearningcontentismainlybasedontheMongoliantranslationof"Tongjian""JieYao",andconcurrentlystudyarithmetic,learntopassanexam,andassigntalentstoofficials.HuihuiguozisupervisesHuihuiguozixue,andHuihuiguozixuewasfoundedinthetwenty-sixthyearofYuanShizutoYuanDynasty(1290).

Thequalificationsforadmissionarelimitedtothepublicofficialsandthechildrenofthewealthypeople.Thecontentofthestudyismainly"ThinkingfortheOther"literature,andthepurposeistocultivatetalentsfortranslatinghistoryofgovernmentofficials.IntheYuanDynasty,therewasalsoastudyofChineseandGuozi.Thecoursestaughtinclude"TheClassicofFilialPiety","ElementarySchool","TheAnalects","Mencius","TheUniversity","TheDoctrineoftheMean",aswellas"Poetry","Book","BookofRites","ZhouLi","ChunQiu"","Easy"andsoon.

DuringtheMingandQingDynasties

InthetenthyearofYuanDade(1306),BeijingGuozijianwasfoundedandoriginallycalledBeipingCountySchool.Asof2017,ithasahistoryof711years.ThehighesteducationalinstitutionandeducationaladministrationinstitutioninthecountryduringtheYuan,MingandQingdynasties.

TheMingDynastyGuozijianwasfoundedwhentheMingTaizufirstappointedJinling,thatis,theTianfuSchoolwaschangedtoGuozixue.LaterTaizuestablishedthecapitalofNanjing,rebuilttheschoolbuildingunderJimingMountain,andchangedtheschooltoprison,soitwascalledGuozijian.IntheeighthyearofHongwu,ZhongduGuozijianwasestablishedseparatelyinFengyang.

Inthetwenty-sixthyearofHongwu(1393),FengyangZhongduGuozijianwasabolished,anditsteachersandstudentsweremergedintoNanjingGuozijian.Atthistime,thenumberofstudentsinNanjingGuozijianhasincreasedtomorethan8,000.InthesecondyearofYongle(1404),BeipingCountySchoolwasrenamedtheImperialCollege.

IntheeighteenthyearofYongle(1420),thecapitalwasmovedtoBeijingintheMingDynasty,andtheBeijingGuozijianwaschangedtoJingshiGuozijian.Therefore,theGuoxueintheMingDynastywasdividedintothenorthandthesouth(alsoknownasthenorthandthesouth).Inthe20thyearofYongle(1422),thereweremorethan9900peopleinNanjingGuozijian,anunprecedentedgrandoccasion.

Atthattime,neighboringcountriessuchasKorea,Japan,Ryukyu,Siamandothercountries"tothecountryforcultureandeducation"continuedtosendoverseasstudentstoNanjingGuozijiantostudy.Butthiskindofgrandoccasionlastedforawhile,andafterZhengde,itgraduallydeclined.

IntheseventhyearofShunzhi(1650),NanjingGuozijianwaschangedtoQingjiangNingfuSchool.DuetotheoldsystemoftheMingDynasty,theancestorsoftheQingDynastyfirstrepairedtheImperialPalaceinBeijing.Accordingtothe"DraftsofQingHistory·ElectionRecords":"TheancestorappointedtheDingYanjing,andrepairedtheMingBeijianastheTaixue.

InthefirstyearofShunzhi,hesetsacrificestowine,directorsandsupervisors,doctors,teachingassistants,andscholars.OfficialssuchasZheng,Xuelu,Dianbu,etc.Setupsixhallsastheplaceoflectures,saying:frankness,cultivation,sincerity,justice,loyalty,andbroadindustry.Oneisstilltheold."

DuringtheQianlongperiod,GuozijianJijiuimitatedtheteachingmethodofHuYuansuLake,afamousConfucianinSongDynasty,dividedintotwoteachingsofclassics,justiceandgovernance,"strictlysetupcourses,rewardandlure",insistedonthepracticalapplicationofthecountry.Thereisaglorioussceneof"agreatnumberofmastersandapprentices,allworkinghard,researchingandpursuingpracticalstudies".However,theincreasingcorruptioninthelateQingDynastymadetheschoolavassaloftheimperialexamination.

In1902,NanjingQingjiangNingfuSchoolestablishedSanjiangNormalSchool(thepredecessorofSoutheastUniversity)onthebasisofSipailouJiangningSchool.

OnDecember6,1905(31styearofGuangxu),theschoolsystemwasreformedinthelateQingDynasty,theschoolwassetup,theImperialCollegewasabolished,anditseducationaladministrationfunctionwasincorporatedintotheEntranceDepartment,andthehistoricalmissionoftheImperialCollegecametoanend.

In1956,BeijingGuozijianwasbuiltastheCapitalLibrary.

In1998,PiyongopenedtheBeijingGuozijiantotheoutsideworld.

In2005,theCapitalLibrarymovedout.

In2006,BeijingGuozijianandConfuciusTempleestablishedtheBeijingConfuciusTempleandGuozijianManagementOffice.Itisahistoricalandculturaltouristattraction.

OnApril22,2021,theChineseCultureLectureHallGuozijianCommunicationCenterwasinauguratedinYilunHallhere,whichmarkedtheofficial"settlement"oftheChineseCultureLectureHall,whichhasahistoryofmorethan700years.

Mainfunctions

GuozijianStatueofConfucius(15photos)

GuozixueorGuozijian,aneducationalmanagementinstitutioninthefeudalsocietyofancientChinaAndthehighestinstitution,ithastwofunctions,oneisthefunctionofthenationalmanagementagency,andtheotheristhefunctionofthecountry'shighestinstitution.

TheestablishmentofGuozixue,comparedwith"TaiXue",inadditiontobeingthecountry'shighestinstitutionforteachingclassics,italsoassumesmoreofthefunctionofnationaleducationmanagement;butatthesametime,GuozijianandTaixuecanalsobereferredtoaseachother.,TaixueisoftenusedtorefertotheImperialCollege.

Aftertheemergenceof"Guozijian",thedifferentmeaningsof"learning"and"supervision"illustratethedifferentdivisionoflaborbetweenthetwofunctions."Learning"impartsknowledgeandpointstoeducationandthehighestinstitutionsFunction;"Supervision"referstothefunctionofsupervisionandsupervision,pointingtothenationaleducationmanagement.

MingGuozijianstudiedthe"FourBooks"and"FiveClassics",andconcurrentlystudiedthe"EncyclopediaofSexualPrinciples",lawsandregulations,booknumbers,etc.Inaddition,theGuozijian’sdutiesandtreatmentsforfacultyandstaff,aswellasthemanagementandtreatmentofsupervisorsandstudents,etc.,Allhaveveryclearregulations.

Positionsetting

Position

Onepersontosacrificewine,fromthefourthrank;fortwopeople,fromthefourthrank.InchargeoftheadministrationofConfucianism,thesevenschoolsofZongGuozi,Taixue,Guangwen,FourSchools,Law,Book,andSuanfan.

ChengYi,fromthesixthgrade,isinchargeofthesupervisors.Everyyear,sevenstudentswillbesuccessfulintheircareers,andtheywillparticipateinthetestwiththedivisionandthewinesacrifices.

Onepersoninthemainbook,fromtheseventhproduct.Palmseal,sentencetosupervisesupervisors.

Guozixue

Fivedoctors,thefifthgradeishigh.Thosewholivefromthethirdgradeorabove,thegrandchildrenofthecountry,andthegreat-grandsonabovethesecondgrade.

Fiveteachingassistants,fromthesixthgrade.Dr.ZhangZuoisdividedintoprofessors.

Speakingstraighttofourpeople,withDr.ZhangZuoandassistantteachersteachingclassics.

TwodoctorsoftheFiveClassicseach,onthefifthgrade.Thepalmteachesthecountrywiththestudyofitsclassics."ZhouYi","ShangShu","MaoShi","ZuoShiChunQiu","BookofRites"arethefiveclassics,"TheAnalectsofConfucius","BookofFilialPiety","ErYa"donotestablishacademicofficials,onlyattachedtothemiddleclassics.

TaiXue

SixPh.Ds,onthesixthgrade,andsixteachingassistants,ontheseventhgrade.Thosewholivefromthefifthgradeorabove,thegrandchildrenoftheprefecturesandcounties,andthegreat-grandsonofthethirdgrade,aredividedintofivepartsastheirprofession,andtherearehundredsofpeopleineach.Thereareseventystudents,fourofDianxue,sixofZhanggu,andfifteenofDongdustudents.

GuangwenMuseum

Fourdoctorsandtwoteachingassistants.AscholarwhoisinchargeofthestudentindustryofGuozi.Therearesixtystudentsandtenintheeasterncapital.Tianbaonineyearsago,theGuangwenMuseumwassetup,andtherewasZhijinshiassistantteacher,andthenthenameofZhijinshiwasdismissed.

FourGateHall

SixPh.Ds,onthe7thgrade;6assistants,onthe8thgrade;4peoplestraight.Thosewhoteachtheseventhgradeorabove,thesonofHoubeziisaman,andthesonofaconcubineisavirtuoso.Therearethreehundredstudents,fourinDianxue,andsixinZhanggu;therearefiftystudentsinDongdu.

Laws

Threedoctors,fromtheeighthgrade;oneteachingassistant,fromtheninthgrade.Thosewhoteachtheeighthgradeorlessandwhoarethesonsofprostitutes.ThelawisZhuanYe,andhealsolearnsthestylelawsandregulations.IntheSuiDynasty,LvxuewasattachedtoDaliTemple,witheightdoctors.AtthebeginningofWuDe,undertheImperialCollegeoftheState,itwasabandoned;Zhenguanwasrestoredinsixyears,andthenabandonedinthethirdyearofXianqing,DaliTemplewithadoctoraldegreeorbelow;Longshuowasrestoredintwoyears.Thereare20studentsandtwoDianxue.AtthebeginningofYuanhe,Dongduhadfivestudents.

Sciences

Twodoctors,underthegradenine;oneteachingassistant.Thosewhoteachtheeighthgradeorlessandwhoarethesonsofprostitutes.ShiJing,"SuoWen"and"ZiLin"belongtoZhuanye,andalsostudyYuShu.AtthebeginningofWuDe,thestudyofabolishedbookswasrebuiltinthesecondyearofZhenguan,anditwasabolishedinthethirdyearofXianqing,underthepostofthesecretaryoftheprovincewithadoctoraldegreeorbelow,andthesecondyearofLongshuo.Therearetenstudents,twofromDianxue,andthreefromDongdu.

Mathematics

Twodoctors,underthe9thgrade;oneassistant,teachesthosewhoareunderthe8thgradeandthesonofaprostitute.

Relatedknowledge

Guozijian’s"Prison"isnotreadandread

The"prison"isusedforsupervision,surveillanceandprisoninterpretation.Pingshengjiān(also),whenusedasofficialnameandofficialsignature,readjiàn(recommended).HanSimaqian's"HistoricalRecords·FiveEmperorsBenji":"(YellowEmperor)placedtheleftandrightprisonsandsupervisedthenations.Allnationsareinharmony."Thetextisarrangedvertically."ShangJian"meanstheword"supervised"infront,and"XiaJian"meanstheword"supervised"intheback.Boththeleftandrightsupervisorsareofficialnames.

ZhangShoujiemeansthatthe"supervisor"oftheofficialnameisreadout,andthe"supervisor"ofsupervisionisreadflat.FromtheWei,JintotheSuiandTangdynasties,theprovincialgovernor’sofficewasthecentralsupervisor,andaftertheendoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,thesecretaryoftheprovincialgovernor’ssecretarysupervisedthesecretarialsupervisor.

The"supervisor"isalsotheofficialsignature,suchasZhongshuSupervisor,QintianSupervisor,andShepherdHorseSupervisor.Guozijianisnotonlyanofficialoffice,butalsohasthenatureofGuozixue.

Inourcountry,GuozixueandGuozijianhavealonghistory.InthesecondyearofEmperorWudioftheWesternJinDynastyinXianning(276AD),Guozixuewasestablished,anditstoodsidebysidewithTaixue.DuringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,eitherGuozixue,Taixue,orbothwereestablished.

NorthernQichangedGuozixuetoGuoziTemple.ThisisthesignofGuozixue'stransformationfromahighereducationinstitutiontoaneducationalmanagementagency.EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyusedGuoziTempletogovernGuozi,Taixue,andFourSchools,whichemphasizedtheeducationandmanagementfunctionofGuoziTemple.EmperorYangofSuichangedGuoziTempletoGuozijian.

TheTangandSongDynastiesalsogovernedGuozixue,TaixueandFourSchoolsunderthejurisdictionofGuozijian.GuozijianwasestablishedintheMingandQingdynasties,whichwasaneducationalmanagementagencywiththenatureofGuozixue.

Inthe31styearofGuangxuintheQingDynasty(1905AD),aschoolwasestablished,andtheImperialCollegeretiredfromthestageofhistory.

WhoareGuozi?"ZhouLi·Diguan·Shishi":"Teachthecountrywiththethreevirtues.Oneisthemostvirtue,whichisthefoundationofTao.ThesecondisMinde,whichisthepracticeversion.Thethirdisfilialpiety,toknowtheevil."EasternHanConfucianismJiaZhengXuan'snote:"Thesonofthecountry,thesonofthedoctoroftheGongqing.""HanShu·LiYueZhi":"Thesonofthecountry,thesonofthedoctoroftheQingalso."QingLiuShunian"LiuGuiyang'sremnantmanuscriptofthescriptures·GuoZi'stestimonyerror":"Thesonofthecountry,thesonoftheprince,theprince,andtheprincesandofficials,all."Itcanbeseenthatthesonofthecountryreferstothechildrenofthenobles.

Asofficialsignatures,the"supervisors"ofMuMaJian,QinTianJian,andZhongShuJianallreadjiàn(recommended).Astheancientcentraleducationmanagementagencyandhighereducationinstitution,Guozijianwasalsorecommendedbythe"supervisor".Readingpart-timeiseasytomisunderstand.

Inhistory,therewereonlymaleandfemaleprisons,andtherewerenoprisonsdedicatedtoimprisoningthechildrenofnobles.Inaddition,inancienttimes,officialswerecalled"supervisors",low-levelofficialsofthegovernmentofficewerecalledsupervisors,studentsandunderemployedoftheGuozijianSupervisorwerecalledsupervisors,thenumberoneintheexaminationofGuozijianwascalledJianyuan,andthebooksengravedbyGuozijianwerecalledSupervisors.,SaidtherulesandregulationsofGuozijianSupervisoryRegulations,andtheofficialofficethatsupervisedthesaltindustryintheTangDynastywascalledSupervisoryYuan.These"monitors"shouldallberead.

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