dualism

Concept

Theconceptofdualismwasputforwardverylate;theviewpointofdualismhasexistedsinceancientGreece,anditstypicalrepresentativeisPlato.

Aphilosophicaldoctrinethatadvocatesthetwoindependentoriginsofconsciousnessandmatterintheworld,emphasizingthatmatterandspiritexistequallyandfairly.Itisbelievedthattheoriginoftheworldisthetwoentitiesofconsciousnessandmatter.Dualismessentiallyinsiststhatconsciousnessseparatesfrommatterandexistsindependently.Itisopposedtomonism.Thetypicaldualistinthehistoryofphilosophyisthe17thcenturyFrenchphilosopherR.Descartes.Hebelievesthatconsciousnessandmatteraretwoabsolutelydifferententities.Theessenceofconsciousnessliesinthought,andtheessenceofmatterliesinexpansiveness;mattercannotbethought,andconsciousnesscannotbeexpansive;thetwoarecompletelyindependentofeachotherandcannotbedeterminedbyoneorderivedfromtheother.Infact,therearedifferencesbetweenthetwo.

Therearestillsomephilosophersinthehistoryofphilosophythatcontaindualismintheirideologicalsystems.Forexample,SpinozaintheNetherlandsinthe17thcenturyhasamonistictheorythatisoppositetodualism:"God"istheincarnationofnature.Itistheonlyentityintheworld.Secondly,matterdoesnotexistandspiritdoesnotexist.Hisdoctrineiscalledthe"GodofSpinoza",whichhadaconsiderableinfluenceontheFrenchmaterialistsandtheGermanEnlightenmentintheeighteenthcentury,andatthesametimepromotedthetransitionfromidealismtomaterialismandfromreligiontoscience.

Dualismregardsthederivativespiritofmatterassomethingcompletelyseparatedfrommatterandindependent,soitcannotscientificallysolvetheproblemoftheoriginoftheworld.Atthesametime,becauseitviolatesthebasicfactsprovedbyscience,itcannottrulyimplementtheprincipleofabsoluteindependenceofmatterandspirit.Inordertoexplainthesourceofmaterialandspiritualentities,DescarteshadtoadmitthatGodisan"absoluteentity",andbothmaterialandspiritualentitieshavetorelyon"God."Inthisway,hisdualismfinallyfelltothemonismofobjectiveidealism.

Explanation:

The"consciousness"indualismisnotjustthe"consciousness"aftertheemergenceofhumanbeings,butreferstoallnon-materialcollections.Matterandconsciousnessbeforetheemergenceofhumanbeingsrefertomatterandnon-material(excepthumanbeings).

RelatedDisagreements

Monismholdsthattheoriginoftheworldismatterorconsciousness,oneofthetwo;dualismholdsthatbothmindandmatteraretheoriginoftheworld.Aslongasitisclearwhoisrightandwhoiswrong,theissueoftherelationshipbetweenmaterialandspiritwillbeclarified.

Matterandspiritareoneofthebasicissuesthatphilosophymuststudy.Toclarifythemeaningofthesetwoconceptsandtheirinterrelationshipisofgreatsignificanceinboththeoreticalresearchandsocialpractice.Withthedevelopmentofhumanknowledge,somefalsewordsintraditionalphilosophymustbecompletelycorrectedoreliminated.Otherwise,philosophycannotbedeveloped.Thefollowingtwoconceptsandtheirrelationshipareprovidedforreference.

Intheeyesofcontemporarypeople,theso-calledmatteristhecollectivenameoftheelementsthatconstitutethenoumenonofthings.Variousthingsaredifferentformsofmaterialexistence.Theso-calledspiritreferstothesumoftheuniquethinkingmovementofhumanbeingsandtheirproducts(thatis,cognition).

Whendiscussingtherelationshipbetweenmatterandspirit,onemustlimitwhetherthematterinquestionisthematterofnatureorthematterofthehumanworld.Inordertomakethediscussionmorerigorous,thetwoconceptsof"nature"and"humanworld"mustbedefinedfirst.Fromtheperspectiveofcontemporaryscience,theso-callednaturereferstothematerialworldwhosemovementandevolutionarenotrestrictedbyhumanpractice.Theso-calledhumanworldreferstothematerialworldwhosemovementevolutionisrestrictedbyhumanpractice.Itcanbeseenthatthenaturalworldandthehumanworldaretwodifferentmaterialworlds.

DualNeutralization

Whatisintheworld?Thereismatter,andtherearehumanthoughts.Matterandthoughtaretwodifferentelements.Theworldiscomposedofmatterandthought,soitiscalledthe"sumofduality".

Thematerialistsandtheidealistshavearguedforsomanyyears,butintheendthereisnoresult.Thisisbecausespeculationcannotbeverified.Matterinthisworldisasimportantasthinking.Itisjustamatterofsequence.Ifthereisaunity,thenthenameofthisunityisneithermaterialnorthinking,buttheworld.Thatistosay,likethedisputebetween"hydrogen"and"oxygen"in"water",ifyouleave"oxygen"youwillbe"hydrogen",ifyouleave"hydrogen"youwillbe"oxygen",andthetwowillbecome"water."

Theconceptof"only"is"one".Whetheritismaterialismoridealism,theyalwayssupporttheconceptof"one".Assumingthat"one"isabasicunit,itisindivisible,becauseonepointbecomestwo;itshowsthatthis"one"isnotthemostbasicessence.Theworldisseparable.Forexample,theworldcanbedividedintomatterandthinking.Mattercanbedividedintomolecules,moleculescanbedividedintoatoms,atomscanbedividedintoelectronsandnuclei,etc.;thesamethinkingcanbedividedintopositiveTherearetwooppositesides,andneitherpositivethinkingnornegativethinkingismonolithic,butwillstillbesubdividedintodifferentthoughts.Iftheworldis"one",thenthisworldisastaticworld,iftheworldis"two",thenitwillbeendless.

Discrimination

Theconceptof"nature"and"humanworld"isnotscientificallysethere.Bothworldsarepartofthematerialworld;theso-called"humanThe"world"isonlytheworldinvolvedinhumanactivities.Itisaverysmallpartofthematerialworld.Withouthumanactivities,itwouldbenodifferentfromthe"naturalworld".Therefore,thedefinitionof"humanworld"and"naturalworld"hereisfundamentallyItisdistinguishedbywhetherhumanscomeincontactwitheachother.Accordingtothis,itisobviouslyunscientifictosaythat"thenaturalworldandthehumanworldaretwodifferentmaterialworlds",becausehumanscaneasilytakecareofthemselvesinthesameworldwithoutgoingtoanotherworld.Acertainpartofthe"naturalworld"istransformedintothe"humanworld".Therefore,"nature"and"humanworld"aretwopartsofthesamematerialworld.Todistinguishthemaccordingtothisconceptisonlyapurelypracticaldistinction,andcannotreflectessentialtruths.

Obviously,thematterofnatureandthehumanspiritarenotrelatedtoeachother.Onlythematerialinthefieldofhumanpracticethathasbecomethedirectorindirectobjectofhumanpractice,thatis,thematerialofthehumanworld,isrelatedtothehumanspirit.Therefore,itismeaningfultodiscusstherelationshipbetweenmatterandspiritonlyinthefieldofhumanpractice.So,whatistherelationshipbetweenthetwo?Sincehumanpracticehastwotypes:thepracticeofunderstandingtheworldandthepracticeoftransformingtheworld,italsodependsonwhetherthesubstanceinquestionisinthefieldofpracticeformankindtounderstandtheworldorinthefieldofpracticeformankindtotransformtheworld.

Impact

Throughtheaboveanalysisandlimitation,itcanbeclearlyseenthatinthepracticeofhumanunderstandingoftheworld,itisthesubstancethatdeterminesthehumanspiritthroughhumanpractice.Thisiswhattraditionalphilosophysaysthatknowledgecomesfrompractice.Inthepracticeoftransformingtheworld,itisthehumanspiritthatdeterminesthematterthroughhumanpractice—becausethethingsinthehumanworldaretheproductsofthepracticeoftransformingtheworld.Allkindsofproductsaretheproductsofhumanproductionpractice,andtheestablishmentandtransformationofvarioussocialsystemsaretheproductsofhumansocialrevolutionandreformpractice,withoutexception.Thepracticeofhumanbeingstotransformtheworld,whetheritisproductivelabororsocialrevolution,iscarriedoutunderthecontrolandrestrictionofthehumanspirit.Humanbeingsalwaysgainknowledgeoftheobjectiveworldinthepracticeofunderstandingtheworld,andthenusetheseknowledgetoguidetheirownpracticeoftransformingtheworldtotransformtheobjectiveworld.

Itcanbeclearlyseenfromtheabove-mentionedrelationshipbetweenmatterandspirit:therelationshipbetweenmatterandspiritcanonlyoccurinhumanpractice.Itiswrongtoemphasizeidealisminthepracticeofunderstandingtheworld,anditisalsowrongtoemphasizetheoldmaterialisminthepracticeoftransformingtheworld.Ifwewanttotransformtheworldscientifically,wemustunderstandtheworldscientifically.Thenewmaterialismintegratesthesetwopointsandsynchronizeswithscience,whichiscalledthescientificworldoutlook.

LogicTheory

Theso-calleddualismcanbedividedintotwoaspectsinphilosophy:thefirstisthemetaphysicaldualism;thesecondistheepistemological)dualism.Theformermeansthatinanyexistingrealm,therearetwoindependententities(Substance)thatcannotberestoredtoeachother.Inotherwords,themostfundamentalrealityoftheuniverseistworatherthanone.Forexample,inPlato'sdualism,hedividestheperceptualworldandtheintellectualworld(TheSensibleWorldandIntelligibleWorld).Hecannotreducetheformertothelatterorthelattertotheformer.ThedualismofmodernDescartesandhisschool(Cartesian)meansthattherearetwofundamentalrealities:oneisathinkingentity,theotherisamaterialentity(Extended),thatis,theso-calledspiritandmatter.Twopoints.LeibnizandhisschoolofrationalismafterDi’salsohavetheirownspecialdualism.Theydividetheworldintorealandpossible,buttheythinkthatourworldisthebestofallpossibleworlds..AsforI.Kant,thegreatestGermanphilosopherinmoderntimes,hisdualismisthatwhatwecanknowisPhenomenal,thatis,thingsthatcanbeexperiencedandexperienced,whileThingInItselforTheNoumenal)Unknowable.Secondly,theso-calleddualisminepistemologymeansthatourcognitionobjects(thingsthatcanbeperceivedorremembered)andcontent(feelings,memories,orconceptspresentedinthemindofthecognitionsubject)arecompletelydifferent.

Thedualismofreligion

Theholdersofdualismofreligionbelievethattheworldisgovernedbytwopowers:goodandevil.Goodisthespirit,itisthesoul,andeverythingcreatedbythepowerofgood;whileevilismatter,itisthebody,andeverythingcreatedbythepowerofevil.Thesetwoforcesopposeeachotheranddominatetheworldtogether.

"Thepowerofgood"and"thepowerofevil",intheeyesofstrictdualists(suchasManichaeism),aretwogods,agoodgodandanevilgod.Theyhavethesamestatusandthesamestrength.

Andmoderatedualists(suchasSethists)believethatthereisonlyone"God",thatis,thepowerofgood.Asforthepowerofevil,itisLucifer(SonofLight)alittlelowerthan"God",anditspowerisalsoinferiorto"God".

Andhumanbeingsarealsodominatedbythesetwoforces-thegoodsoul,theevilbody,thesoulishiddeninthebody.Iftheevilnatureofthefleshhastheupperhandinthecontest,thenthispersonwillbedominatedbyfleshandbecomea"evil"person.Ifthesoulwithgoodattributesisdominant,thenthispersonwillbecomea"good"person,thatis,achildofGod.

From"evil"to"good",thesoulmustbewashedoutofthebodythroughpenanceandprayer.

Biologicalexplanation

DiyhyletiTheory

Itbelievesthatangiospermscomefromtwodifferentancestralgroups,andthereisnodirectrelationshipbetweenthetwo,butParalleldevelopment.LamandA.Englerarebothfamousrepresentativesofdualism.

Startingfromthemorphologicaldiversityofangiosperms,Lambbelievesthatangiospermsareofatleastdualorigin.Inhisclassificationsystem,angiospermsaredividedintostachyospraeandleafTherearetwomajorcategoriesofspores(phyllosporae).Thecarpeloftheformerispseudocarpel,notderivedfromleafsexorgans.Megasporangiaoriginatesdirectlyfromaxialorgans,includingsingleperianth(Euphorbiaceae),partofcoma(Lanxuefamily,Primulaceae)andsomeMonocotyledonousplants(Pandanaceae),thiscategoryoriginatedfromtheancestorsoflidplants(Maisca).Thecarpelofthelatterisofleaforiginandhastruesporophytes.Sporangiumsliveonthesporophytes.Thestamensoftenturnintopetals.Thiscategoryincludespolycarpelsandtheirdescendants,aswellasmostmonocots..Plant,originatedfromcycads.

EngelerbelievesthatthecatkinsofCasuarinaandUrticaarelackofdirectrelationshipwiththepolycarpelMagnolias,andtheyareparallel.Development,thisviewisone-sided.F.Ehrendofer(1976)studiedthechromosomesofMagnoliaandHamamelis(includingcatkins),andfoundthatthetwoaresignificantlysimilar,whichsupportsthecloserelationshipbetweenthetwo,andalsoimpactsontheseTheancientangiospermsputforwardtheideaof​​multipleoccurrence.

Controversy

TheGospelofLuke:"Caesar'sthingsbelongtoCaesar,andGod'sthingsbelongtoGod".

Attheendofthe5thcentury,PopeGerasI(492~496)summeduptheviewsofpredecessorsonthecontroversybetweenreligiouspowerandmonarchy.Itisbelievedthattheworldisruledbytwopowers,thepopeandthemonarch.Insecularaffairs,thechurchshouldobeythelawsofthestate,butinmattersrelatedtothesacramentandfaith,themonarchshouldobeythedecisionsofthechurch,especiallythepope.Sincereligiousaffairsarerelatedtothesalvationofthesoul,andthemonarchasanindividualalsoneedstheguidanceofthepriestspiritually,thepopeisactuallymorenoblethanthemonarchinthisdualisticcontext.