Introductionoverview
Whatisadomainname
Registrationofdomainnamesfollowstheprincipleofapplyingfirst,registeringfirst,andmanageswhetherthedomainnameproposedbythecertificationauthorityagainsttheapplicantviolatesathirdpartyTherightnottoconductanysubstantiveexamination.TheregistrationofeachdomainnameintheCDCdatabaseisuniqueandnon-repeatable.Therefore,thedomainnameontheInternetisarelativelylimitedresource,anditsvaluewillgraduallybevaluedbypeopleasthenumberofregisteredenterprisesincreases.
Intheneweconomicenvironment,thecommercialsignificanceofdomainnamesisfargreaterthanitstechnicalsignificance,andithasbecomeanimportantmeansforenterprisestoparticipateininternationalmarketcompetitionundernewscientificandtechnologicalconditions.ItnotonlyrepresentsTheuniquepositionofanenterpriseontheInternetisalsoacomprehensivemanifestationofitsproducts,servicescope,image,andgoodwill,andisapartofitsintangibleassets.Atthesametime,thedomainnameisalsoanintellectualachievement.
Intheearlystageofdomainnameregistration,manydomainnameswerenotregisteredinrealtime.Directlysubmittingdomainnameregistrationqueriesarereal-timesettlementandreal-timeregistrationissuccessful.Thisreal-timenatureismainlytodealwiththeincreasinglyseriousphenomenonofdomainnamecybersquatting.Theownerofthedomainnameregistrationisbasedontheinformationthatthedomainnameregistrationsubmitterfillsinthedomainnameorder.Aftersuccessful24hours,youcanquerythewhoisinformationattheinternational(ICANN)anddomestic(CNNIC)managementagencies(whoisinformationisthedomainnameownerAndotherinformation).
Domainnamehistory
Usinganame,thenumericaddressofahostonacomputernetwork,asimpleandmemorableabstractapproachcanbetracedbacktotheeraofARPANET,Beforetheadventoftoday'scommercialInternet.Intheearlydaysofthenetwork,eachcomputeronthenetworkretrievedthehostfile(host.txt)fromacomputerinSociallyResponsibleInvestment(SRIInternational).Itmapsthehostnameofthecomputerwithanumericaddress.Withtherapidgrowthofthenetwork,itisimpossibletomaintainacentrallyorganizedhostnameregistry,theARPANEToftheDomainNameSystemin1983,RFC882andRFC883issuedbytheInternetEngineeringTaskForce.
Domainname,creationtime,scopeofusedescription
.top:ApplicabletoallenterprisesAndpersonal,Englishwords,simpleandeasytoremember,meaning"high-end,top-level",enhancebrandvalue,isthepreferreddomainnameforenterprisewebsiteconstructionandInternetapplications.
.xyz:Asthelastthreelettersofthealphabet,themeaningofthecombinationisflexibleandtherearenorestrictions.Anycompanyorindividualcanregisterfortheendof.XYZdomainname.
.com-forcommercialorganizations,butthemostcommonlyusedwithoutlimitation,isfamiliarandusedbymostpeople
.net-January1985,originallyusedbynetworkserviceproviders,norestrictionsnow
.org-January1985,originallyusedbyothergTLDtypesOrganizationaluse,norestrictionsnow
.edu/.gov/.mil-January1985,forU.S.educationalinstitutions/U.S.governmentagencies/U.S.militaryagencies.
Registration
1.ItcancontainEnglishletters(az,case-insensitive),numbers(0-9),andthehalf-widthconnector"-"(thatis,thehorizontalline),spacesandspecialcharacters(suchas!,$,&,?,etc.)cannotbeused;2,"-"cannotappearconsecutively,cannotberegisteredseparately,andcannotbeplacedatthebeginningorend;3,upto63characterscanberegistered.
Mode
Domainnamesareoftencomparedtorealestate.Onthebasisofthisdomainname,youcanbuildawebsite(suchasresidentialorcommercialbuildings)andthehighest"quality"domainname,likeasought-afterrealestate.Theytendtocarrysignificantvalue,usuallyduetotheirpotentialforonlinebrandbuilding,usedinadvertising,searchengineoptimization,andmanyothercriteria.Thereareseveralcompaniesthatprovidelow-cost,low-costorevenfreedomainnameregistrationwithvariousmodelstorecovercostsfromsuppliers.Theseusuallyrequireadomain,withinaframeworkhostedontheirwebsiteoraportalsite,includingadvertisingaroundthecontentofthedomainnameholder,therevenueallowstheprovidertorecoverthecost.
Managementagency
Internationaldomainname
Themostcommondomainname.)TheInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbersisanon-profitinternationalorganizationestablishedinOctober1998.Itisanon-profitinternationalorganizationthatgathersexpertsinthebusiness,technology,andacademicfieldsoftheglobalnetworkcommunity.ItisresponsiblefortheInternetProtocol(IP)addressspaceallocation,protocolidentifierassignment,gTLDandnationalandregionaltop-leveldomain(ccTLD)systemmanagement,androotserversystemmanagement.TheseserviceswereinitiallyprovidedbytheInternetAssignedNumbersAuthority(IANA)andotherorganizationsunderaUSgovernmentcontract.ICANNperformsthefunctionsofIANA.
ButICANNisnotresponsiblefordomainnameregistration.ICANNonlymanagesitsauthorizeddomainnameregistrars.ThereisalsoaVerisigncompanybetweenICANNandtheregistrar.TheregistrarisequivalenttowholesaledomainnamesfromVerisign.TheorganizationthatmanagestheregistrarisICANN.
Features
TheareaincludestheNationalBureauofLettersandCallswiththecorrespondingstandardISO3166-1countrycode.Onthecontrary,theyaretheonlytop-leveldomainname,consistingoftwoletters.
TheresponsibilityoftheInternetNumberAssignmentAgency(IANA)forthecreationandmanagementofnationaldomainnamedelegations.IANA'sInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers(ICANN)isanintegralpartofthehighestauthoritythatregulatestheInternet.
Chinesedomainname
CNNICisthemanagementagencyofCNNICdomainname.CNNICauthorizedregistrar.ThereisnocompanylikeVerisignbetweenCNNICandregistrar.TheregistrarisdirectlyfromCNNIC.Wholesaledomainnames.
GenericTop-Level
Thereare8generictop-leveldomains,whicharenowcommonlyreferredtoasinternationaldomainnames.SincetheInternetwasoriginallyoriginatedintheUnitedStates,theearliestdomainnamesdidnothaveacountrylogo.Peopledividedthemintoseveralcategoriesaccordingtotheiruses.Theyendedwithdifferentsuffixes:.com(forcommercialcompanies);.top(Forcommercialcompanies);.net(usedfornetworkservices);.org(usedtoorganizeassociations,etc.);.gov(usedforgovernmentdepartments);.edu(usedforeducationalinstitutions);.mil(usedformilitaryapplications));.int(forinternationalorganizations).TheoriginaldomainnamesystemwasalsomainlyusedbytheUnitedStates.Therefore,Americancompanies,institutions,governmentdepartments,etc.used"internationaldomainnames".WiththedevelopmentoftheInternettotheworld,.edu,.gov,and.milaregenerallyonlyusedbytheUnitedStates.Inadditiontoexclusiveuse,theotherfourcommonlyuseddomainnames.com,.top,.org,and.nethavebecomeuniversal.Therefore,thistypeofdomainnameisusuallycalled"internationaldomainname"andisstillusedbycountriesaroundtheworld.
Geographicaltop-leveldomain
Geographicaltop-leveldomainnamehasatotalof243countryandregioncodes.Forexample,.CNrepresentsChinaand.UKrepresentstheUnitedKingdom.Inthisway,thedomainnamewiththesuffixof.CNiscalled"domesticdomainname"accordingly.Similartothesuffixnamingofinternationaldomainnames,second-leveldomainswithdifferentmeaningsarealsosetupunderthe.cntop-leveldomainname,mainlyincludingcategorydomainsandadministrativeregions.Thisiswhatisusuallycalledasecond-leveldomainname:itcanbein.com,cnor.net,cnandothersecond-leveldomainnamesregisteredatthethirdlevel,thethird-leveldomainnamescanbedividedintotwocategories:categorydomainnamesandadministrativedivisiondomainnames.Categorydomainnamesareclassifiedaccordingtothenatureoftheapplicantorganization,including:ACscientificresearchinstitutions,COMindustrial,commercial,financialandotherenterprises,EDUeducationalinstitutions,GOVgovernmentdepartments,NETInternet,andaccessnetworkinformationcenter(NIC)AndOperationCenter(NOC)),ORGandvariousnon-profitorganizations.
Domainnamelevel
Domainnamescanbedividedintodifferentlevels,includingtop-leveldomainnames,second-leveldomainnames,third-leveldomainnames,andcountrycodedomainnames.
Top-leveldomainnames
Top-leveldomainnamesaredividedintotwocategories
Oneisnationaltop-leveldomainnames(nTLDs),withmorethan200countriesAllareassignedtop-leveldomainnamesinaccordancewithISO3166countrycodes.Forexample,Chinaiscn,theUnitedStatesisus,Japanisjp,etc.;
Thesecondisinternationaltop-leveldomainnames(iTDs),forexample,.Comand.topofindustrialandcommercialenterprisesindicate.netofnetworkprovidersand.orgofnon-profitorganizations.Mostdomainnamedisputesoccurunderthetop-leveldomainofcom,becausemostcompaniesgoonlineforprofit.Inordertostrengthendomainnamemanagementandresolvetheshortageofdomainnameresources,internationalorganizationssuchastheInternetAssociation,theInternetSub-addressingAgencyandtheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO)havenegotiatedextensivelytobuildontheoriginalthreeinternationalgenerictop-leveldomains:(com).Added7internationalgenerictop-leveldomains:firm(companyenterprises),store(salescompaniesorenterprises),Web(unitshighlightingWWWactivities),arts(unitshighlightingculturalandentertainmentactivities),rec(highlightingpastimesandentertainmentactivities)Theunit),info(unitsthatprovideinformationservices),nom(individuals),andselectnewregistrarsaroundtheworldtoacceptdomainnameregistrationapplications.
Second-leveldomainname
Second-leveldomainnamereferstothedomainnameunderthetop-leveldomainname.Undertheinternationaltop-leveldomainname,itreferstotheonlinenameofthedomainnameregistrant,suchasibm,yahoo,Microsoft,etc.;underthenationaltop-leveldomainname,itisasymbolthatrepresentsthecategoryofregisteredenterprises,suchastop,com,edu,gov,net,etc.
Thetop-leveldomainnameofficiallyregisteredandoperatedbymycountryintheInternationalInternetNetworkInformationCenter(InterNIC)isCN,whichisalsomycountry'sfirst-leveldomainname.Underthetop-leveldomainnames,mycountry'ssecond-leveldomainnamesaredividedintocategorydomainnamesandadministrativeregionnames.Thereare6categorydomainnames,includingacforscientificresearchinstitutions;comandtopforindustrialandcommercialfinancialenterprises;eduforeducationalinstitutions;govforgovernmentdepartments;netforInternetInformationCenterandOperationCenter;Orgfornon-profitorganizations.Thereare34administrativeregions,correspondingtoprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesinmycountry.
Third-leveldomainname
Thethird-leveldomainnameiscomposedofletters(A～Z,a～z,uppercaseandlowercase,etc.),numbers(0～9)andhyphens(-),Thedomainnamesatalllevelsareconnectedbyarealdot(.),andthelengthofthethird-leveldomainnamecannotexceed20characters.Ifthereisnospecialreason,itisrecommendedtousetheapplicant'sEnglishname(orabbreviation)orChinesePinyinname(orabbreviation)asthethird-leveldomainnametomaintaintheclarityandconcisenessofthedomainname.
Countrycode
Countrycodetop-leveldomainnamesconsistingoftwoletterssuchas.cn,.uk,.deand.jparecalledcountrycodetop-leveldomains(ccTLDs),where.cnisatop-leveldomainnamededicatedtoChina,anditsregistrationismanagedbyCNNIC.Thesecond-leveldomainnamesendingin.cnarereferredtoasdomesticdomainnamesforshort.Therulesandpoliciesforregisteringsecond-leveldomainnamesundercountrycodetop-leveldomainsarerelatedtothepoliciesofdifferentcountries.Whenregistering,youshouldconsultthedomainnameregistrarandaskabouttherelevantregistrationconditionsandregistration-relatedterms.Inadditiontoprovidingregistrationservicesfordomainnamesendingin.com,.top,.netand.org,somedomainnameregistrarsalsoprovidetheregistrationofcountrycodetop-leveldomainnames.ICANNdoesnotspecificallyauthorizeregistrarstoprovideregistrationservicesforcountrycodetop-leveldomains.
ApplicationSteps
1.Prepareapplicationmaterials:comdomainnamedoesnotneedtoprovideIDcard,businesslicenseandothermaterials,cndomainnameisopenforindividualapplicationregistration,soyouneedtoprovideIDcardorbusinesslicense.
2.Findadomainnameregistrationwebsite,andrecommendGuguInternet.Sincedifferentsuffixessuchas.comand.cndomainnamesaremanagedbydifferentregistries,ifyouwanttoregisterdomainnameswithdifferentsuffixes,youneedtogetfromtheregistryLookfortop-leveldomainnameregistrarsauthorizedbyit.Forexample,themanagementagencyofthecomdomainnameisICANN,andthemanagementagencyofthecndomainnameisCNNIC(ChinaInternetNetworkInformationCenter).IftheregistrarhaspassedthedualauthenticationofICANNandCNNIC,thereisnoneedtoapplyfordomainnamesfromotherregistrars.
3.Querydomainname:Afterthedomainnameregistrationquerywebsiteregisteredusernameissuccessful,andquerythedomainname,selectthedomainnameyouwanttoregister,andclickregister.
4.Formalapplication:Afterfindingthedomainnameyouwanttoregister,andconfirmingthatthedomainnameisinanapplicablestate,submittheregistrationandpaytheannualfee.
5.Theapplicationissuccessful:Aftertheformalapplicationissuccessful,youcanstarttoenterDNSresolutionmanagement,setresolutionrecordsandotheroperations.
Namingrules
COMdomainnames
BecausealllevelsofdomainnamesontheInternetaremanagedbydifferentinstitutions,thewaysinwhicheachinstitutionmanagesdomainnamesanddomainnamesThenamingrulesarealsodifferent.However,therearesomecommonrulesforthenamingofdomainnames,mainlyasfollows:
First,thedomainnamecanonlycontainthefollowingcharacters:
1,26Englishletters:A-Z
2,"0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9"tennumbers
3,"-"(conjunctioninEnglishNumber)
2.Thecombinationrulesofcharactersinthedomainname:
1.Inthedomainname,thecaseofEnglishlettersisnotdistinguished.
2.ForadomainnameTherearecertainrestrictionsonthelengthofthe
CNdomainname
1.Followallcommonrulesfordomainnamenaming.
Two.Intheearlydays,cndomainnamescouldonlyberegisteredforthird-leveldomainnames.StartingfromDecember2002,CNNICopenedtheregistrationofsecond-leveldomainnamesunderdomestic.cndomainnames,allowingdirectregistrationofdomainnamesunder.CN.
3.NewlyregisteredCNdomainnamesafter9o'clockonDecember14,2009needtosubmitreal-nameregistrationmaterials(relevantcertificatesoftheregisteredorganizationandtheregisteredcontactperson).
Four,Namesthatmaynotbeusedorrestricted,andrequiredmaterials
1.Registrationcontains"CHINA","CHINESE","CN",Domainnameswithwordssuchas"NATIONAL"mustbeformallyapprovedbyrelevantnationaldepartments(referringtounitsabovetheministeriallevel).
2.Thenamesofothercountriesorregions,foreigngeographicalnames,andinternationalorganizationnamesknowntothepublicshallnotbeused.
3.Thefullnameorabbreviationoftheadministrativedivisionnameatorabovethecountylevel(includingthecountylevel),theregistrationmustbeformallyapprovedbytherelevantpeople'sgovernmentatorabovethecountylevel(includingthecountylevel).
4.Industrynamesorcommonnamesofcommoditiesshallnotbeused.
5.EnterprisenamesorbrandnamesthathavebeenregisteredinChinabyothersmustnotbeused.
6.Namesthatareharmfultothecountry,society,orpublicinterestshallnotbeused.
Materialdescription:Approvedformallybyrelevantstatedepartments(referringtounitsatorabovetheministeriallevel)andformallyapprovedbytherelevantpeople'sgovernmentsatorabovethecountylevel(includingcountylevel)meansthattherelevantagenciesmustissuewrittendocumentstoexpresstheirconsentXXXXTheorganizationregisterstheXXXdomainname.
Relatedinformation
Domainnamereviewsituation
Thedomainnameyouhaveregisteredmustmeetthefollowingrequirementsinordertopassthereview:(1)Thedomainnamemustmeet"ChinaInternetDomainNameManagementMeasures"(OrderNo.30oftheMinistryofInformationIndustry);(2)domainnameregistrationinformationmustmeettherequirementsofauthenticity,accuracyandcompleteness,andbeabletopassthedataverificationofthenationalauthority;(3)applicationmaterialsItmustmatchtheregistrationinformationinthe"WHOISQuery"system.Theregularreviewtimeis5workingdaysfromthetimethedomainnameissubmittedonline.First,theregistrarconductsapreliminaryreviewofthedomainnameregistrationinformationandmaterials.Afterthedomainnamehasbeenreviewedbytheregistrar,theregistrarwillsubmittheapplicationmaterialstoourcenter,andourcenterwillreviewthedomainnameregistrationinformationandmaterials.Youcanfollowtheprogressandstatusofyourdomainnamereviewthroughtheregistereddomainnameusercenterorthroughtheregistrartowhichthedomainbelongs.
StatusQuoofDomainNames
Inordertoimprovetheauthenticity,accuracyandcompletenessofdomainnameregistrationinformation,andtofurtherstrengthenthereviewofdomainnameregistrationinformation,CNNICissuedanoticeontheeveningofDecember11,2009：
1.Whensubmittinganonlinedomainnameregistrationapplicationtoadomainnameregistrar,usersshouldsubmitwrittenapplicationmaterials.Theapplicationmaterialsincludethedomainnameregistrationapplicationform(original)withofficialseal,businesslicenseororganizationcodecertificate(copy),andidentitycertificateoftheregisteredcontactperson(copy).
2.Thedomainnameregistrarshouldcarefullyreviewthewrittenapplicationmaterialssubmittedbyusers,andafterpassingthereview,submitthewrittenapplicationmaterialstoourcenterbyfaxoremail,andretainthewrittenapplicationmaterials.
3.IfCNNIChasnotreceivedthewrittenapplicationmaterialswithin5daysfromthedateofsubmittingtheonlineapplicationforthedomainnameorthedomainnameapplicationmaterialsdonotmeettherequirements,thedomainnamewillbecancelled.
4.Theaboverequirementswillbeimplementedat9amonDecember14,2009.
5.The.CNdomainnamewillstartat0:00onMay29,2012.Anynaturalpersonororganizationthatcanindependentlybearcivilliabilitycanapplyfortheregistrationofadomainnameunderthetop-leveldomainnamespecifiedintheserules,thatis,domainnameThesubjectofregistrationisextendedtonaturalpersons.
Precautions
Afterthedomainnameregistrationiscompleted,whatshoulduserspayattentionto?
InordertoensurethatdomainnameholderslegallyholdthedomainnameandlegitimatelycarryoutthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofInternetapplications,remindyoutopayattentiontothechangesofdomainnameinformationafterregistrationtoensurethatthedomainnameregistrationinformationistrue,accurateandcomplete.
1.Checkwhethertheregistrationinformationofdomainnameregistrationiscorrectthroughthe"WHOISquery"systemofourcenterwebsiteorthewebsiteofregistrar;
2,iftheregistrationinformationchanges,suchastheregistrant,Theregistrant’scontactperson,contactinformation,etc.,shallpromptlynotifythedomainnameregistrartomakechangestoensurethevalidityofthedomainnameregistrationinformation;
3.Thepasswordisusedasavalididentifierforthedomainnamebusiness,pleaseYoushouldkeepproperlythemanagementpasswordprovidedtoyoubytheregistrarforthemanagementandmaintenanceofthedomainnameandthetransferpasswordforchangingtheregistrar;
4.Keepintouchwithyourregistrar,Toensurethatitcanberenewedontimethroughtheregistrar;
Accordingtothe"ChinaInternetNetworkInformationCenterDomainNameRegistrationImplementationRules",theexpirationdateofthedomainnameeachyearisthesameastheapplicationdate.Therenewalconfirmationperiodis30daysafterthedomainnameexpires.Ifyouindicateinwritingnottorenewthefeewithintheabove-mentionedperiod,thedomainnameregistrarhastherighttocancelthedomainnameafter30days;ifyoudonotindicateinwritingthatitwillnotreneworrenewthefeewithintheabove-mentionedperiod,thedomainnameregistrarhastherighttoexpireattheendoftheabove-mentionedperiodThedomainnamewascancelledontheday.
Theroleofthedomainname
Domainnameisthewayforthenetnametoaccessthewebsite,andtheChinesedomainnameisthedomainnameexpressedinChinese.FromthebirthoftheInternetuntilnotlongago,ithasbeentheeraofEnglishdomainnames.However,Chinesepeoplestillhavetheirowntypinghabits.Inthepast,mostofthecompany’swebsitesweredirectlyaccessedorsearchedintheBaidusearchbox.Thelatterneededtoenterthecorporatewebsite.VisitBaidu.
NumberofDomainNames
Inthethirdquarterof2012,thenumberofglobalInternetdomainnameregistrationsincreasedbymorethan5million;asofSeptember30,2012,alltop-leveldomains(Top-LevelDomains)Thetotalnumberofdomainnameregistrationsexceeds246million.Inthethirdquarterof2012,thenumberofnewdomainnamesworldwidewas5.7million,anincreaseof2.4%comparedtothesecondquarterof2012.ThismarkedtheseventhconsecutivequarterofglobalInternetdomainnameregistrationgrowthratesthatexceeded2%.Sincethethirdquarterof2011,thenumberofglobaldomainnameregistrationshasincreasedby26.4million,anincreaseof12%.
Atthesametime,thisquarter,thetop-leveldomains.comand.netachievedoverallgrowth.Thetotalnumberofthelatest.comand.netregistereddomainnamestotalednearly119.9million,anincreasefromthesecondquarterof20121%,anincreaseof7.1%comparedtothesameperiod.AsofSeptember30,2012,thetotalnumberof.comdomainnameregistrationswas105million,andthetotalnumberof.netdomainnameregistrationswas14.9million.
FrequentlyAskedQuestions
DomainNameIdentification
Theconceptofdomainnameowneranddomainnamemanagementcontactisdifferent.InthedomainnameWHOISsearchresultsprovidedbyanyfirst-levelregistrar,thefirstitemisRegistrant,whichisthedomainnameregistrantandthedomainnameowner.Theseconditemisdomainnamemanagementcontacts,followedbydomainnametechnologyandpaidcontacts.Thedomainnameownercanrequesttofillinthesecontactsashimselfwhenregistering,andleavehise-mailaddress.Butthishasleftahiddendangertosecurity.Thereasonisasfollows:thedomainnameownercanapplyformodificationoftheregistrationinformationexceptthedomainnameitselfandthedomainnameownerthroughthedomainnamemanagementcontactortechnicalcontact.Onwhatbasisdoesthefirst-leveldomainnameregistrarjudgewhetheramodificationapplicationisgenuineorfromthedomainnameowner?Thecriterionforjudgingiswhethertheemailaddressoftherequestisconsistentwiththeemailaddressofthedomainnamemanagementcontactintheregistrationinformation.Becauseofforgery,thismethodistheleastreliable.Inordertoimprovesecurity,NSIandothersadvocateuserstoadoptPGPencryption,thatis,itrequiresrelevantcontactstosendtheirpublickeytoNSIinadvance,andthenelectronicallysigneachmessagetoshowtheauthenticity.InviewofthefactthatmostdomainnameregistrantsinChinaarenotfamiliarwithPGPorotherpasswordencryption,andmostChinesedomainnameconsumersarenotgoodatforeignlanguages,theyarecontactedbyInternetcompaniesinthemiddle,eliminatingtheircommunicationbarriers.Ifyouwanttochangethedomainnamemanagementcontacttoyourself,itisalsopossible.
Effectivetime
Fortheonlinepre-registeredinternationaldomainname,theregistrarcantakeeffectafterreceivingtheregistrationfeeorfaxpaymentvoucherandconfirmingit,butafteryoupre-registeronlineDuringyourpaymentperiod,thedomainnameyouselectedmayberegisteredsuccessfullybyotherregistrars,soitisrecommendedthatyoupayassoonaspossibletoavoidlosingyourvaluabledomainname.
Function
EachcomputerhasoneormoredigitaladdressesusedtomarkthelocationofthecomputerontheInternet,calledIPaddresses.Thiskindofpositioningsystemismoreboringanddifficultforhumanstoremember.Ifyouhaveadomainname,youdon'tneedtoremembertheIPaddress.
DNS
Domainnameserver(DNS)isusedtotranslatedomainnamesintoIPaddressesthatcomputerscanrecognize.Forexample,ifsomeonewantstovisitthewebsiteof"SpaceDomainNameNetwork,TaijiNetwork",DNSwilltranslatethedomainnameintoanIPaddress.Thismakesiteasyforthecomputertofindthewebserveroftheownerofthedomainname.Therefore,youcanalsobindthedomainnametothevirtualhostyouappliedfortoaccessyourwebsitenormally.
Domainnamemanagementrights
ICANNcomprehensivelymanagesDNS.Itcontrolstherootdomainandthendelegatestop-leveldomainstodomainnameregistries.SuchasccTLDsregistryItisthecorrespondingcountry.ICANNactsasacoordinatingconsultantfortheseregistries,butdoesnotparticipateindomainnameassignments,registrationspecificbylawsandotherregulations.Ontheotherhand,gTLDsaredirectlymanagedbyICANN,whichmeansthatalltermsandconditionsarejointlyformulatedbyICANNandvariousgTLDsregistries.
Becausetheleaseddomainnamehasanimportantinfluenceononlinebrandbuilding,advertising,searchengineoptimization,etc.,itcanberegardedasavirtualrealasset.
TheICANNParisAnnualMeetingpassedanimportantresolutiontorecognizeChineseastheInternet'stop-leveldomaincharacters.".中国"iswrittenintotheglobalrootdomainnamesystem.Thismeansthatnon-Englishdomainnamesuffixessuchas".中国"willappearontheInternetforthefirsttime,andChinesedomainnameswillbeformallyintegratedintotheInternetasanationalsymbolofChinesecultureontheInternet.Thewritingof".中国"intotheglobalrootdomainnamesystemmeans:obtainingthesupportofmainstreambrowserapplicationsandrealizingdirectbrowseraccess.
Relatedoperations
DomainNameSystem
ThedomainnamesystemisacoreserviceoftheInternet,whichservesasadistributeddatabasethatcanmapdomainnamesandIPaddressestoeachother,CanmakepeoplemoreconvenienttovisittheInternet,withouthavingtoremembertheIPnumberstringthatcanbedirectlyreadbythemachine.
Deletionperiod
1.Theinternationaldomainnamecanbesubmittedforrenewalwithin30daysofexpiration,butitisnotguaranteed;30-60daysaftertheexpirationistheredemptionperiod(redemptionPeriod)canberedeemedThefeeisredeemed,butthereisnoguaranteeofsuccess.60-75daysaftertheexpirationisthependingDeletestatus,whichcanonlybere-registeredafterwaitingfordeletion.
2.Iftheinternationaldomainnameenterstheredemptionperiod(REDEMPTIONPERIOD)aftertheexpiration,youcanonlychoosetoredeemitorwaitforthedomainnametobereleasedandthenre-register.
Rulesfordeletion,renewalandredemptionofdomestictop-leveldomainnames(suchas.cn)uponexpirationofregistration:
AccordingtotheChinaInternetNetworkInformationCenter(CNNIC),startingfromDecember20,2007,therenewalrulesofCNEnglishdomainnamehavebeenadjustedaccordingly:
IfCNEnglishdomainnameexpireswithoutrenewalbusiness,thedomainnamewillentertherenewalperiod,hereDuringthisperiod,theoriginalresolutionofyourdomainnamemaybesuspendeduntilyourenewitsuccessfully.Thefeecanberenewed30daysaftertheexpirationofcn.Iftherenewalisnotcompletedduringtherenewalperiod,thedomainnamewillenterahigh-pricedredemptionperiod,andthedomainnamestatuswillchangeto"pendingDelete",andoperationssuchasinformationmodification,transfer,andresolutioncannotbeperformed.Ifyoustillwantthedomainname,youneedtopayanotherfeeforthedomainnameredemptionaccordingtotheregulations;ifthedomainnameisnotredeemedduringtheredemptionperiod,thedomainnamewillbedeletedafter60-75daysaftertheendoftheredemptionperiod.
Domainnameswithdifferentsuffixeshavedifferentmeanings.Nowthemostpopulardomainnamecategoriescanbedividedintointernationaldomainnamesanddomesticdomainnames.Themaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthedomainnamedivisionmethodandthedifferentmanagementorganization.Toexplainwhatisaninternationaldomainnameandwhatisadomesticdomainname,wemuststartwiththedomainnamesystem.Therearethreetypesoftop-leveldomainsinthedomainnamesystemontheInternet:categorytop-leveldomains,geographictop-leveldomains,andnewtop-leveldomains.
Domainnameregistration
1.Fordomainnameswithwebsites.(Domainnameswithoutawebsitedonotneedtobefiled)
2.SubmittherelevantinformationofthewebsitetotheMinistryofInformationIndustryofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.
ThepurposeofdomainnameregistrationistopreventillegalwebsitebusinessactivitiesontheInternetandcombatthespreadofbadInternetinformation.Ifthewebsiteisnotregistered,itislikelytobeshutdownafterinvestigation.Inaccordancewiththespiritofthe"MeasuresfortheAdministrationofRecordationofNon-commercialInternetInformationServices"deliberatedandapprovedbytheMinistryofInformationIndustryofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaatthetwelfthministerialmeeting,theprovisionofnon-commercialInternetinformationserviceswithintheterritoryofthePeople'sRepublicofChinashouldberegistered!Nonon-commercialInternetinformationservicemaybeconductedwithintheterritoryofthePeople'sRepublicofChinawithoutfiling.Forwebsitesthathavenotbeenfiled,theywillbefinedorshutdown.Filingreferstoreportingthemattertothecompetentauthorityforfilingforinspection.Fromtheperspectiveofadministrativelaw,inpractice,itismainlytheprovisionsofthe"LegislationLaw"andthe"RegulationsontheRecordofRegulations".
Domainnameresolution
Howtoseethecontentofyourwebsiteafterregisteringadomainnameiscalled"domainnameresolution"inaprofessionalterm.Asexplainedintherelatedterminology,thedomainnameandtheURLarenotthesamething.Afterthedomainnameisregistered,itonlymeansthatyouhavetherighttousethedomainname.Ifthedomainnameresolutionisnotperformed,thenthedomainnamecannotplayitsrole.Theresolveddomainnamecanbeusedasthesuffixofthee-mailaddressorasawebsiteaddresstovisityourownwebsite.Therefore,thenecessarylinkforthedomainnametobeputintouseis"domainnameresolution."Domainnameisasetofaddressconversionsystemspeciallyestablishedfortheconvenienceofmemory.ToaccessaserverontheInternet,itmustfinallyberealizedthroughIPaddress.Domainnameresolutionistheprocessofre-convertingadomainnametoanIPaddress.AdomainnamecanonlycorrespondtooneIPaddress,andmultipledomainnamescanberesolvedtooneIPaddressatthesametime.Domainnameresolutionneedstobecompletedbyadedicateddomainnameresolutionserver(DNS).ThedomainnameisconvertedintoanIPaddress,andthedomainnameisaworld.Inthedistributedhierarchicaldirectoryserviceofthousandsofservers,thenamespaceoftheInternetisdividedintoso-calledareas,andeachindependentadministratorisresponsible.Forlocalrequirements-suchasinacompany'snetwork-itisanindependentoperationalsoavailablefromtheInternetDNS.
Resolutionprinciple
Tounderstandwhydomainnameresolutiontakessolong,youneedtounderstandtheprocessofdomainnameresolutionandtheroleofDNSservers.
EverycomputerontheInternetisassignedanIPaddress,anddatatransmissionisactuallycarriedoutbetweendifferentIPaddresses.IncludingthecomputersweusewhensurfingtheInternetathome,wearealsoassignedanIPaddressafterweconnecttotheInternet.Inmostcases,thisIPaddressisdynamic.Inotherwords,whenyouturnoffthemodemandturnontheInternetagain,yourInternetaccessbusinesswillrandomlyassignanewIPaddress.
ThewebserverisessentiallyacomputerconnectedtotheInternet,buttheconfigurationismoresuitableasaserver,anditisplacedinthedatacentertomaintainalowtemperature,lowdustenvironment,andsecurity.TheseserversusefixedIPaddressestoconnecttotheInternet.Whenadomainnameisresolvedtoacertainserver,andthewebpagefileisplacedonthisserver,theuser'scomputerwillknowwhichservertogototoobtainthewebpageinformationofthisdomainname.Thisisachievedthroughadomainnameserver.
Whenabrowserentersacertaindomainnameinthebrowseraddressbox,orclicksalinkfromanotherwebsitetothisdomainname,thebrowsersendsadomainnamerequesttotheuser’sInternetaccessprovider,andthenTheDNSserverofthemerchantmustquerythedomainnamedatabasetoseewhattheDNSserverofthisdomainnameis.ThengrabtheDNSrecordfromtheDNSserver,thatis,toobtainwhichIPaddressthisdomainnamepointsto.AfterobtainingthisIPinformation,theaccessprovider'sserverwillgototheservercorrespondingtothisIPaddresstograbthewebpagecontent,andthentransmitittotherequestingbrowser.
Resolutionsettings
A(Address)recordisusedtospecifytheIPaddressrecordcorrespondingtothehostname(ordomainname).Userscanpointthewebserverunderthedomainnametotheirownwebserver.Atthesametime,youcanalsosetthesecond-leveldomainnameofyourdomainname.
Youmustgotothedomainnamemanagementinterfaceoftheregistrartosetupacorrect,effectiveandstableDNS.Itmaytake12-72hourstomodifytheDNSattheregistrartobereflectedontherootserver.ThefullnameoftheTTLvalueis"TimeToLive",whichsimplymeansthetimethattheDNSrecordiscachedontheDNSserver.
MXrecordsarealsocalledmailroutingrecords.Userscanpointthemailserverunderthedomainnametotheirownmailserver,andthentheycancontrolallmailboxsettingsbythemselves.YouneedtofillintheIPaddressofyourserveronline,andallmailsunderyourdomainnamecanbeforwardedtothecorrespondingmailserversetbyyourself.
CNAMErecordisanaliasrecord.Thistypeofrecordingallowsyoutomapmultiplenamestothesamecomputer.UsuallyusedforcomputersthatprovideWWWandMAILservicesatthesametime.