History
CompulsoryeducationoriginatedinGermany.ReligiousleaderMartinLutherwasthefirsttoputforwardtheconceptofcompulsoryeducation.Afterthevictoryofthereform,Lutherpromulgatedthecompulsoryeducationlawinordertomakepeoplehavetheabilitytostudythe"Bible".In1619,theschooldecreeissuedbythePrincipalityofWeimarinGermanystipulatedthatparentsshouldsendtheirchildrenbetweentheagesof6and12toschool.Thiswastheearliestcompulsoryeducation.From1763to1819,Germanybasicallyperfectedcompulsoryeducationregulations.
Aftertheindustrialrevolution,compulsoryeducationhasplayedthetaskofenablingpeopletomasterindustrialknowledge.Thedurationofcompulsoryeducationhasalsogrownfrom3monthsto6monthsattheearliest,to6years,to9years.Itmeetsthelevelandheightofscientificdevelopmentatthattimeandcanmasterthebasicoperationsofindustrialmanufacturingatthattime.
Themeaningofobligationincludesparentsandfamilieshavetheobligationtomakeschool-agechildrengotoschool,thestatehastheobligationtosetupschoolssothatthepeoplecanenjoyeducation,andthewholesocietyhastoeliminateallkindsofadverseeffectsthathinderthephysicalandmentaldevelopmentofschool-agechildrenObligations.DuringtheEuropeanReformationMovementinthe16thcentury,Protestantcountriespromotedextensiveeducationinordertopromotereligiouseducation.In1619,theschooldecreepromulgatedbyWeimarStateinGermanystipulatedthatparentsshouldsendtheirchildrenbetweentheagesof6and12toschool,otherwisethegovernmenthadtoforcethemtoperformtheirduties.Thisisthebeginningofcompulsoryeducation.MostcapitalistcountriessuchasBritain,France,andtheUnitedStatesimplementedcompulsoryeducationafterthe1870s.
AccordingtorelevantstatisticsfromtheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,bytheendofthe1970sandthebeginningofthe1980s,nearly60countrieshadimplementedcompulsoryeducationlaws.Thelengthofyearsforcompulsoryeducationinacountryislargelydeterminedbythecountry'seconomicdevelopmentlevelandculturaleducationlevel.AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,the"CommonProgramoftheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConference",whichservedasatemporaryconstitutionintheearlystage,andthenationalconstitutionofficiallypromulgatedlater,clearlystipulatedthatcitizenshavetherightandobligationtoreceiveeducation.The"DecisionoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaonEducationSystemReform"onMay27,1985pointedoutthatcompulsoryeducation,thatis,nationaleducationthatmustbeacceptedbyschool-agechildrenandyoungpeopleinaccordancewiththelaw,andthecountry,society,andfamilymustguaranteethedevelopmentanddevelopmentofmodernproduction.Necessaryformodernlife,isasignofmoderncivilization.
AttheendoftheQingDynasty,compulsoryeducationwasimplementedinmostEuropeanandAmericancountriesandmostJapanesecapitalsinAsia.AftersomeofficialsoftheQinggovernmentlearnedofthissituation,theyusedtermssuchas"compulsoryeducation"and"forcededucation"whendraftingrelevantdocumentsoftheQingcourtintheearly20thcentury.
In1903,theQinggovernmentpromulgatedthe"ZoudingSchoolRegulations"(formerlyknownasthe"GuimaoSchoolSystem"),whichwasthefirstschooleducationannouncedintheformofdecreeinthehistoryofmoderneducationinChinaandpromotedthroughoutthecountry.system.
OldChinaformallyproposedtopilotcompulsoryeducationin1911.InJulyandAugustofthatyear,theMinistryofEducationoftheQinggovernmentsentpeopletopresideovertheCentralEducationConferenceinBeijing.Themeetingresolveddocumentssuchasthe"TrialRegulationsonCompulsoryEducation".Thiscaseclearlystipulatedthatthecompulsoryeducationperiodshouldbefouryears,andproposedatrialmethodforcompulsoryeducation.
In1912,theMinistryofEducationoftheProvisionalGovernmentoftheRepublicofChinapromulgatedthe"SchoolSystemOrder",thatis,the"RenziSchoolSystem",whichalsostipulatedthat"fouryearsofelementaryprimaryschooliscompulsoryeducation."Sofar,sincetheendoftheQingDynasty,thecompulsoryeducationthathadbeenproposedandbrewedformorethan10yearswasfinallyrecognized.In1937,theMinistryofEducationoftheRepublicofChinapromulgatedtheInterimMeasuresforForcedSchool-ageChildrentoSchool.Theconceptofcompulsoryeducationduringthisperiodwasforcededucation.InApril1940,theMinistryofEducationoftheRepublicofChinaformulatedthe"NationalEducationImplementationGuidelines",stipulatingthatnationaleducationisdividedintotwoparts:compulsoryeducationandtutoringforpeoplewhoareoutofschool,bothofwhichwillbeimplementedatthesametime.
MostEuropeanandAmericanstateshave13yearsofcompulsoryeducation,andmanystatesarecurrentlytransitioningto15years.IntheUnitedStates,thebasiceducationprovidedbypublicschoolsiscollectivelyreferredtoasK-12education,whichisthegeneraltermforatotalof13yearsoffreecompulsoryeducationfromkindergartentograde12ofhighschool.Whilerealizing15yearsoffreeeducation,itbegantopromotefreecollegeeducation.NewYorkGovernorCuomoannouncedthestartofprovidingfreehighereducationforstudentsfromlow-andmiddle-incomefamiliesinNewYorkState,becomingthefirststateintheUnitedStatestoimplementfreecollegeeducation,reflectingtheUnitedStates’commitmenttothenextlevel.Theimportanceofagenerationofeducation.
Withthedevelopmentofmoderntechnology,thecontentoftextbooksanddisciplinessetbycountriesinthelastcenturyhasnotkeptpacewiththeneedsofthetimes.TheInternet,bigdata,aerospace,artificialintelligence,quantumphysicsandothertechnologiesRapiddevelopmentforcescountriestoincreasetheintensityandlengthofcompulsoryeducation.From2007to2017,Macau,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,Xinjiang,Tibet,Qinghai,InnerMongolia,DaliangMountains,andeasterncoastalareaswillimplementfreeeducationcovering15years.Atthesametime,secondaryvocationaleducationisfree.Shaanxiwillfullyimplementfreeeducationfromoneyearofpreschoolto13yearsofhighschool,andatthesametimepromotefreesecondaryvocationaleducation.
Reformmeasures
Variouschangesincompulsoryeducationaretheresultofcomprehensivelyincreasingthereformofcompulsoryeducationundertheleadershipofthescientificdevelopmentconcept,usingthe"addition,subtraction,multiplication,anddivision"method.
OnJanuary10,2016,CaiFang,deputydeanoftheChineseAcademyofSocialSciences,statedinBeijingthatcompulsoryeducationmustbeexpandedtoEarlytothepre-schooleducationstage,onlyinthiswaycantheperson'seducationyearsbesignificantlyimproved.
Increaseinvestmentineducation
Inthenextfiveyears,thestatebudgetwilladdupto218.2billionyuaninnewcompulsoryeducationfunds.——WenJiabao's"GovernmentWorkReport"
Inrecentyears,duetoinsufficientfunding,someruralprimaryandsecondaryschoolsnotonlyhavenospecializedlaboratories,butevenlacktheconditionsforconductingdemonstrationexperiments;duetothefinancialdifficultiesofthegrassroots,someInordertoensurethenormaloperationoftheschool,theprincipalsofruralschoolshadtoraisemoneyeverywhere.Theywerevividlyreferredtoas"theprincipalsofalmsgiving"...
Inordertosolvetheproblemofguaranteeingfundsforcompulsoryeducation,thedraftrevisionoftheCompulsoryEducationLawSetupachapter"FundingGuarantee",andmakeprovisionsfromfouraspectstosolvethisproblemfromthesystem:
——Clarifytheoverallneedsofcompulsoryeducationfundingandformulaterelevantfundingstandards.Thedraftrequiresthestatetoformulateandtimelyadjustthestaffingstandardsandsalarystandards,schoolconstructionstandards,andper-capitapublicexpenditurestandardsforstudentstomeetthebasicneedsofcompulsoryeducation.
——Proposecleargoalsfortheguaranteeofcompulsoryeducationfunds.Thedraftrequiresgovernmentsatalllevelstoincludecompulsoryeducationfundsintotheirfiscalbudgetsandallocatefundsinaccordancewithstandardstoensurethegradualgrowthofcompulsoryeducationfunds;school-agechildrenandadolescentsreceivingcompulsoryeducationinpublicschoolsshallnotbechargedtuition,andmiscellaneousfeesshallbegraduallyexempted.
——Clarifythesourceoffundingforcompulsoryeducation.ThedraftstipulatesthatthefundsforcompulsoryeducationshallbeimplementedunderasysteminwhichtheStateCouncilandlocalgovernmentsatalllevelssharetheirresponsibilitiesaccordingtotheirresponsibilities,andthattheprovincialgovernmentsmakeoverallplansforimplementation."Theprovincialgovernmentfinanceisfullyresponsibleforthecompulsoryeducationinthisarea,anditshouldbeabletosolvetheproblemofcompulsoryeducationfunds."
——Regulatetheuseandmanagementofcompulsoryeducationfundsandimprovetheefficiencyoftheuseoffunds.Thedraftrequiresthatthebudgetforcompulsoryeducationbelistedseparately,thegovernment'sfinalaccountsandschoolrevenuesandexpendituresshouldbeannouncedtothepublic,andtheauditagencyshouldpublishtheresultsoftheauditoncompulsoryeducationfundstothepublic.
ChuHongqi,deanoftheSchoolofEducationandManagementofBeijingNormalUniversity,believesthattheincreaseinfundingsources,thebudgetandfinalaccountsofeducationfunding,andthedisclosureofschoolrevenuesandexpenditurestothepublicareahighlightofthedraftrevisionoftheCompulsoryEducationLaw.Theregulationofschoolfinancialdisclosurecanbetterstrengthenthemanagementoftheschool.
Paymoreattentiontotheworkofteachers
Itisnecessarytoimprovethesalaryandfundingguaranteemechanismforteachersinruralprimaryandsecondaryschools.——WenJiabao’s"GovernmentWorkReport"
Inresponsetotheincreasinglyprominentissuesofteachertreatmentandteachingquality,thedraftrevisionoftheCompulsoryEducationLawhasmadespecialchaptersandprovisions:
——Strengthenteachertraining.Thedraftstipulatesthatgovernmentsatorabovethecountylevelshouldstrengthenteachertrainingandtakemeasurestodevelopteachereducation.
—Guaranteethetreatmentofteachers.Thedraftclearlystipulatesthatgovernmentsatalllevelsshouldtakemeasurestoimprovetheworkingandlivingconditionsofteachers;theaveragesalaryofteachersinpublicschoolsshouldbenolowerthanorhigherthantheaveragesalaryoflocalcivilservants.
——Strengthenthemanagementofteachers.ThedraftclearlystipulatesthatteachersshouldabidebytheConstitution,lawsandprofessionalethics,beexemplary,andcontinuouslyimprovetheirideologicalandpoliticalconsciousnessandthelevelofeducationandteaching;theyshouldabidebyschoolrulesandregulations,implementtheschool'steachingplan,performteacherduties,andcompleteeducationandteachingtasks.
——Clarifytherequirementsforteachers.Regulations:Ineducationandteaching,studentsshouldbetreatedequallyandtheirpersonalityshouldberespected,sothateachstudentcanbefullydeveloped;nokeyclassesshouldbearrangedinanyname,nodiscriminatingagainststudentsduetopersonalcharacteristics,nocorporalpunishmentorotherpunishmentsshouldbeimposedonstudentsActsthatinsulthumandignity;studentsmustnotbeexpelledinviolationofregulations.
Excludingschoolchoice
Tosolvetheproblemofdifficultyingoingtoschoolinthecompulsoryeducationstageforchildrenofurbanlow-incomefamiliesandmigrantworkers,sothateverychildisequalOpportunitytoreceivecompulsoryeducation.——WenJiabao,"GovernmentWorkReport"
"Atpresent,oneofthebiggestproblemsofurbancompulsoryeducationistheunbalanceddevelopmentbetweenschools,whichisartificiallydividedintotwocategories,so-calledkeyschoolsandordinaryschools."YangDongpingsaid.
FormanyChineseurbanfamilies,receivingqualityeducationfortheirchildrenisatoppriority,andtheyarewillingtospendanymoney.Inanenvironmentwherethehardwarefacilities,faculty,andteachingqualityofdifferentschoolsvarygreatly,itisnotdifficulttounderstandthatschoolchoiceprevails.
Inordertosolvetheproblemofunreasonableallocationofcompulsoryeducationresources,thedraftrevisionoftheCompulsoryEducationLawhasstipulatedinmanyaspects:
——Intermsoffunding,thedraftrequirescounty-levelgovernmentsWhencompilingthebudgetofthedepartment,theeducationauthorityshouldgivepreferencetoruralschoolsandweakurbanschools;theStateCouncilandlocalgovernmentsatorabovethecountylevelsetupspecialfundstosupportruralandothereconomicallyunderdevelopedareastoimplementcompulsoryeducation.
Intermsofteachingresources,thedraftrequirescounty-levelgovernmenteducationauthoritiestotakemeasurestopromotethebalancedallocationofschoolteachers;backboneteachersofpublicschoolsshouldbeorganizedtogivelectures,thereisashortageofprofessionalteachersformobileteaching,publicschoolprincipalsAndteachersmovebetweenschools.
Intermsofmanagementandsupervision,thedraftrequiresgovernmentdepartmentsatalllevelstopromotethebalanceddevelopmentofschools,andnottodivideschoolsintokeyandnon-keyinanyname;theeducationauthoritiesofthegovernmentatorabovethecountylevelshouldtakemeasuresClosethegapandsoon.
Prohibitionofarbitrarycharges
Improvethelevelofpublicfundssecurityforprimaryandsecondaryschoolsinruralcompulsoryeducation.——WenJiabao's"GovernmentWorkReport"
Foraperiodoftime,thegeneralpublichasrespondedstronglytothearbitrarychargingofeducation,whichhascausedafinancialburdenonstudentsandparents."ZhangJianhuasaid,"Inruralareas,someschoolsdonothaveacomputeranddonottakecomputerclasses,buttheyhavetoletstudentsbuycomputertextbooks.Itisreallydumbfounding."
Inordertosolvetheproblemofunreasonableeducationcharges,thedraftamendmentoftheCompulsoryEducationLawproposesmanytargetedmeasuresinresponsetodifferentsituations:
——ProhibitionoftheuseoftutoringandteachingaidsThedraftclearlystipulatesthateducationandteachingactivitieswithinthescopeofthecurriculumstandardsshallnotbecharged;thedistributionofbooksandmaterialsotherthantextbookstostudentsshallnotbecharged.Accordingtorelevantexperts,inaccordancewiththisregulation,manyarbitrarychargingbehaviorswillbeNomore"reasonable"excuses.
——Itisforbiddentoorganizestudentstoengageinprofit-makingactivities.Thedraftstipulatesthatschoolsshallnotsellorsellgoodsindisguisedformtostudentsbythemselvesorinconjunctionwithothersocialorganizationsorindividuals.Service.
——Preventtextbooksfrombecomingaprofit-makingtool.Thedraftproposestoreducethetypesoftextbooksandreducethecostoftextbooks.TherelevantcompetentdepartmentoftheStateCouncilshalldeterminethebasepriceandfluctuationrangeoftextbooksaccordingtothecurriculumstandards.
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RelevantexpertsanalyzedthatthedraftrevisionoftheCompulsoryEducationLawactuallyadoptedatwo-prongedapproachtothebehaviorofchargingindiscriminatelyineducation.“Ontheonehand,increaseinvestmentincompulsoryeducationtopreventschoolsfromreachingouttostudentsandparentsduetoinsufficientoperatingfunds;Ontheotherhand,throughtheaboveprohibitiveprovisions,itispossibletopreventindividualschoolsandteachersfromsettingupnamesandseekingpersonalgains.”
Famoussentencesofcompulsoryeducation
Learnmathematics,physicsandchemistry,andyouwillnotbeafraidtotravelallovertheworld
Thepopularizationofcomputersshouldstartfromthebaby(artificialintelligence,bigdata,deeplearning))
Expandthesamplequestionsanddrawinferences(learnfromtheteacher’ssamplequestions,andlearntodrawinferences)
LearnEnglishwell,testhigherscores,andseethebiggerworld(theuniversallanguage,Theworldissobig,ifyoulearnEnglishwell,goandsee)
Qualityeducationcanbeandisbecomingahiddentooltorealizeclassconsolidationandclasshereditary.(Bornasapoorperson,hehasalreadylostatthestartingline.PoorstudentsexperienceThereareaseriesofdisadvantages-low-qualityschoolsmeanpoor-qualitybasiceducationandlackofsupportwhenencounteringdifficulties.Inthepast,thereweretextbookexamplestolearn,andonlyhalfoftheexamcontentwaslearnedundertheburden-reductioneducation.Readingisuseless,happyeducation,Thehobbyisthebestteacher,thefailureofthecollegeentranceexaminationshowsthatIampatriotic,andthecollegeentranceexaminationabolishedEnglish/math...Icheeredforjoy,andusedtheirguessedso-calledforeignparadiseclassroomstojustifymystupidandlazylife.Intimes,it’salreadyunfortunatetobebornasapoorman.Plus,I’mstupid,andI’mnotawarethatI’vebeensold.)
Nomatterhowpooryouare,youcan’thavepooreducation.
Thenatureofeducation
ThethreebasicnaturesofChina’scompulsoryeducationarecompulsory,publicwelfare,anduniformity.
Publicwelfare
Theso-calledpublicwelfareisclearlystipulatingthat“notuition,miscellaneousfeeswillbecharged"Thepublicwelfareandfreeofchargearelinked.AsstipulatedinArticle2oftherevisedcompulsoryeducation,thestateimplementsanine-yearcompulsoryeducationsystem.Compulsoryeducationistheeducationthatallschool-agechildrenandadolescentsmustreceiveinaunifiedmannerbythestate.Publicwelfareundertakingsthatareguaranteed.Compulsoryeducationisimplemented,andtuitionandmiscellaneousfeesarenotcharged.Thestateestablishesacompulsoryeducationfundingguaranteemechanismtoensuretheimplementationofthecompulsoryeducationsystem.
Uniformity
UniformityisAconceptthatrunsthrough.Thenewlawemphasizestheimplementationofaunifiedcompulsoryeducationthroughoutthecountry.Thisunificationincludestheestablishmentofaunifiedcompulsoryeducationstagetextbooksettingstandards,teachingstandards,fundingstandards,constructionstandards,andstudentpublicuse.Fundingstandards,etc.Theseunification-relatedcontentsarereflectedintheamendmentofthelawindifferentforms.
Mandatory
Mandatoryisalsocalledcompulsory.Letschool-agechildren,Juvenilesreceivingcompulsoryeducationistheobligationoftheschool,parentsandsociety.Whoeverviolatesthisobligationwillberegulatedbythelaw.Parentsshouldbeartheresponsibilityiftheydonotsendstudentstoschool;schoolsshouldnotacceptschool-agechildrenandteenagerstogotoschool.Responsibility;ifthegovernmentdoesnotprovidecorrespondingconditions,itmustberegulatedbylaw.
Lawsandregulations
Attachment:OrderofthePresidentofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
No.52
TheCompulsoryEducationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinahasbeenThe22ndmeetingoftheStandingCommitteeoftheTenthNationalPeople’sCongressofthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasrevisedandadoptedonJune29,2006.Therevised"CompulsoryEducationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina"isnowpromulgated,sinceSeptember1,2006Fromimplementation.
HuJintao,PresidentofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
June29,2006
TheCompulsoryEducationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
MainImpact
1.Pointingoutthefundamentaldirectionofthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducation
Inthelastcentury,duetothedifferencesintheeconomicandculturallevelsofvariousregions,thecompulsoryeducationstagehasformedaregionThereisalargedevelopmentgapbetweencities,betweenurbanandruralareas,andevenbetweenschools.Withthedevelopmentoftheeconomy,thisgaphaswidened.Thenew"CompulsoryEducationLaw"bringsthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationintothetrackofthelegalsystem,andtakestheideaofbalancededucationasthefundamentalguidingideologyofthenew"CompulsoryEducationLaw".Itisembodiedinthepathofbalanceddevelopmentfromtherespectivedevelopmentinthepasttotoday.
2.Makeitclearthatcompulsoryeducationundertakestheimportantmissionofimplementingqualityeducation
Whenwepromotedcompulsoryeducationinthepast,wemainlysolvedtheproblemofchildren’sThereisnoquestionofqualityeducation.Thenew"CompulsoryEducationLaw"standsatanewhistoricalstartingpoint,putscompulsoryeducationonthetrackofimplementingqualityeducation,andregardstheimplementationofqualityeducationasanewhistoricalmissionofcompulsoryeducation.Thenew"CompulsoryEducationLaw"alsoputsemphasisoncultivatingstudents'independentthinkingability,practicalabilityandinnovationabilityasthefocusofpromotingstudents'all-rounddevelopment,andputsforwardaseriesofmeasurestoimplementqualityeducation.
3.Returntothenatureoffreecompulsoryeducation
Universaleducation,compulsoryeducationandfreeeducationaretheessentialcharacteristicsofcompulsoryeducation.FreestepscanbebasedonThenationalconditionswillbeimplementedstepbystep,butthefeatureoffreemustbeadheredto.Publicwelfareisthecharacteristicoftheentireeducationcause.Compulsoryeducationshouldbemorethorough,notonlyuniversalandcompulsory,butalsofree.Thenew"CompulsoryEducationLaw"hastakenanotherbigstepinfreeeducation,addingthecontentofnomiscellaneousfeesonthebasisofnotuitionfeesin1986.Thecentralgovernmentspendstwoyearsexemptingmiscellaneousfeesforcompulsoryeducationinruralareas;urbanareasneedtoconductin-depthinvestigationsandstudies,formulateplans,andspeeduptheprocess.
4.Furtherimprovedthemanagementsystemandstrengthenedprovincialoverallplanning
Amajorbreakthroughinthenew"CompulsoryEducationLaw"isthe"Onthebasisofthecounty-basedmanagementsystem,theoverallplanningandresponsibilitiesoftheprovincialgovernmenthavebeenfurtherincreased,andthetransitionfrom"people'seducationtothepeople'soffice"to"compulsoryeducationgovernment-run"isbeingpracticed.Itturnedoutthatwhenthetownshiplevelwasunabletotakeresponsibility,theoverallplanningresponsibilitywasplacedatthecountylevel.Thecountylevelbasicallyeatsfinancialresourcesandcannotaffordit.Thedevelopmentofthecausemustincreasetheresponsibilityoftheprovinciallevel.Forthebalanceddevelopmentofeducation,increasingtheprotectionofruraleducationfunds,andstrengtheningsupportforpoverty-strickenareas,provincialoverallplanningisveryimportant.Thisisalsoahighlightofthenew"CompulsoryEducationLaw."
5.Establishedaguaranteemechanismforcompulsoryeducationfunding
The"threeincreases"ofcompulsoryeducationfundingwereonceagainclarified;theestablishmentofruralcompulsoryeducationfundingThesharingmechanismisdividedintoprojectsandproportionately;thecompulsoryeducationbudgetisseparatelylisted;thespecialtransferpaymentforcompulsoryeducationisregulated;thespecialfundforcompulsoryeducationisestablished.Throughthesechannels,arelativelycompletefundingguaranteemechanismforcompulsoryeducationhasbeenestablished.
6.Guaranteetheequalrighttoreceivecompulsoryeducation
Thenew"CompulsoryEducationLaw"emphasizestheobligationtoacceptthechildrenofnon-hukouregistrationareas,especiallythechildrenofmigrantsTheissueofeducation;itisdeterminedthatthepeople'sgovernmentoftheplacewherethechildrenofthefloatingpopulationlivemustprovidethemwithequalconditionsforreceivingcompulsoryeducation,whichwillplayakeyroleinthesmoothprogressofurbanization.
7.Standardizetheschool-runningbehaviorofcompulsoryeducation
Inthepast,ourschool-runningbehaviorofcompulsoryeducationwasmainlyregulatedfromthepolicy.Thenew"CompulsoryEducationTheLawisrelativelyimportantinregulatingthebehaviorofrunningschoolsincompulsoryeducation:first,schoolsmustnotbedividedintokeyschoolsandnon-keyschools,andschoolsshouldnotbedividedintokeyandnon-keyclasses.Thekeyistoequitablyallocateresourcesandpoliciestoschools,andtheremustbenotiltinpolicies,funds,andresources.Thisarticlereflectsthestrongdesireofthewholesocietyforeducationfairness.Thesecondisthatthenatureofpublicschoolsmustnotbechangedordisguisedinanyname,thatis,"aprestigiousschoolcannotbetransformedintoaprivateschool."ThethirdistheprovisionsofArticle25,“Schoolsmustnotchargefeesinviolationofnationalregulations,andmustnotseekbenefitsbysellingordisguisingproductsorservicestostudents.”
8.Establishedanewteacherpositionsystemforcompulsoryeducation
Inthepast,ourprimaryandsecondaryschoolteachers’positionsweredividedintoprimaryandsecondaryschools.Intermediateandadvancedlevelscorrespondtoteachingassistants,lecturers,andassociateprofessors,butelementaryschoolsdonot.Thenew"CompulsoryEducationLaw"hasopenedupthesequenceofteacherpositionsinthecompulsoryeducationstage.Thedifferencebetweenelementaryandmiddleschoolsnolongerexists.Elementary,intermediate,andadvancedlevelscorrespondtoteachingassistants,lecturers,andassociateprofessors.Elementaryschoolteacherscanalsoevaluateassociateprofessors.Itisagreatencouragement.Infact,thetitlesofseniormiddleschoolteachersestablishedinthepasttoteachinelementaryschoolsarenotstandardized.Thisnewregulationisagreatincentivetomobilizetheenthusiasmofteachersanddisplaytheirtalents.Especiallyletelementaryschoolteachersseetheprospectsfortheirowndevelopmentandimprovement,whichisagospeltoelementaryschoolteachers.Thisbrand-newsystemhasmadenewbreakthroughsintheteacherpositionsystem.Ofcourse,somesupportingregulationsareneeded.
9.Enhancetheoperabilityoftheenforcementofthe"CompulsoryEducationLaw"
Completelystipulatethelegalresponsibilitiesofthe"CompulsoryEducationLaw",inArticle63Tenarticlesstipulatelegalresponsibilities,andraisetheenforcementandoperabilityofthe"CompulsoryEducationLaw"toanunprecedentedheight.Anditregulates22kindsofillegalactsthatviolatethe"CompulsoryEducationLaw"andtheirlegalresponsibilities.Althoughthepast18"CompulsoryEducationLaws"haveplayedagreathistoricalrole,theyarerelativelypoorinoperability.Thenew"CompulsoryEducationLaws"completelymakeupforthisshortcoming,greatlyenhanceoperability,andincreaselawenforcement.Intensity.
Implementationcase
DeputytotheNationalPeople’sCongress:Implementinga12-yearcompulsoryeducation
Boththe2008and2009NationalCommitteeshaveDeputiestotheNationalPeople'sCongresssuggestedthatcompulsoryeducationshouldbeimplementedfor12years.Somesuggestedthatkindergartensshouldbeincluded,andsomesuggestedthathighschoolsshouldbeincluded.However,bothtimeswererejectedbytheMinisterofEducationZhouJionthegroundsthateconomicconditionsdidnotallowitandthecountrycouldnotaffordit.Thisreasoncausedanuproarinthepublicopinion.
Inpractice,ShenmuCounty,ShaanxiProvincehasachievedtwelveyearsoffreecompulsoryeducation(includinghighschool)in2008,andachievedfreemedicalcareforallpeopleandfreecentralizedsupportfortheelderlyandthedisabledin2009.Realized15yearsoffreeeducationfrompreschooltohighschool.
In2008,KunmingCity,YunnanProvinceannouncedtheimplementationofa12-yearcompulsoryeducationpilot.In2009,itannouncedthatthereformhadfailedanditwaspostponedindefinitely.Beijingannouncedthatitisstudyingpreparationsfortheimplementationof12-yearcompulsoryeducation.
Asthescientificconceptofdevelopmentpenetratesthepeople,thetwelve-yearcompulsoryeducationwillinevitablybetransformedfromthepreparationofpublicopiniontotheimplementationofthelaw.Thisisaninevitablehistoricalprogress,butitneedsthepromotionofalllevelsofsociety.
HenanDepartmentofEducation:Graduallyimplementfreestudentcardscontainingstudentstatusinformation
May1,2014"ImplementationRulesfortheManagementofStudentStatusinCompulsoryEducationinHenanProvince(Trial)"officiallyimplemented.
ThestudentstatusmanagementinHenanProvinceusestheNationalPrimaryandSecondarySchoolStudentStatusInformationManagementSystem.Thestudentstatusnumberisbasedonthestudent'sresidentIDnumber,whichisunique.Studentstatusmanagementimplementsoneperson,onenumber,andthestatusgoeswitheachpersonandremainsunchangedforlife.Inthefuture,freestudentcardscontainingstudentstatusinformationwillbegraduallyimplemented.
Schoolsshouldestablishastudentstatusfileforastudentwithin1monthfromthedateofenrollment,whichshouldincludenotonlythebasicinformationofthestudentstatus,informationchanges,etc.,butalsothestudent’sstudentstatusinformationcertificationmaterialsandphysicalhealthTestandhealthcheck-upinformation,vaccinationinformation,award-winninginformationduringschool,andcomprehensivequalitydevelopmentreport,etc.Inaddition,participationincommunityservice,socialpractice,sportsskillsandartisticexpertisemustalsobereflectedinthestudentrecord.
HenanProvincialDepartmentofEducation:Theschoolshallnotorderstudentstorepeatordropout
TheschoolstrictlyprohibitsacceptingunderagestudentsundersixyearsofageEnrollment.Duringthecompulsoryeducationstage,theschoolcannotorderstudentstorepeat,transfer,suspendordropoutofschool,andcannotexpelstudents.Studentswillnotbetransferredduringtheperiodofsuspensionandpunishment.
Inaddition,compulsoryeducationgenerallydoesnotallowskippinggrades.Forstudentswhoareparticularlyexcellentinmoral,intellectual,physical,andaesthetics,andhaveadvancedlearningcapabilitiesthatreallyneedtoskipagrade,theirlegalguardiancansubmitawrittenapplicationforskippingagrade.Afterreviewandapproval,theycanskipagrade,anditislimitedtothescopeoftheschool.
HenanProvincialDepartmentofEducation:Foursituationscanbetransferred
Studentswithoneofthefollowingfoursituationsshouldbeallowedtotransfer:thestudent’sparentsorotherlegalrequirementsTheguardian'shouseholdregistrationistransferredacrossprovinces,cities,counties(cities,districts)oracrossschooldistricts,townships(towns)withinthecounty(city,district);parentsorotherlegalguardiansofstudentsgoabroad(border)forworkandsupportforalongtimeonbusinessForreasonssuchasfrontierconstruction,activemilitarypersonnel(includingarmedpolice),theirchildrenlivewithrelativesinplacesotherthantheirhouseholdregistration;childrenofschool-agechildrenofthemigrantpopulationmoveacrossprovinces,cities,counties(cities,districts);childrenofmigrantworkersGotoschoolintheplaceofinflow.
Thetransferisgenerallyhandledwithintwomonthsafterthestartofthenewsemester.Thetransfer-inandtransfer-outschoolandtheschoolregistrationauthoritiesofbothpartiesshallcompletethetransferofstudentstatuswithin10workingdaysrespectively.
ThePolitburo:TakespecialmeasurestosupportthedevelopmentofsouthernXinjiang
OnMay26,2014,thePolitburooftheCentralCommitteeheldameetingtostudyfurtherpromotingsocialstabilityinXinjiangWorkwithlong-termpeaceandstability.XiJinping,GeneralSecretaryoftheCPCCentralCommittee,presidedoverthemeeting.Themeetingheldthatitisnecessarytoseverelycombatviolentterroristactivitiesasthefocusofthecurrentstruggle,sothattheinfiltrationandspreadofreligiousextremistforcesandviolentterroristactivitiescanbecontained.AndtakespecialmeasurestosupportthedevelopmentofsouthernXinjiangandstrengthentheXPCC'scapacitytomaintainstabilityanddefendborders.ComprehensivelyimprovethequalityofeducationatalllevelsandtypesofschoolsinXinjiang,andimplementfreehighschooleducationinsouthernXinjiang.
MinistryofEducation:Compulsoryeducationschoolsshallnotholdentranceexaminations
OnAugust6,2014,theEducationBureauissuedthe"ManagementStandardsforCompulsoryEducationSchools(Trial)"".
Compulsoryeducationschoolsmustadheretotheprincipleoffreeentranceexaminations,anddonotholdanyformofentranceorentranceexaminations,anddonotusevariouscompetitions,gradeexaminations,andawardcertificatesasthebasisforstudents'entranceoradvancement.
Accordingtonationallawsandregulationsandtherelevantprovisionsoftheeducationadministrativedepartment,implementtheenrollmentplan,disclosethescope,procedure,time,andresults,andensuretheequalrightofschool-agechildrenandadolescentstoreceivecompulsoryeducation.Implementbalancedclasses,regardlessofkeyclassesandnon-keyclasses.Relevantpersonnelareinvitedtoparticipateintheclassarrangementprocessandacceptsupervisionfromallparties.Implementafeepublicitysystemandstrictlyimplementthestate'sregulationsonfreecompulsoryeducation.
MinistryofEducation:Establishinga"DropoutControlandGuaranteedSchool"workingmechanism
OnAugust6,2014,theEducationBureauannouncedtheestablishmentofthe"DropoutControlandGuaranteedSchool"workmechanism.
Schoolsneedtoactivelycontacttheparentsofdropoutstudentsandactivelyhelpstudentsreturntoschoolinresponsetothereasonsfordropout.Strengthenteachermanagementandprofessionalethicsconstruction.Teachersarerequiredtorespectstudents’personalities,refrainfromsarcasm,sarcasm,ordiscriminateagainststudents,donotpunishstudentsphysicallyorindisguisedforms,acceptgiftsfromstudentsorparents,anddonotengageinpaidsupplementarylessons.Careaboutteachers'livingconditionsandphysicalandmentalhealth,oftenorganizevariousactivities,andarrangeregularphysicalexaminationsforteachers.
Significance
Compulsoryeducationisauniversal,compulsory,andfreeschooleducationthatisuniformlyimplementedforallschool-agechildrenandadolescentsinaccordancewiththelaw.Itisthebasisforimprovingthequalityofthenation.Thestartingpointforachievingsocialjustice.Receivingcompulsoryeducationisabasicrightofcitizens,implementingcompulsoryeducationisanimportantdutyofthegovernment,andsupportingcompulsoryeducationisthecommontaskofthewholesociety.
CompulsoryeducationhasalwaysbeenthetoppriorityofChina'seducationreformanddevelopment.Atthebeginningofthiscentury,Chinahasachievedthegoalofuniversalizingnine-yearcompulsoryeducation,andfirstlysolvedtheproblemofschool-agechildrenandadolescents"gettingtoschool"asstipulatedbylaw.Aftercompulsoryeducationisfullyuniversalizedandfree,thestatehasmadeitclearthatthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationisthetoppriorityofcompulsoryeducation,andwemuststrivetoachievethegoaloflettingallschool-agechildrenandadolescents"gotoschool."
Compulsoryeducationisabasicpublicserviceforallschool-agechildrenandadolescents.Itisthelegalresponsibilityofthegovernmenttoprovideabasicallybalancedcompulsoryeducation.Everyschool-agechildandadolescentshouldhaveequalopportunitiestoreceivequalitycompulsoryeducation.Thenatureofcompulsoryeducationdeterminesthatcompulsoryeducationmustdevelopinabalancedmanner.
Itmustbenotedthatthetaskofadvancingbalanceddevelopmentismorearduousandcomplicatedthanthetaskofrealizingpopularization,anditwilltakelonger.Atpresent,theunbalancedcontradictionsbetweenregions,urbanandruralareas,andschoolsarestillprominent.Promotingthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationintheregionwillbeaccompaniedbytheentireprocessofreducingthedifferencesinthelevelofrunningschoolsbetweenschoolsandimprovingtheoverallqualityofeducation;promotingurbanandruralobligationsThebalanceddevelopmentofeducationwillbeaccompaniedbytheentireprocessofurban-ruralintegrationandthegradualreductionofurban-ruraldifferences;promotingthebalanceddevelopmentofinter-regionalcompulsoryeducationwillbeaccompaniedbytheentireprocessofsolvingregionaleconomicandsocialimbalancesandimprovingtheeducationlevelinthecentralandwesternregions.
Inaccordancewiththerequirementsofthe"OutlineofEducationPlan"and"OutlineoftheTwelfthFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChina",alllocalitiesshouldtaketheopportunityofsigningamemorandumonthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationtoclarifythebalanceofcompulsoryeducationTimetableandroadmapfordevelopment,inspiringspirits,andworkinghardtoachievethegoalsandtasksofthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationasscheduled.
Mainpolicies
In2005,theMinistryofEducationissuedthe"OpinionsonFurtherPromotingtheBalancedDevelopmentofCompulsoryEducation",requiringalllocalitiestopromotethebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationasaftertherealizationofthe"twobases"Animportanttaskforthedevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationistostudyandformulategoals,tasks,implementationstepsandpolicymeasuresforthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationintheregion.
In2006,theMinistryofEducationheldanationalon-siteexperienceexchangemeetingonpromotingthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationinChengdu,requiringthreetofiveyearstomakeeffortstoachieveamorereasonableallocationofcompulsoryeducationresourcesintheregion.
In2009,theMinistryofEducationheldanationalon-siteexperienceexchangemeetingonpromotingthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationinHandanCity,HebeiProvince,carefullysummedupandexchangedeffectivepracticesandexperiencesinpromotingthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationinvariousregions,andcommendedthepromotionobligationAdvancedareasforbalanceddevelopmentofeducation,andputforwardaphasedgoalofstrivingtoachieveapreliminarybalanceofcompulsoryeducationintheregionby2012andabasicbalanceofcompulsoryeducationintheregionby2020.
In2010,theMinistryofEducationissuedthe"OpinionsonImplementingtheScientificOutlookonDevelopmentandFurtherPromotingtheBalancedDevelopmentofCompulsoryEducation",whichclearlyputforwardthegoalofbalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducation,andrationallyallocateeducationalresourcestoimprovefundingsecurityProvideguidanceonthelevel,systemconstructionandmechanisminnovation,andimprovethelevelofeducationandteaching,soastopromotethebalanceddevelopmentandenhancementofcompulsoryeducation.
In2011,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofthe"EducationPlanningOutline",theMinistryofEducationformulatedasub-planforcompulsoryeducationandasub-planforteacherteambuilding,andstartedthestandardizationconstructionprojectforcompulsoryeducationschoolstogetherwithrelevantdepartmentstodeepentheobligationTheeducationfundingguaranteemechanism,thespecialpostplanforprimaryandsecondaryschoolteachers,thenationalteachertrainingplan,therenovationplanforweakruralschools,andtheschoolbuildingsafetyprojectforprimaryandsecondaryschoolshaveincreasedsupportforthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationinvariousregions.
InMarch2011,theMinistryofEducationsignedamemorandumonthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationwith16provinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesincludingBeijingtofurtherpromotethebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationattheprovincialandministeriallevel.ThememorandumclarifiestheresponsibilitiesandtasksoftheMinistryofEducationandtheprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment.Eachprovincehasonecharacteristic,andhighlightsthepertinenceandoperability.Subsequently,theMinistryofEducationwillalsosignamemorandumonthebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationwithotherprovinces(regions).
Thisreformbeganin2006andplanstograduallyrolloutacrossthecountryinfiveyears.Sincethebeginningofschoolinthespringof2006,12provincesinthewest,theXinjiangConstructionCorps,andsomecountiesandcitiesinthecentralregionthatenjoythewesternpolicyhavefullyimplementedreforms.Promoteitinruralareasandfocusonconsolidationinthreeyears.Thebasicprincipleofthisreformisto“clarifytheresponsibilitiesatalllevels,sharetheresponsibilityofthecentralandlocalgovernments,increasefiscalrevenue,improvethelevelofsecurity,andorganizetheimplementationstepbystep”,andgraduallyincorporatecompulsoryeducationinruralareasintothescopeofpublicfinancialsecurity.Fordifferentcontentofeducationexpenditures,anewmechanismforensuringfundsforruralcompulsoryeducation,whichisdividedintoprojectsbythecentral,provincial,municipal,andcounty(district),issharedinproportion,andthefundsarecoordinatedattheprovinciallevelandmanagedbythecounty.Inadditiontoincreasingtheguaranteeoffacultyandstaffsalariesunderthecurrentsystem,publicexpenditures,schoolbuildingmaintenanceandrenovationfunds,andfundingforstudentsfrompoorfamilies,etc.,arepaidbythecentralgovernmentbasedontheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandfinancialconditionsofeachregion.Implementdifferentsharingratiostoensure.
OnJuly30,2008,PremierWenJiabaooftheStateCouncilpresidedoveranexecutivemeetingoftheStateCounciltostudyanddeploythecomprehensiveexemptionoftuitionandmiscellaneousfeesforstudentsintheurbancompulsoryeducationstage.Themeetingdecidedthatstartingfromthefallsemesterof2008,alltuitionandmiscellaneousfeesforstudentsinurbancompulsoryeducationwillbeexemptednationwide.Forcompulsoryeducationstudentsfromfamiliesenjoyingtheminimumlivingsecuritypolicyforurbanresidents,continuetoprovidefreetextbooks,andsubsidizelivingexpensesforboardingstudentswhosefamilieshavefinancialdifficulties.
InJune2020,thecentralgovernmentallocated169.59billionyuaninurbanandruralcompulsoryeducationsubsidiesfor2020,anincreaseof13.06billionyuanor8.3%overthepreviousyear.Subsidyfundsfocusonsupportingthelocalimplementationoftheurbanandruralcompulsoryeducationfundingguaranteemechanism,andtheimplementationofthespecialpostplanforruralcompulsoryeducationteachersandthenutritionimprovementplanforstudents.
Deepeningthereformoftheruralcompulsoryeducationfundingguaranteemechanismistosolvetheproblemofruralcompulsoryeducationfundingguaranteefromthesystemandmechanism,andfullyincorporateruralcompulsoryeducationintothescopeoffinancialguarantee.Itcanalsobesaidthatruralschoolsinthecompulsoryeducationstagearetheunitsthatbenefitmostfromthenewmechanism.Regardlessofresponsibilities,obligations,andbenefits,ourruralprimaryandsecondaryschoolsshouldstandinthepositionofprotectingthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofschoolsandstudents,andbeobjective.Truly,comprehensivelyandmeticulouslyreflectthebasicneedsofschooleducationandteachingforfunds,andactivelyprepareschoolbudgets.Whetherthenewmechanismcanbesuccessfullyimplemented,managementisthekey.Therefore,wemusttakethisreformasanopportunitytoestablishandimproveastandardizedbudgetsystemforruralprimaryandsecondaryschoolstoensurethateachschool'sexpenditureisbased,sourced,guaranteed,effective,andsupervised.
"NoticeoftheStateCouncilonDeepeningtheReformoftheRuralCompulsoryEducationFundingGuaranteeMechanism"
I.Fullyunderstandthesignificanceofdeepeningthereformoftheruralcompulsoryeducationfundguaranteemechanism
2.Themaincontentofdeepeningthereformofruralcompulsoryeducationfundingguaranteemechanism
(1)Alltuitionandmiscellaneousfeesforruralcompulsoryeducationstudentsareexempted,textbooksareprovidedforstudentsfrompoorfamiliesandthelivingexpensesofboardingstudentsaresubsidized.
(2)Improvethelevelofpublicfundssecurityforprimaryandsecondaryschoolsinruralcompulsoryeducation.
(3)Establishalong-termmechanismforthemaintenanceandrenovationofprimaryandsecondaryschoolbuildingsinruralcompulsoryeducation.
(4)Consolidateandimprovethesalaryguaranteemechanismforruralprimaryandsecondaryschoolteachers.
3.Implementationstepsofreformingruralcompulsoryeducationfundingguaranteemechanism
(1)In2006,allprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsinruralcompulsoryeducationinthewesternregionwereexemptedfromtuitionandmiscellaneousfees;Regionalruralprimaryandsecondaryschoolsinthecompulsoryeducationstagewillarrangepublicfundingsubsidiestoimprovethelevelofpublicfundingsecurity;anewmechanismforensuringfundsforthemaintenanceandrenovationofschoolbuildingsinruralprimaryandsecondaryschoolsacrossthecountryhasbeenlaunched.
(2)In2007,allelementaryandmiddleschoolstudentsinruralcompulsoryeducationinthecentralandeasternregionswereexemptedfromtuitionandmiscellaneousfees;thecentralgovernmentalsoarrangedpublicsubsidiesforprimaryandsecondaryschoolsinruralcompulsoryeducationinthecentralandeasternregions,Improvethelevelofpublicfundssecurity.
(3)In2008,thepublicexpendituresforprimaryandsecondaryschoolstudentsinruralareasofcompulsoryeducationallreachedthebasicstandardforpublicexpendituresperstudentpromulgatedbytheprovince(region,city)beforethebeginningofthefallsemesterof2005;thecentralfinancialarrangementFundingtoexpandthecoverageoffreetextbooks.
(4)In2009,thecentralgovernmentissuedabenchmarkquotaforpublicfundsforprimaryandsecondaryschoolsinruralcompulsoryeducation.Thebasicstandardofpublicexpenditureperstudentsetbyeachprovince(autonomousregion,municipality)islowerthanthedifferenceofthebenchmarkquota,and50%isallocatedfortheyear.Therequiredfundsarejointlybornebythecentralandlocalfinancesinaccordancewiththeproportionoffreetuitionandmiscellaneousfees.
(5)In2010,thebenchmarkquotasofpublicfundsforprimaryandsecondaryschoolsinruralcompulsoryeducationwillbefullyimplemented.
Thereformofthefundingguaranteemechanismforprimaryandsecondaryschoolsinthecompulsoryeducationstageofagriculturalreclamation,forestfarms,etc.,willbeimplementedsimultaneouslywiththeruralareasinwhichtheyarelocated,andtherequiredfundingwillbeguaranteedinaccordancewiththecurrentsystem.Urbancompulsoryeducationshouldalsograduallyimprovethefundingguaranteemechanism.Thespecificimplementationmethodwillbedeterminedbythelocalgovernment,andtherequiredfundingwillbebornebythelocalgovernment.Amongthem,studentsinthecompulsoryeducationstageoffamiliesenjoyingtheminimumlivingsecuritypolicyforurbanresidentsenjoythe“twoexemptionsandonesubsidy”policysimultaneouslywithlocalruralprimaryandsecondaryschoolstudents;Studentsinurbancompulsoryeducationenjoythesamepolicy.
Four.Strengthenleadershipandensureimplementation
(1)Strengthenorganizationalleadershipanddoagoodjobofcoordinationandcooperation.
(2)Implementresponsibilitysharingandstrengthenfundmanagement.
(3)Acceleratethecomprehensivereformofeducation.
(4)Worktogethertomanageandstrengthensupervisionandinspection.
(5)Intensifypublicitywork.
(6)Strengthensafetyeducationandmanagement.
OnMay27,2017,thecompulsoryeducationstageofprimaryandsecondaryschooltextbooksinJiangsuProvinceachievedfullcoverageofgreenprinting.
Developmentprocess
InthehistoryofChineseeducation,in1904,primaryeducationwasstipulatedascompulsoryeducation.The"CompulsoryEducationLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina"passedattheFourthSessionoftheSixthNationalPeople'sCongressonApril12,1986stipulatesthatthecountryimplementsnine-yearcompulsoryeducation.Requireprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmenttodeterminethestepstoimplementcompulsoryeducationbasedontheeconomicandculturaldevelopmentoftheregion.ThelawcameintoeffectonJuly1ofthesameyear.ThisisthemostimportanteducationlawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinasincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,markingthatChinahasestablishedacompulsoryeducationsystem.InDecember2005,theStateCouncilissuedthe"NoticeonDeepeningtheReformofRuralCompulsoryEducationFundingGuaranteeMechanism"tograduallyincorporateruralcompulsoryeducationintothescopeofpublicfinancialguarantees,andestablishcentralandlocalsub-projectsandproportionallyshareruralcompulsoryeducationfunds.Guaranteethenewmechanism.Thishaslaidaverygoodfoundationforcompulsoryeducationlegislation.
Thenew"CompulsoryEducationLaw"willbeimplementedonSeptember1,2006.ThenewlyrevisedCompulsoryEducationLawfinallyclarified:"Thestatewillfullyincorporatecompulsoryeducationintothescopeoffinancialguarantees,andtheStateCouncilandlocalpeople'sgovernmentsatalllevelsshallguaranteethefundsforcompulsoryeducationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthislaw.""Compulsoryeducationgovernment-run"isarealchange.Thecountryhasrealizedthepopularizationofnine-yearcompulsoryeducationnationwide.Withthedevelopmentofsocialeconomy,highschooleducationorpre-schooleducationhasbeenincludedinthescopeofcompulsoryeducation,sothattheimplementationoftwelve-yearcompulsoryeducationhasalreadymettherealisticconditions.ChinaThismeasurehasbeentriedoutinafewareas,butitismainlyconcentratedindevelopedareassuchascoastalareasandhasnotbeenwidelyspread.SomemembersoftheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConferenceproposedthatthe12-yearcompulsoryeducationshouldbepopularizedthroughoutthecountry.Therearedifferentopinionsinthesociety.Somescholarsbelievethatthetimeisnotyetripe,andsomescholarsbelievethatChina'sbasicconditionsarealreadyinplace.Therefore,theproposaltopopularizetwelve-yearcompulsoryeducationnationwideisstillunderfurtherdemonstration.
TheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilissuedthe"SeveralOpinionsonComprehensivelyDeepeningRuralReformandAcceleratingtheAdvancementofAgriculturalModernization."Article29reads:Acceleratetheimprovementofthebasicconditionsforrunningcompulsoryschoolsinruralareas,andappropriatelyimproveruralcompulsoryeducationstudents.Equalizepublicexpenditurestandards,supportandstandardizeruralprivateeducation,effectivelyintegratevariousruralculturalprojectsandresources,promotethestandardizationofcountyandtownshippublicculturalandsportsfacilitiesandservices,strengthenthestandardizedmanagementofruralminimumlivingsecurity,andcarryoutruralpublicservicestandardizationpilotwork.
MainlandChina
CountyGovernmentResponsibilities
Thecounty-levelgovernmenthasthemainresponsibilityforthedevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationintheregion,emphasizingmanagementItisverynecessarytofocusonthecounty.Inthepast,therewasapracticeoffocusingoncountiesinsomeareas,whichmadethepowerandfinancialpowerofcompulsoryeducationasymmetryanddampenedtheenthusiasmofthegrassrootsgovernmenttomanageandimplementcompulsoryeducation.County-basedmanagementismanifestedintwoaspects:
Thefirstistomanagefundswell.Inadditiontothecounty-levelgovernmentundertakingthefundsinaccordancewiththeproportiondeterminedbytheprovincialgovernment,amoreimportanttaskistomanageandusethefundswell.Allthefundsforcompulsoryeducationshouldbeincludedinthebudget,ascientific,standardized,efficientandquickfundallocationsystemshouldbeestablished,andfundsshouldbeallocatedscientificallyandrationallytoensurethatthefundsareinplaceintimeandinfull.Establishandimprovevariousfinancialmanagementsystemsforruralprimaryandsecondaryschools,strengthensupervisionandinspection,andimprovetheefficiencyoffunduse;
Thesecondistoberesponsiblefortheimplementationofcompulsoryeducation.Includingtheplanning,setting,layoutadjustment,andmanagementofcompulsoryeducationschools,guidingschooleducationandteaching,ensuringschoolsafety,cultivatingteachers,arrangingteachersinabalancedmanner,andorganizingtheflowofprincipalsandteachersofpublicschoolsforcompulsoryeducationintheadministrativearea.
Theprimaryresponsibilityoftheprovincialgovernment
Theprovincialgovernmentisthehighestadministrativeagencyinthelocalityandisresponsibleforvariouslocalpublicutilitiesincludingcompulsoryeducation.Primaryresponsibility.Judgingfromthesituation,theprovincialgovernmentisstillfarfromtherequirementsofpublicservicefunctions.Emphasizingoverallplanningattheprovinciallevelistoincreasetheresponsibilitiesattheprovinciallevel.Thisisacontentofthenewsystemthatdeservesattention.
Theprovincialgovernmentoneimportantcoordinatestheimplementationofruralcompulsoryeducationfundingwithinitsjurisdiction,determinesthefundingsharingresponsibilitiesofgovernmentsatalllevelsbelowtheprovince,andimplementstransferpaymentsarrangedbythecentralgovernmentandlocalgovernmentsatalllevelsThefundsthatshouldbeassumed,theamountofcompulsoryeducationfundscorrespondingtotheirresponsibilitiesandfinancialresources,andtheformulationofvariouspoliciesandmeasuresforthereformofthefundingguaranteemechanismwithinthejurisdiction;
SecondimportanttocoordinatetheobligationswithintheprovinceTheorganizationandcoordinationofeducationwork,formulatetheprovince’scompulsoryeducationpolicies,plans,andvariousstandardsforcompulsoryeducation,coordinatetheallocationofeducationalresources,andpromotethebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducationintheprovince.Regardlessoftheinputsystemorthemanagementsystem,theoverallplanningroleoftheprovincialgovernmentisveryimportant.Iftheprovincialgovernmentcaneffectivelyshoulderthisresponsibilityandstraightenoutthesystembelowtheprovince,relatedproblemswillbeeasiertosolve.
HongKong
EducationisthelargestiteminthetotalexpenditureoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionGovernment,anditsexpenditurebudgetexceedsone-fifthofthetotalexpenditure.
BasiceducationSystem
HongKong’sschoolsystemincludestwoorthreeyearsofearlychildhoodeducation,followedbysixyearsPrimaryeducation,threeyearsofjuniorhighschooleducation,twoyearsofhighschooleducation,twoyearsofsixthformeducation(equivalenttopre-university),andthreeyearsoftertiaryeducation.AllkindergartensinHongKongareorganizedbyassociationsandprivateindividuals,andtheyareprivateschools.
HongKong’searlychildhoodeducation(alsoknownaspre-schooleducation)isdividedintotwosystems.OneisakindergartenunderthejurisdictionoftheEducationDepartmentoftheHongKongGovernment.TheothersystemisakindergartenunderthejurisdictionoftheSocialWelfareDepartmentoftheHongKongGovernment.
Accordingtothesourceoffundingandthenatureofthemanagementorganization,HongKongeducationincludes:
1.Governmentschoolsarealsocalledgovernmentschools.Theschoolbuildingsarebuiltbythegovernment,theprincipalsandteachersarelistedascivilservants,andthefundsarepaidbythegovernment.
2.Aidedschoolsarealsocalledsubsidizedschools.Associations(includingchurches,charitableorganizations,fellowvillagers'associations,etc.)orprivatenon-profit-makingschoolsreceiveallgovernmentfunding.
3.Privateboughtplaceschool.Inaprivatelyestablishedandoperatedsecondaryschool,part(orall)ofthejuniorhighschooldegreeis"buy"bythetuitionfeecollectedbythegovernment.These"buy"degrees,likedegreesingovernmentschoolsandaidedschools,areuniformlyallocatedbythegovernment.
4.Independentschool.Therearenoprivateschoolsthatareoperatedbyprivateorganizationsorindividuals,andhavenotreceivedfundingorbuyplaces.
AmongtheprimaryschoolsinHongKong,therearemorethan400aidedprimaryschools,accountingforthevastmajority;therearemorethan70privateprimaryschoolsandnearly50governmentprimaryschools,theleastnumber.
SecondaryEducation
Aftergraduatingfromelementaryschool,studentscanbeassignedtopubliclyfundedjuniorhighschoolstostudyingovernment,subsidizedandprivateboughtplacehighschools(acceptPrivateschoolsinwhichthegovernmentallocatesstudentsandcollecttuitionfromthegovernmentarecalledbuy-placeschools).Sincetheimplementationof9yearsoffreecompulsoryeducationinSeptember1978,6yearsofprimaryschooland3yearsofjuniorhighschoolhavebeenfreecompulsoryeducation.
Accordingtothe"EducationRegulations",parentswhodonotsendtheirchildrentoschoolwithoutgoodreasonmustbeimprisonedfor3monthsandfined5,000yuan.Aftergraduatingfromjuniorhighschool,accordingtothe"averageselectionrate"allocationmethod,theeducationauthoritywillselectthreestudentsforpromotiontothesecondaryfourdegreesofgovernment,sponsored,andprivatehighschoolsbasedonthestudents'schoolperformanceandthechoicesoftheirparents.Studentscanalsochoosetoentertechnicalcollegesandindustrialtrainingcentersforadvancedtechnicalcourses.Onthewhole,HongKonghasbasicallyuniversalizedsecondaryeducation.
Amongthethreetypesofgovernment,aidedandprivatemiddleschools,aidedschoolsarethemost,about320;privateschoolsarethesecond,withnearly90;governmentmiddleschoolsaretheleast,about40.
NewRegulations
Accordingtothe"ImplementationRulesfortheManagementofPrimaryandSecondarySchoolStudents'StudentStatus(Trial)"ofGuangdongProvincethathasbeenofficiallyimplemented,theschoolshallprovidetheToestablishastudent’sstudentstatusfile,thecompetentauthorityshallpromptlyapprovethestudent’sstudentstatusthroughtheelectronicstudentstatussystem.Thestudentstatusnumberisgeneratedonthebasisofthestudent’sresidentIDnumber,oneforeachperson,andremainsunchangedforlife.
The"DetailedRegulations"clearlystipulatesthatduringthe9-yearcompulsoryeducationperiod,theschoolshallnotpersuadeorexpelstudentsforanyreason.Forstudentswhoviolatedisciplinesandfailtocorrectthemafterrepeatedinstruction,dependingontheseverityofthecircumstances,theschoolcanonlypunishstudentsinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofprimaryandsecondaryschoolsGivewarnings,seriouswarnings,anddemerits.
The"DetailedRegulations"alsoclarifiedthat"studentswhohavecomprehensivedevelopmentinmoral,intellectual,physical,etc.,haveoutstandingacademicperformance,andhavereachedtheacademicabilityofthefirstgradeinadvance,canapplyforskippinggradesbythestudentsthemselvesandtheirparents.Theschoolconductsacomprehensiveassessmentandsubmitsittotheeducationadministrativedepartmentatorabovethecountylevel(forgeneralhighschools,awrittenreporttotheeducationadministrativedepartmentatthecitylevelorabove)forapproval,andonelevelcanbeskipped."
ReformSuggestions
OnJune23,2019,theOpinionsoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilonDeepeningEducationandTeachingReformandComprehensivelyImprovingtheQualityofCompulsoryEducation
Thequalityofcompulsoryeducationisrelatedtothehealthygrowthofhundredsofmillionsofchildrenandthedevelopmentofthecountry.It'saboutthefutureofthenation.InordertothoroughlyimplementthespiritoftheNineteenthNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandthedeploymentoftheNationalEducationConference,acceleratethemodernizationofeducation,buildastrongeducationcountry,andruneducationthatsatisfiesthepeople,weherebyputforwardthefollowingopinionsondeepeningeducationandteachingreformandcomprehensivelyimprovingthequalityofcompulsoryeducation.
1.Persevereinestablishingmoralityandfosteringpeople,andfocusoncultivatingnewcomersoftheerawhoareresponsiblefornationalrejuvenation
Second,adheretothe"fiveeducation"simultaneously,andcomprehensivelydevelopqualityeducation
3.Strengthentheroleofthemainpositionintheclassroomandeffectivelyimprovethequalityofclassroomteaching
4.Buildateamofhigh-qualityandprofessionalteachersinaccordancewiththestandardof"FourGoodTeachers"
5.ThekeytodeepeningReformofthefieldtocreateconditionsforimprovingthequalityofeducation
VI.Strengthenorganizationalleadershipandcreateaneweraofcompulsoryeducationreformanddevelopment
QualityEvaluation
"GuidelinesforCompulsoryEducationQualityEvaluation"
Inordertoimplementtheimportantinstructionsof"BreakingtheFiveStandards"putforwardbyGeneralSecretaryJinPingattheNationalEducationConference,accordingtotherequirementsoftherelevantcentraldocuments,theCentralEducationWorkLeadingGroupAgree,theMinistryofEducationandothersixdepartmentsjointlyissuedthe"GuidelinesforEvaluationofCompulsoryEducationQuality"(hereinafterreferredtoas"EvaluationGuidelines").
The"EvaluationGuide"emphasizesthatitisnecessarytoadheretotheguidanceofXiJinping’sneweraofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,fullyimplementtheparty’seducationalpolicy,followthelawofstudentgrowthandeducation,andacceleratetheestablishmentofadevelopment-orientedqualityeducationCompulsoryeducationqualityevaluationsystem;wemustadheretotherightdirection,educatepeople,problem-oriented,promoteconstructionthroughevaluation,andcomprehensivelyimprovethequalityofcompulsoryeducation.
Compulsoryeducationqualityevaluationindexsystemincludesthreelevels:county,school,andstudent.Theevaluationofcountycompulsoryeducationqualitymainlyincludesfiveaspects:valueorientation,organizationalleadership,teachingconditions,teacherteam,andbalanceddevelopment.Itaimstopromotelocalpartycommitteesandgovernmentstoadheretothedirectionofsocialisteducation,strengthentheleadershipofcompulsoryeducation,andperformcompulsoryeducation.Responsibilitiestopromotethehigh-qualityandbalanceddevelopmentofcountycompulsoryeducation.Theevaluationofschoolqualitymainlyincludesfiveaspectsincludingschoolorientation,curriculumteaching,teacherdevelopment,schoolmanagement,andstudentdevelopment.Itaimstopromoteschoolstoimplementthecomprehensivetrainingrequirementsofmorality,intelligence,physicaleducation,artandlabor,in-depthimplementationofqualityeducation,andfullystimulatethevitalityofschoolrunning.Improvethelevelofrunningschoolsandthequalityofeducation.Theevaluationofstudentdevelopmentqualitymainlyincludesfiveaspects:studentmoraldevelopment,academicdevelopment,physicalandmentaldevelopment,aestheticliteracy,laborandsocialpractice.Itaimstopromotethecomprehensivedevelopmentofstudents’moral,intellectual,physical,andartistic,andcultivatethecorrectnesstomeettheneedsoflife-longdevelopmentandsocialdevelopment.Values,necessaryqualitiesandkeyabilities.