Comprehensive balance of the national economy

Introduction

Undersocialistconditions,fromtheperspectiveofthenationaleconomyasawhole,throughthemovementoftotalsocialoutputandnationalincome,wecaninvestigateandstudyvarioussectorsofthenationaleconomy,variouslinksofsocialreproductionandvariousPrinciplesandmethodsforbalancingtherelationshipbetweenelements.Alsoknownas"nationaleconomicbalance"or"comprehensivebalance".Theinvestigationandresearchinthepastperiodiscalledstatisticalbalance,andtheinvestigationandresearchinthefutureperiodiscalledplanningbalance.Fromtheaspectofplanningwork,comprehensivebalancemeansthatwhencompilinganationaleconomicplan,accordingtotheresourcesandneedsofthewholesociety,planningsocialreproductioninaccordancewiththeprincipleofoverallplanningandoverallarrangement,andproportionallydistributinglabor,materials,funds,etc.Thetotalsocialresourcesshouldbeadaptedtothetotalsocialneedswiththeabilitytopay,andthevariousdepartmentsandlinksofsocialproductionshouldbemaintainedincoordinationwitheachother,soastoachievetheplanneddevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.Comprehensivebalanceisthebasicmethodtorealizetheplanningofthenationaleconomy.

Specificcontent

HistoryTheoriginalmeaningof"balance"referstotheequalityoftwoforcesinmechanics.TheapplicationofthebalancemethodtothestatisticalworkofthenationaleconomicplanisapioneeringundertakinginthepracticeoftheplannedeconomyoftheSovietUnion.Thefirstnationaleconomicbalancesheetinthehistoryoftheworld-the"Soviet1923/1924NationalEconomicBalanceSheet"wascompiledbytheSovietCentralBureauofStatistics.Later,throughthepracticeofplannedstatisticsintheSovietUnionandothersocialistcountries,thismethodhasgraduallyimprovedandevolved.Theinput-outputanalysismethodinitiatedbyW.Leontiefinthe1930shashistoricaloriginswiththeSovietUnion'snationaleconomicbalancesheet.Thisanalysismethodisactuallyacheckerboard-stylebalancesheetofinter-departmentallinkages.AlthoughitisbasedonallWesternequilibriumtheoriesineconomictheory,asabalancingmethod,itcanbetransformedandusedinsocialisteconomicwork.Come,andcanbeseenasthedevelopmentofthebalancemethod.

InJune1959,whenMaoZedongsummeduptheexperienceandlessonsofChina'seconomicdevelopment,hepointedoutthatcomprehensivebalanceintheentireeconomicworkisafundamentalproblem.Fromnowon,theterm"comprehensivebalance"isoftenusedinChina'seconomicwork,especiallyplanningwork.

TheoreticalbasisThecomprehensivebalanceofthenationaleconomyisbasedonMarxistreproductiontheory.Forexample,theformulaforexpandedreproductionisaninequality[I(v+m)≥IIc],butitneedstobechangedtoanequationreflectingtheequilibriumrelationshipaccordingtotheconditionsofrealizationofreproduction.Thismustproceedfromrealityandstudytheamountofaccumulationthatmayoccurinaccordancewithspecificconditions,aswellastheamountofaccumulationinthefirstcategory(withthecorrespondingincreaseinthemeansofproductionasthebearer)andtheaccumulationinthesecondcategory(withthecorrespondingTheincreaseinconsumptionmaterialsisthebearer),soastoarrangethecompensationandreplacementrelationshipbetweenphysicalelementsandvalues​​intheprocessofexpandedreproduction.Thisisthetaskofthecomprehensivebalanceplanforthenationaleconomy.

Theapplicationofreproductiontheoryintheplannedeconomyiscomplementarytotheapplicationoflaborsavingandproportionaldistributionoflabortime.Insocializedproduction,eachproductiondepartmentthatisindependentduetothedivisionoflaborproducesspecificproductstomeetcertainsocialneeds.Theso-calledsocialneedistheusevalueofthesocialscale.Thevariousneedsofusevaluedependontheproportionaldistributionofthesharesofthespecialproductiondepartmentsinthesociallabortime,thatis,theso-calledbalanceofresourcesandneeds.Socialreproductionmusttakeintoaccountthedifferentneedsofthewholesocietyundercertainconditionsofsocialresourcesandproductivity.Therefore,inthetotallabortimeofthesociety,onlyacertainamountoftimecanbeusedintheproductionofacertainproduct.Thisistheonlyway.Moretimeisnecessary.Thisisanobjectiverequirementofthelawofsavinglaboranddistributinglabortimeinproportion,anditisalsoacriterionthatmustbefollowedinthecomprehensivebalanceofthenationaleconomy.

TheapplicationofcomprehensivebalancemethodThecomprehensivebalanceofnationaleconomyistheapplicationofreproductiontheory,butitisdifferentfromthegeneralreproductiontheory.Thegeneralreproductiontheorystudiesthegeneralregularityofreproduction,whilethecomprehensivebalanceofthenationaleconomystudiesvariousspecificregularitiesofreproductionunderspecifictime,place,andconditions;generalreproductiontheoryfocusesonthequalityofregularity,category,etc.Theprescriptiveresearchandelaborationofthenationaleconomy,andthecomprehensivebalanceofthenationaleconomyisbasicallyaquantitativestudyoftheinterrelationshipandinterdependencebetweentherelevantindicatorsinthereproductionprocess.Thebalancemethodusedinthecomprehensivebalanceofthenationaleconomyisaquantitativeanalysismethodforplanningandcountingthereproductionprocess.

Thebalancemethodisabasicmethodforobservingandanalyzingthedevelopmentofthenationaleconomyandcompilinganationaleconomicplan.Itusuallyexaminesthebalanceofmaterials,labor,andfinancequantitativelybycomparingresourceswithneeds;atthesametime;Italsostartsfromtheunityandcontinuityofsocialreproduction,investigatingandrevealingthestaticanddynamicproportionalityandinterdependenceofthevariouspartsofthenationaleconomy.Thismethodisusednotonlyforthepreparationofthenationaleconomicplan,butalsofortheinspectionoftheresultsoftheimplementationofthenationaleconomicplan.Thearrangementoftheplanneedstobebasedonthebalancedataafterstatisticalobservationandstatisticalanalysis,andtheinspectionoftheplanshouldusethepost-analysisofstatisticalbalanceasaweapon.Therefore,inacertainsense,theplanningbalancemethodisactuallytheapplicationofthestatisticalbalancemethodtotheplanningwork.Inanotherform.

Thespecificapplicationofthebalancemethodrequiresthenationaleconomicbalancesheetasatool.Thatistosay,aseriesofindicatorsthatreflectthevariousaspectsofthesocialreproductionprocessandtheirinterrelationshipsshouldbeusedtomakevariousbalancesheets,andformanationaleconomicbalancesheetsystem.

Thiskindofbalancesheetcanberoughlydividedintotwocategories:①Threesetsofbalancesheetsreflectingdifferentaspectsofthenationaleconomy:materialbalancesheet,laborbalancesheet,fiscalbalancesheetorcurrencybalancesheet.Eachgroupofbalancesheetsalsoincludesavarietyofexpressionsrelatedtotheindicators.Onthebasisofthesethreesetsofexpressions,wecanfurtherinvestigateandanalyzethebalancebetweenmaterials,labor,andfinancialcredit.

②Comprehensivebalancesheetofthenationaleconomy.Includingsocialproductbalancesheet,nationalincomebalancesheet(alsoknownascomprehensivefiscalbalancesheet),andinter-departmentallinkagebalancesheet.Bymasteringthebalancesheet,wecanconsider,analyzeandarrangesomemajorproportionalrelationsbetweenthetwomajorsectors,betweenconsumptionandaccumulation,betweenthelightandheavyagriculture,andothersectorsofthenationaleconomyfromtheperspectiveofthenationaleconomy.Ifallthemostimportantproportionalrelationshipsarecoordinated,thesmoothoperationofsocialreproductioncanbeguaranteed.

DifferentunderstandingsSomepeopletakeitasaguidelinetounderstandtheconceptofcomprehensivebalance.Forexample,comprehensivebalancereferstooverallplanning,comprehensivearrangements,forwardandbackwardconsiderations,connectionbetweenleftandright,reasonablelayout,andsoon.Somepeopleareaccustomedtocollectivelyrefertobalancesofdifferentnatureandscopeascomprehensivebalance.Mostexpertsandscholarsbelievethattheso-calledcomprehensivebalanceshouldbebasedontheoverallsituation,throughcomprehensiveindicators,tobalancethemainaspectsoftheoverall.Aregion,adepartment,andanenterprisealsohaveacomprehensivebalance,butfortheentirenationaleconomy,theyareonlyapartialbalance;aproductorrawmaterialalsohasabalancebetweenproduction,supplyandmarketing,butitisonlyasinglebalance.Theoverallbalanceofthenationaleconomyisdifferentfromtheregional,departmental,andenterprise-widepartialbalance,anditisalsodifferentfromtheindividualbalance.Thecomprehensivebalanceofthenationaleconomyisformedincoordinationwithpartialbalanceandindividualbalance.Thecomprehensivebalanceofthenationaleconomymustbebasedonandsupplementedbypartialbalanceandsingleitembalance,butitisnotasimplesummaryofpartialbalanceandsingleitembalance.Singlebalanceandpartialbalancecanonlybecarriedoutundertheunifiedguidanceofthecomprehensivebalanceofthenationaleconomytomeettherequirementsofthenationaleconomicstrategicdeployment.

ReferenceList

YangJianbai:"TheoryandMethodologicalIssuesoftheComprehensiveBalanceofNationalEconomy",People'sPublishingHouse,Beijing,1984.