Basiccontent
Clinicalpsychologyisadepartmentofappliedpsychologythatsolvespeople'spsychologicalproblemsbasedontheprinciples,knowledgeandtechnologyofpsychology.Thesubjectmainlyusespsychologicalteststoevaluatepatients'psychologyandbehavior,andadjustsandsolvesindividualpsychologicalproblemsthroughpsychologicalcounselingandpsychotherapy.Theterm"clinicalpsychology"wasfirstproposedbyAmericanpsychologistReitnerWetmerin1896.Sofar,clinicalpsychologyhasbecomethelargestbranchofpsychologyintheUnitedStates.Therearemanypeopleengagedinthiswork,calledclinicalpsychologistsorpsychotherapists.Thepopulationofclinicalpsychologyservicesisalsoverywide,andthescopeofworkcoversschools,hospitals,agencies,government,military,business,andlaw.Generallyspeaking,clinicalpsychologyisthelargestbranchofclinicaldisciplinesinmedicalpsychologyandbelongstothecategoryofappliedpsychology.However,insomemonographs,thecontentsofmedicalpsychologyandclinicalpsychologyareverysimilar,andthetwocanberegardedassimilar.Subject.
Historyofdevelopment
Background
Theformalappearanceofclinicalpsychologywasin1896.Therearemanysocialandhistoricalfactorsthatprompteditsemergence,butmainlyincludethefollowingthreeThreeaspectsaretheuseofscientificresearchmethodsinpsychology,thedevelopmentofinterestinindividualdifferencesinhumans,andtheperceptionandtreatmentofabnormalbehavior.
Thefatherofmodernclinicalpsychology-ReitnerWittmer
TheAmericanpsychologistReitnerWittmer(1867-1956)wasthefirstclinicalPsychologist,createdthefirstpsychologyclinicin1896.Thisistheworld'sfirstchildren'sguidanceclinic,andithasbecomeasymbolofclinicalpsychology.
Throughoutthehistoryofpsychology,inthelast25yearsofthe19thcentury,psychologybegantodevelopthroughoutEurope.Duetothechangesinvaluesbroughtaboutbyindustrialization,suchastheFrenchIndustrialRevolution,whichmadepeoplepursuefreedom,equality,andunity,"movementstoimprovesocialconditionsbasedonpersonaldestinyandrights"graduallyemergedthroughouttheEuropeancontinent.Inthisatmosphere,science,includingexperiments,hasalsoundergonesignificantchanges.Thesechangescanbesummarizedintwoaspects:thefirstisnaturalobservation(asHippocratesdid)andreflectivethinking(asphilosophicalresearch).Peoplebegantoabandonlimitedobservationsandpredictthecourseofevents.Skepticism,relativity,andmechanicsbecamethecharacteristicsofthenewscience.Thepossibilityofrealexperimentationisnotonlymanifestedintheformofobservation,butalsodistinguishesscientificactivitiesfromphilosophicalthinking.Second,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheycaninfluencesocialchanges.Infact,thisatmospherehasalsopromotedtheemergenceofnewscience.Forexample,psychologyisinGermany,anthropologyisinEngland,andsociologyisborninFrance.Thebook"PrinciplesofPsychology"byWundt,thefatherofscientificpsychology,successfullyspreadpsychology.Unlikethetraditionalphilosophicaltendency,thebookshowsanexperimentaltendency.
InadditiontoWundt,otherpsychologistssuchasBrentano,Galton,Cartelandmembersoftheirresearchgroupshavealsomadeoutstandingcontributionstothecreationofclinicalpsychology.Dynamicandphysicalphenomenaaredifferent.Intheirterms,"everypsychologicalphenomenon...wemayhavetorefertoanobjectorthenearestobject."Physicalobjectsaresusceptibletoexperiments.However,psychologicalobjectshavetheirintentions,andBrentanobelievesthatonlyintuitioncanapproachtheseconsciousnesses.Underhishypothesisofexperimentalintentionality,thetopicofpsychologywasplacedatthecenteroftheorizationofpsychologyandbecameaveryinfluentialmodelinEuropeanclinicalpsychology.Inaddition,Gestaltpsychologyhasprovidedthefoundationformanypsychotherapeuticmodelsandhasbecomeapioneerofcontemporarycognitivetherapy.
Development
AftertheFirstWorldWar,fewpeopledoubtedthatpsychologywasanindependentscienceoranewprofession.Thisismainlybecauseofpracticalrequirementsandtheemergenceofmilitaryemergencies.Atthattime,psychologyhadoccupiedaplaceinnaturalsciences.Theevaluationandmeasurementofmentalability,especiallytheevaluationofintelligence,playedagreatroleintheapplicationofclinicalpsychologyinpractice.AveryimportantreasonisthespreadoftheBinet-SimonScaleinEuropeandtheUnitedStates,especiallyintheUnitedStates.ComparedwithWittmer'stest,theBinay-SimonScaleevaluateshigherhumanfunctionandtakesintoaccountindividualdifferences.Whenthisscalewaswidelyusedasaclassificationofpeopleinthefieldofeducationalpsychology,itattractedtheattentionofclinicalpsychology.Psychologicaldiagnosisrequiresevaluationanddiagnosisofmentalabilities,andtheuseofobjectshasgraduallyexpandedfromchildrentoadults.TheuseofscalesintheFirstWorldWariswellknown,andthecontentofthetestisnotjustanevaluationofintelligence.Clinicalpsychologistsareregardedasexpertstoevaluateandexplaintestsonchildren,adultpatientsoutsidethehospital,andevenmentalpatients.Clinicalpsychologybegantodeveloptoolstomeasurepersonality,interest,andemotions.MostofthesetoolsarebasedonEuropeanpsychoanalyticviewsandhaveaprofoundimpactonNorthAmericanclinicalpsychology.PsychologistHallplayedakeyrole.HeinvitedpsychologistssuchasFreudandJungtogivelecturesintheUnitedStates,sothattheviewofpsychoanalysiswasspreadintheUnitedStates.Americansaresointerestedintheviewofpsychoanalysisbecauseitexplainstherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheenvironment.Clinicalpsychologyneedsnotonlyelementalandstructuralviews,butalsoaninterpretationofpsychoanalysis.Asclinicalpsychologybecomesmoreandmoreneeded,problemsariseinthetrainingandmanagementofthesepersonnel,andanorganizationisurgentlyneeded.Atthattime,clinicalpsychologyonlyreliedontheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA).In1917,clinicalpsychologistsestablishedanorganizationindependentofAPA.Althoughitlastedonlytwoyears,ithasgraduallyenteredthestageofestablishmentanddevelopmentofclinicalpsychology.
Disciplinarycharacteristics
Firstofall,clinicalpsychologyfocusesonthemeasurementandevaluationofindividualhumanabilitiesandcharacteristics.Thismeasurementandevaluationisusuallyforindividuals,andsometimesforlargesamplegroups.Analyzeindividualsbasedonthecollecteddatatosupporttheirconclusions.
Secondly,clinicalpsychologists,likeotherpsychologists,payattentiontotheresearchandunderstandingofhumanpsychologyandbehavior.Althoughanimaltestingissometimesperformed,clinicalpsychologistsdosoonlywhenhumansubjectscannotbeused,oranimaltestingcaninferhumanbehavior.
Thirdly,thesecharacteristicsarenotuniquetoclinicalpsychology.WhatreallyembodiestheuniquenessofclinicalpsychologyiswhatKorchincalls"clinicalattitude"or"clinicalorientation",thatis,clinicalpsychology.Theacademicworkershouldsynthesizetheknowledgefromclinicalpracticeandotherresearch,trytoevaluateanindividual,andfinallyunderstandandhelphim.Althoughclinicalpsychologistsarealsointerestedingeneralpsychologicallawsandbehavioralproblems,theyaremoreconcernedabouthowthesegeneralprinciplesshapeandaffectaperson'slife,aswellashowtotreatandintervene.Atthesametime,clinicalpsychologistspaymoreattentiontotheroleoftheoreticalresearchandsystematicevaluationresultswheninterveninginpsychologicaldistress,insteadofdirectlyfocusingontreatmentlikepsychiatristsandsocialworkers.
Subjectcontent
Psychologicalassessment
Includingthecollectionofindividualinformation(behavior,problems,characteristics,abilities,andintelligence,etc.).Thisinformationcanbeusedtomakeacomprehensivedescriptionofthepatient’sproblems,diagnoseproblembehaviors,selecttreatmenttechniques,andevaluatetreatmenteffects;itcanalsobeusedtodescribeindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsandguideindividualstoperformoptimally.Occupationchoice,choosethesubjecttoparticipateinacertainexperimentalresearch,determinewhethertheoffenderhastheabilitytoberesponsible,etc.
Treatment
Intheworkofclinicalpsychologists,psychotherapyisthemostcommon.Itsspecificworkcanbecalledpsychotherapy,behaviormodification,psychologicalcounseling,etc.Thefocusoftreatmentistoeliminatethepsychologicaldistressorproblembehaviorsofindividualsorgroups,andsometimesprovidesuggestionstocommunitiesandinstitutionstopreventpsychologicalproblems.
Research
Theresearchfieldsofclinicalpsychologistsareverywide,includingneuropsychology,behavioralmedicine,stressandsocialsupport,socialproblems,children’sproblems,communitydevelopment,andpsychopharmaceuticalsStudies,developmentproblems,testpreparationandvaliditytesting,personalitydiagnosisandadaptation,psychoanalytictheory,psychotherapyprocess,braininjuryandpsychologicaldefects,behavioraldisorders,maritalandfamilyproblems,variousformsofpsychotherapyEffectevaluation,experimentaldesignandanalysis,andthemeaningandmethodsoftrainingfornon-professionals,etc.
Teaching
Aconsiderablepartoftheworkofclinicalpsychologistsismainlyteachingactivities.Coursesincludepersonality,abnormalpsychology,clinicalpsychology,psychotherapy,behaviormodification,interviewtechniques,psychologicaltesting,researchdesign,andclinicalevaluation.
Consultation
Consultationactivitiesincludepersonalmedicalcare,legalproceedings,andvariousinternalaffairsofgovernmentdepartmentsandorganizations.Sometimesitisnecessarytohelpvariouscommunityserviceagenciestocarryouttheirwork.
Administrativemanagement
Duetothecharacteristicsofclinicalpsychologistsintermsofinterpersonalsensitivity,interpersonalskillsandrichresearchresults,theyoftenbecomemanagersofsomeorganizations.
Clinicalconcepts
Clinicalpsychologybelongstothecategoryofappliedpsychology.Appliedpsychologyisthemostvitalpartofpsychology,includingengineeringpsychology,educationalpsychology,clinicalFourmajorfieldsofpsychologyandorganizationalmanagementpsychology.Theterm"clinical"wasoriginallyaproperterminmedicine,butfromtheactualsituationofclinicalpsychology,themeaningoftheterm"clinical"hasbeengreatlyexpanded.Inordertogiveamoreaccuratedefinitionofclinicalpsychology,wemustfirstmakeacorrectestimateofitsresearchobjectsandmaintasks.Accordingtothedataonmentalillness,itcanbedeterminedthatpeoplewhoreallysufferfrommentalillnessonlyaccountforaverysmallnumberofpeople,about7or10perthousand.Accordingtothedataofmentalhygiene,thereareonlyafewpeoplewhodonothaveanymentalproblemsormentaldisorders.Thevastmajorityofpeopleareinthetransitionalzonefromnopsychologicalproblemstomentalillness.Assumingthatpeople'smentalhealthisnormallydistributed,itcanberepresentedbyFigure1.
Mentalpatientsarethesubjectsofpsychiatry,andthosewhoareextremelyhealthydonotneedpsychologicalcorrection.Then,peoplewhoareinthetransitionzonewithvariouspsychologicalproblemsandmentaldisordersofdifferentdegreesaretheobjectsofclinicalpsychology.Judgingfromthenatureoftheearlyworkofclinicalpsychology,itisindeedaimedathelpingpeoplewithbehavioraldisordersandmentalillnessrecoverassoonaspossible.Therefore,peoplenaturallybelievethatclinicalpsychologyisanapplieddisciplinethatusespsychologicalknowledgetohelppatientsrecover.However,thetaskofclinicalpsychologyisnotlimitedtothis.Italsooftenhelpsnormalpeople,relievespeople’spsychologicalpressurewithpsychologicalknowledge,solvespeople’spsychologicalproblems,cultivatesandtrainspeople’sgoodpersonalities,andmakesthemthemosteffective.Levelandhavegoodadaptability,sothatthementalactivitiesofnormalpeoplearemorecreative.
Thedefinitionofclinicalpsychologycanbesummarizedasfollows:clinicalpsychologyistousetheknowledgeandprinciplesofpsychologytohelppatientscorrecttheirmentalandbehavioraldisorders,andtoguideandtrainhealthypeoplethroughpsychologicalcounseling.Adapttotheenvironmenteffectivelyandbemorecreative.
PatientSymptoms
Psychologyisthefunctionofthehumanbrain.Itisthereflectionofobjectiverealityinthehumanbrain.Afterapersonisill,aslongastheyhaveaclearconsciousness,theyarealsointhemindallthetime.Itisself-evidentthatthementalactivityofthepatientandthehealthypersonisthesamebutnotthesame,becausethementalactivityofthehealthypersonismainlytoadapttothesociallife,andthepatientispreciselytheperformanceoftheinabilitytoadapttothesociallife.Thementalactivitiesofhealthypeoplearemostlydirectedtotheexternalobjectiveenvironment,whilethementalactivitiesofpatientsaremoredirectedtothemselvesandtheirdiseases.Thecharacteristicsofthegeneralmentalactivitiesofpatientsareasfollows:
Subjectivefeelings
Theso-calledsubjectivesensoryabnormalityreferstothedifferencebetweenthepatient'ssubjectivefeelingsandexperienceduetothepatient'sresponse,rolechangesandpsychologicalconflictsafterbeingsick.Inadditiontothereactionofthepatient,itismainlybecausethepatientconcentratedonworkandstudybeforetheillness.Thementalactivitiesoftenpointtoexternalobjectsandarenotpayingattentiontotheirphysicalcondition.Oncethepatientissick,hewillimmediatelyturnhisattentiontohimself.Heisextremelysensitivetothesoundsofhisbreathing,heartbeat,andgastrointestinalmovements.Duetolessphysicalactivity,theenvironmentisquiet,andthesensitivityisimproved.Notonlyishesensitivetoexternalstimulisuchassound,light,andtemperature,buthealsoseemstobeveryawareofhispostureandposture.Forexample,onefeelsthatthepillowislow,onefeelsthatthequiltisheavy,onethatcomplainsabouttheunevennessofthesheets,andalwaysturnsoverfromtimetotime.Somehaveabnormalspatialperception.Normalpeoplethinkthatthetasteisdelicious,butitmayarousethepatient'sdisgust;normalpeoplethinkofthebeautifulcolor,butthepatientfindsitdisgusting;evennormalpeople'slaughtercanalsocausethepatient'sboredom.
Mood,emotion
Moodisacontagious,weakandlastingemotionalstate.
Whenthepatientissick,itisanunpleasantemotionalstimulus,anditiseasytoformabadmood.Ifyouareinabadmood,youwillseewhatisnotpleasingtotheeye,andyouwillbeupsetwhenyoulistentowhatyouthink.Basedonthisstateofmind,anxiety,irritationordepressionarepronetoappear.Therefore,somepatientsgetangryateveryturn,losetheirtemperateveryturn,andevenbecomeself-willed.Thisemotionalresponseofpatientsismostlymanifestedbymenasscreamingandclamoringfortrivialmatters,whilewomenaremoredepressedandcrying.Especiallywhenthereisachangeinthecondition,specialexaminations,orpreparationsforsurgery,theemotionsaremoreirritable,resultinginanxiety,fear,poorsleep,andinabilitytoeat.Somealsoturninnerirritabilityintoexternalbehavior,suchassuddenlyfresheningupanddressing,somehavingahaircutandshave,somewritingalotofletters,someeatinghungrily,somelookingoutthewindowforalongtime,andsomeCoveryourheadandfallasleepandsoon.
Passivedependence
Passivedependenceisastateofobedienceandanger.
Onceahealthypersonfallsill,hewillnaturallybecaredforbyhisfamilyandsurroundingcomrades.Evenmemberswhousuallyhavelowstatusathomeorworksuddenlyrisetothecenterofbeingcaredfor.Atthesametime,throughself-suggestion,thepatienthimselfbecamesoftandnotasenergeticasbefore.Atthistime,patientsgenerallybecomepassive,submissive,coquettishanddependent,andtheiremotionsbecomefragileandevenalittlenaive.Aslongasyourrelativesarepresent,don’tletothersdowhatyoucandoyourself.Youcan’teatwhatyoucaneatafterpersuasion;peoplewhohavealwaysbeenstrongwillbecomeuninspired,andpeoplewhohavealwaysbeenarrogantandeagerbecomelessconfident..Evenifheisaccustomedtoleadershipandinadominantposition,heisobedienttothemedicalstaff'sorders.Atthistime,theirloveandsenseofbelongingincrease,hopingtogetmorevisitsfromrelativesandfriends,hopingtogetmorecareandwarmth;otherwise,theywillfeellonelyandself-pity.
Self-esteem
People’ssenseofvalueandself-esteemarecloselylinked.Self-esteemandself-improvementarethefinequalitiesofacompletepersonality.Whenpeoplearesick,theirsenseofself-worthwillinevitablybefrustrated,andtheirself-esteemwillalsobehurttovaryingdegrees.Atthistime,thepatientismoresensitivethanusual,andeverylittlethinghastobeaudited.Somepeoplefeeluncomfortablewhentheyarecalledbytheirnamesdirectly,especiallywhentheyarereplacedbybednumbers.
Doubts
Suspiciousnessisakindofself-negativesuggestion.Suchunfoundedguesseswillaffectthecorrectjudgmentofobjectivethings.Whenapatientbecomesill,heoftenbecomesnervous.Whenhehearsotherpeople'swhisperingwords,hethinksheistalkingabouthisowndisease,andfeelsthathisconditionisseriousorevenhopeless.Iwashalf-believinginthekindwordsofothers,evenmisinterpretingotherpeople'smeanings,andworriedabouttakingmedicinesandinjections,andworriedaboutmisdiagnosis,wrongmedicine,andwronginjections.Somerelyontheirhalf-knowledgeofmedicineandpharmacologytoinferdrugsandinferprognosis.Theyareparticularlyworriedaboutthesideeffectsofdrugs,andtheyworrythatthechancesofmedicalerrorsoraccidentsofafewpercentorafewthousandthswillunfortunatelyfallonthem.Ifthereisaslightabnormalsensationinacertainpartofthebody,hemakesrandomguesses.Inaddition,someofthemarealsoworriedaboutincreasingthefinancialburdenofthefamilyduetoillness,affectingtheirownfuture,andsoon.
Somepatientshaveloweducationallevelandlackscientificknowledgeofphysiologyandpharmacology,andoftenusefeudalsuperstitionlegendstounderstandtheabnormalphenomenaoftheirphysiologicalfunctions.Whenthecourseoftheillnesswasinconsistentwithhisownexpectations,hefellintorandomthoughts,andevenpanickedalldaylong.
Anxiety,Fear
Anxietyisakindofworryandfearwithunknownandindescribableobjects.Itmaycomefromanxietyaboutthediseaseitself,oritmaycomefromtheclinicalmanifestationsofthediseaseitself.Takeinpatientsasanexample.Somepeopleareeagerlyawaitingadmissionwhentheyarenotinthehospital.Onceinthehospital,wegotothepatient’sintroductionandseethesituationofthepatientsaround.Wecan’thelpbutfeelasenseofhorror.It'samatteroflifeanddeath.Theyareverynervous,afraidofpain,surgery,after-effects,anddeath.Evenseeingthewhitecoatandthesnow-whitewallwillgiveasenseofsolemnityandsilence.Theywanttocheckthedisease,buttheyareafraidofthecheck;theywanttoknowthediagnosisresult,buttheydarenotlookatthediagnosisresult,andtheyarefullofpsychologicalcontradictions.Someofthemrepeatedlyaskedabouttheirillness;whileothersavoidedtheillness,theywereactuallyworried.
Loneliness
Amanissickandlefthisfamilyandindustrialunit,andisadmittedtoahospitalward,surroundedbystrangers.Thedoctoronlyspeaksafewwordstothepatientduringthewardroundsonceaday,andthenursegivesregularinjectionsandmedicines,andrarelytalks.Inthisway,thepatientnaturallydevelopsasenseofloneliness.
Patientslivinginsmallwardsandoutgoingpatientsaremorelikelytofeellonely.Therewasapatientundergoingbonemarrowtransplantation,whowasoriginallylivinginalargeward.Atthistime,hisconditionwasstable,hisgeneralconditionwasgood,andhewasabletomovearoundfreely.Beforetheoperation,thepatientwasasepticallyisolatedandmovedtoasmallward.Unexpectedly,thepatientfeltlonely,scared,andisolatedfromtheworld.Hebecameinsomniaandrefusedtoeat.Asaresult,hediedofextremeexhaustionwithoutwaitingforsurgery.
Thepsychologyofexpectation
Thepatient'spsychologyofexpectationisthepursuitofabeautifulimaginationpointingtothefuture.Afterbeingsick,notonlythebodyhasundergonechanges,butalsothepsychologicaltorment.Therefore,bothacuteandchronicpatientshopetoreceivesympathyandsupport,receiveserioustreatmentandcare,andareeagerlylookingforwardtoaspeedyrecovery.Thiskindofexpectationurgespatientstoseekmedicineeverywhereandseekmedicaladvicefromalldirections.Theyrelyondoctorswithsuperbmedicalskills,ontheinnovationofnursingwork,ontheinventionofnewprescriptionsandwonderfulmedicines,anddreamabouttheemergenceofmedicalmiracles.Inshort,itislookingforwardtorecoveryandsurvival.Thosepatientswithhighexpectationsoftenregardthecomfortoftheirfamilymembersandtheencouragementofdoctorsandnursesasasignthattheirconditionisalleviated,orevenasignofrecovery;whentheconditionworsens,theyexpecttoimproveafterthepeak;whenithasenteredadangerousperiod,Ialsolookforwardtothepossibilityofreturningfromthedeadandturningthecrisisintopeace.
Helplessness,self-pity
Thisisanemotionalstateofpowerlessness,helplessness,griefandself-pity.Thisemotionalstateoftenoccursinpatientswithpoorprognosisorlife-threateningpatients.Itiscausedbythelossofpsychologicalstress,lossofself-worth,anddecreasedself-confidence.Itisanegativepsychology.Seligmanbelievesthatwhenapersonthinksthathehasnocontroloverthesituation,Andtherefore,whenyouareunabletochangeit,youwillfeelhelpless.
Inthementalstateofhelplessness,patientsoftenshowfeelingsofself-compassionandself-pity:"WhydoIhavethisdisease?""WhyGodcan'tgetalongwithme".Outofdespair,thepatientssometimeslosetheirtemperfornoreason,sometimestheyfeelstupefiedandinsensitive,asifadisasteriscoming,andsomealwayslookinthemirrortobidfarewelltothemselves,lookbackonthepast,andmisslife.
HabitualPsychology
Patientswhohavejustbecomeill,oftenadmittobeingsickforawhile,andsometimesthinkofthemselvesashealthy.Thismentalstateistheresultoflong-termhealthylivinghabits.Peopleneedtobepsychologicallypreparedtoadapttotheenvironment.Althoughtheycametothehospital,theyhavenotyetenteredthe"patientrole".Thiskindofmentalstateofthepatientisnotconducivetocooperatingwiththetreatmentandnotconducivetopeaceofmindandrecuperation,somedicalstaffshouldtrytoshortenthisprocessforthepatient.
However,oncethepatientadaptstothepatient’slife,heoftendevelopsahabittothedisease,thatis,takinginjections,takingmedicineontime,andactingaccordingtothedoctor’sinstructions.Thishasbecometheirownbehaviorpattern,andtheyalwaysthinkthattheyneedtobesick.Long-termrecuperationandtreatment.Evenifthephysicalillnesshasrecovered,healwaysfeels"weak"psychologically.Therefore,thepatientshouldbedischargedfromthehospitalbutnotwillingtogotowork.Thisisbecausetheyarepsychologicallyandphysicallyaccustomedtothepatient'srole,thatis,thepatient'slifepatternsuchasbeingmoredependent,lessactive,andlessmindful,cannotbechangedtemporarily.
Successfulchallenge
Twomajoreventsthatoccurredin1980changedtheorientationandpositionofclinicalpsychologists.ThefirstwastheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation’s"DiagnosisandDiagnosisofMentalDisorders"ThethirdeditionoftheStatisticalManual;second,theAmericanPsychologicalAssociationdefineshealthpsychologyasanapplieddiscipline,butthereareaseriesofchallengesbehinditssuccess.Whenpeopleconsidermentalhealthandpsychologicaldisorders,theypaymoreandmoreattentiontotheindividual'sbackground,adaptationlevel,severity,individualcharacteristicpatterns,andrelatedphysicaldiseases.Clinicalpsychologyandpsychiatrymustusethesamevoicetospeak,buttherealizationofthisidealrequireseffort.Onlybyreachingthisstepcanithelptounderstandcomplexproblems(suchasmentaldisorders).
However,thiseffortcanbecostly.Forexample,theexpression"mentaldisorder"thatdisappearedin1937wasre-adopted.Itwasfirstreplacedby"dysfunction"andlaterby"behavioraldeviation"and"abnormalbehavior".Theproblemisthatpeoplehavenotyetreachedaconsensusontheterm"mentaldisorder".Inaddition,thereisnoconsensusontheclassificationofpsychologicaldisorders.Themultipleclassificationsofmentaldisordershaveledtomanytheoriesandpracticesinadifficultsituation.Forexample,whenadiseaseisclassifiedintoacertaincategory,itmaybearbitraryduetothecommonoccurrenceofvariouspsychologicaldisorders.Differencesinclinicalpsychologicalcharacteristicsthreatenthevalidityandreliabilityofthediagnosis.However,thecurrentdiagnosisofpsychiatryisundoubtedlyusefulatleastinthefieldofclinicalpsychology.Itcanhelpusunderstandpsychologicaldisordersfromtheperspectiveofpsychology,andcanhelpuscombinebasicpsychologyresearchwithclinicalpractice.Therefore,WidigerandTrullpointedoutthatweshouldtentativelyadaptabnormalpsychologytotheoperatingstandardsofbiologicallydirectedcharacteristics.(Note:Widiger,T.AandTrull,TL,1991,DiagnosisandClinicalAssessment,inAnnualReviewofPsychology,42.)Inaddition,thediagnosisofpsychologymeanstheconsiderationofdimensions.Otherclassificationsofdisordersarenotthesame.Thedevelopmentofhealthpsychologyhaslaidanewopportunityforthedevelopmentofclinicalpsychology.Clinicalpsychologyhastraditionallydealtwithmentaldisorders,butitalsodealswithmentaldisordersthataccompanyso-calleddysfunctionsandphysicalillnesses.Inthissense,thepsychodynamicmodelhardlyproposesacomprehensiveexplanationoftheinteractionbetweenthemindandthebody,orproposesapsychologicaltechnologythatstrengthenstheinterventionoftheseeffects,butthelatterlaterdevelopedintobehaviormodificationandtwo-wayfeedbacktechnology,whichpromotedbehavioralmedicine.Theemergenceofisseenasaninterdisciplinaryintegrationofbiomedicineandbehavioralscience.Atthesametime,thebehavioralhealthprofessionhasemerged,thepurposeofwhichistomaintainhealthandpreventmentaldisorders.Thenewdiscipline-HealthPsychologyencompassesthesedevelopmentsandestablishesnewprofessionalfields.Somepeoplethinkthatthedifferencebetweenhealthpsychologyandclinicalpsychologyisthattheformercaresabouthealthandthelattercaresaboutdisease,butthisviewisone-sided,becausefirst,thereisnostrictboundarybetweenhealthanddisease,andhealthisnotjusttheabsenceofdisease;Second,ifclinicalpsychologydealswithmentalillnessesandhealthpsychologydealswithmentalstatescausedbyphysicalillnesses,thenweareinclinedtothedualismofmindandbody;third,althoughhealthpsychologyemphasizeshumanhealth,literatureanalysisshowsthatthenumberofpublicationsislarge.Partofthecontentisaboutmentalillness.
Lookingtothefuture
Thepsychodynamicmodeloccupiesanimportantpositionintheinitialperiodofclinicalpsychology,andwasreplacedbybehaviorisminthe1950s.Inmoderntimes,differentmodelscoexist:mentaldynamicmodel,humanism,behaviorism,cognitivism,etc.Theseveryrichandoftenincompatiblemodelsmarktheemergenceofpre-paradigmorlatentsciencetoacertainextent.Ifdifferentmodelsareforciblyintegratedintoonemodel,thisisanunrealisticandunscientificapproach.Therefore,thedevelopmentofclinicalpsychologyshouldbebasedonthespiritofseekingcommongroundwhilereservingdifferences,andshouldcontinuouslyreceivereasonableknowledgefromdifferentfieldsandconstructitsowntheoreticalmodel.Thepracticeofclinicalpsychologyrequiresawealthofknowledgeandascientificattitude.Itisnecessarytoadoptnewsolutionstooldproblemsthroughthecreationofmodels,andclinicalpsychologyshoulduseavarietyofmethodstosolveincreasingproblems.Soclinicalpsychologyshouldberegardedasasocialscience.Asanapplieddiscipline,clinicalpsychologymustbebasedonalleviatingpain,improvinghealth,andensuringpeople'shealthylives.